胆道癌诊治应注意的若干问题

胆道癌包括胆囊癌、肝外胆管癌（简称胆管癌）和壶腹癌,后者由于在诊断和鉴别诊断时与胆道疾病更密切相关,壶腹部又是胆汁的最后流出道,故该处癌肿归属胆道癌范围更为合理.……     

胆道癌诊治的若干问题

由于胆道癌发病率有所上升,为此中美合作进行上海市胆道癌临床流行病学调查,1997～2001年间收集658例胆道癌新病例资料,包括胆囊癌390例、肝外胆管癌(以下简称胆管癌)195例和壶腹癌73例。根据收集的临床资料,本文讨论胆道癌诊断和治疗上应注意的若干问题。及早发现胆囊癌资料显     

无黄疸期胆道扩张在壶腹周围癌中的诊断意义（附16例报告）

目的 探讨无黄疸期胆道扩张病人在壶腹周围癌的早期诊断,治疗方面的意义。方法 回顾总结1986年10月至1999年4月通过B超、CT、PTC等检出的16例无黄疸胆道梗阻性扩张的壶腹周围癌病人切除率及生存率。结果 16例病人手术切除率87．50％（14／16）,5年生存率43．75％（7／16）,3年生存率62．50％（10／16）。结论 壶腹周围癌病人胆道系统扩张在黄胆出现之前,上腹部饱胀不适、隐痛、食欲不振等症 状在黄疸前1－3个月即可出现。对于出现上述症状,年龄超过40岁,B超、CT、PTC、ERCP发现胆道扩张的病人应高度怀疑壶腹周围癌的可能,应及早手术探查,可明显提高切除率及生存率。     

改良胰十二指肠切除术治疗16例胰头及壶腹周围癌疗效观察

对16例可切除胰头及壶腹周围癌行保留幽门的改良胰十二指肠切除术进行分析。结果表明，与传统术式相比，改良胰十二指肠切除术不仅缩短了手术时间，而且还改善了病人术后营养状况，减少术后并发症的发生。同时5年和3年生存率分别为18．7％和31．2％，与传统方法相近。因此，对肿瘤较小的胰头及壶腹周围癌，宜首选保留幽门的改良胰十二指肠切除术。     

改良胰十指肠切除术治疗16例胰头及壶腹周转癌疗效观察

对１６例可切除胰头及壶腹周围癌行保留幽门的改良胰十二指肠切除术进行分析。结果表明，与传统术式相比，改良胰十二指肠切除术不但缩短了手术时间，而且不顾病你术后营养状况，减少术后并发症的发生。同时５年和３年生存率分别为１８．７％和３１．２％，与传统方法相近，因此，对肿瘤较小的胰头及壶腹周围癌，宜首选保留幽门的改良胰十二指肠切除术。     

壶腹周围癌的诊断与治疗

本文报告壶腹周围癌１６８例，行胰十二指肠切除术６２例，全胰切除术互例，总切除率为３７．５％，切除率最高者为Ｖａｔｅｒ氏壶腹癌和十二指肠降部癌，分别为８８．０％和８５．０％，而胰头癌切除率仅为１４．９％。术后发生并发症２０例，占１１．９％。手术死亡９例，死亡率为为５．４％。全部获得随诊，切除组３年和５年生存率分别为３２．１％和１２．４％。未切除组均行胆肠内引流术，平均生存时间为５．２月。强调提高壶腹周围癌治疗水平的关键在于早期诊断与早期手术。     

壶腹癌局部切除术30例

<正>对壶腹癌传统的手术治疗方式是行胰十二指肠切除术,但对黄疸重、高龄、体质差患者难以承受此类大手术,往往行姑息性胆肠内引流术解除胆道梗阻。我院2000年1月—2010年1月共行壶腹癌局部切除术30例,取得满意效果,报道如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料本组30例,其中男13例,女17例;年龄49~81     

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恶性梗阻性黄疸系指恶性肿瘤直接侵及或压迫肝外胆道致胆汁排出受阻。根据肿瘤起源及胆汁排出受阻的部位一般可分为低位胆道梗阻及高位胆道梗阻。低位胆道梗阻指壶腹周围恶性肿瘤所致的梗阻 ,包括胰头癌、胆总管末端癌及壶腹癌等 ,部分起源于壶腹附近的十二指肠癌及淋巴瘤等也可致低位胆道梗阻。高位胆道梗阻主要指高位胆管癌 ,即肝门部胆管癌所致的胆道梗阻 ,肝门部胆管癌又称Ｋｌａｔｓｔｉｎ瘤。部分胆囊癌可向肝管方向浸润发展 ,也可致高位胆道梗阻。低位胆道恶性梗阻的经典治疗手段是行胰十二指肠切除 ,高位胆道恶性梗阻的经典治疗手段…     

应用PCR－SSCP研究胆道肿瘤P53基因的突变

应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ（ＤＮＡ聚合酶链式反应－单链构象多态性）方法检测了１２例胆道肿瘤（胆管癌７例，胆囊癌３例，壶腹癌２例）的Ｐ５３基因第５、７外显子，结果发现２例胆管癌和１例胆囊癌Ｐ５３基因有突变。采用免疫组化方法对２２例胆管癌和８例癌旁组织Ｐ５３蛋白产物进行了检测，染色阳性者分别为１１例（５０％）和０。结果提示胆道肿瘤的发生与Ｐ５３基因的突变有关。     

与恶性胆道梗阻有关的胆管炎

胆管炎是恶性胆道梗阻的严重并发症，曾有作者指出壶腹癌病人常出现胆管炎。本文通过回顾性研究旨在分析引起胆道梗阻的各种肿瘤病人胆管炎的易患性及原因。作者于1984～1995年共收治164例恶性胆道梗阻的病人，其中男性89例，女性75例．平均年龄64岁，包括43例高位胆管癌，31例胆囊癌，30例胆总管癌，48例胰腺癌及12例壶腹癌。肿瘤原发位置经术前影像资料和／或切除标本做病理而证实。所有病人均行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流，引流胆汁送细菌培养。当病人出现发热，白细胞升高（≥10×109／L），高胆红素血症．胆汁培养阳性和／或右上腹疼痛而无其…     

Is major hepatectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy justified for advanced biliary malignancy?

Background/Purpose Major hepatectomy with concomitant pancreatoduodenectomy (M-HPD) is usually indicated for the resection of diffuse bile duct cancer or advanced gallbladder cancer. This is the only procedure that can potentially cure such advanced cancers, so both a low mortality rate and long-term survival could potentially justify performing this procedure. Methods Between 1990 and 2005, the morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival of 26 patients with advanced biliary tract carcinoma 14 with diffuse bile duct cancer, 9 with advanced gallbladder cancer, and 3 with hilar bile duct cancer, who underwent hepatopancreatoduodectomy (HPD) were reviewed and analyzed. Results The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 30.8% and 0%, respectively. Postoperative infectious complications occurred in 6 patients (23.0%). The 5-year survival rate of the 14 patients with diffuse bile duct cancer who underwent HPD was 51.9%, while the 5-year survival rate in the 12 of these patients who underwent M-HPD was 61.4%. Patients with diffuse bile duct cancer without residual tumor and those without lymph node metastasis had 5-year survival rates of 68.6% and 80%, respectively. Thirty-three percent (2 of 6) of the patients who underwent M-HPD for advanced gallbladder cancer survived for more than 5 years. Conclusions Preoperative biliary drainage, portal embolization, complete external drainage of pancreatic juice, reduction of intraoperative bleeding, and prevention of bacterial colonization of bile may enable the incidence of mortality and hepatic failure to approach zero in patients who undergo HPD. Surgeons should strive for complete clearance of the tumor with a negative surgical margin to achieve long-term survival when performing M-HPD.     

Indications for combined resection and reconstruction of the hepatic artery in biliary tract carcinoma]

More than 10 years have passed since hepatic artery resection was first performed for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. The safety of this procedure has been established with the introduction of the microsurgery technique. However, the benefits of and indications for this treatment have not yet been clarified. Twenty-three patients underwent vascular resection (portal vein in 7, portal vein + hepatic artery in 9, hepatic artery in 7) among 114 resected patients with biliary tract cancer in our institution. The right hepatic artery was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis in most cases. The curative resection rate was 88.9% in hilar bile duct cancer. However, it was less than 50% in other carcinomas. Cumulative 5-year survival rates of vascular resection patients with hilar bile duct cancer, lower bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma were 14.8%, 25%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates were 38.9%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, in the stage III + IV patients who did not undergo vascular resection. The longest survival period among patients with hilar bile duct cancer and lower bile duct cancer was 85 months and 65 months, respectively, whereas it was 15 months in gallbladder cancer and 20 months in cholangiocarcinoma patients. No hilar bile duct cancer patient who survived for more than 3 years had lymph node metastasis. The longest surviving cholangiocarcinoma patient has received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. It is concluded that patients with hilar bile duct cancer are good candidates for vascular resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered to gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma patients, because vascular resection alone does not result in prolongation of life in these patients.     

Biliary tract cancer treatment: results from the Biliary Tract Cancer Statistics Registry in Japan

Background/Purpose: A registry project for cancers of the biliary tract accumulated a total of 11 030 cases for 10 years. In the present study, registered cases were analyzed for information bearing on problems with the treatment of cancer of the biliary tract. The Japanese classification of lymph nodes was also considered on the basis of the results of this study. Methods: In 11 030 cases, the site of cancer was the gallbladder in 4774, the bile duct in 4833, and the papilla of Vater in 1423. Those cases were analyzed with regard to patient survival according to the stage of disease and the extent of lymph node metastasis. Results: More than 11 000 cases of cancer of the biliary tract have been registered to date from 158 member institutions of the Japanese Society of Biliary Surgery. While the 5-year survival rates for stage I gallbladder cancer and cancer of the papilla were 77% and 75%, respectively, those for stage I hilar or upper bile duct cancer and middle or lower bile duct cancer were 47% and 54%. For stage II and stage III disease, the 5-year survival rates were about 50% for gallbladder cancer and 30% or higher for cancer of the papilla, while survival was only 20% to 30% for bile duct cancer, regardless of specific site. For stage IV, the 5-year survival rate was unexpectedly high, being about 10% or higher for cancers at all sites, with 19% for cancer of the papillary region being the highest. Thus, there still seem to remain surgical indications for stage IV cancers. The lymph node metastasis rate was about 40% for cancers at all sites. Changes in surgical procedures to improve the 5-year survival rate in patients with n2 metastasis or less will be needed. Noncurative resection occurred frequently for cancers at all sites, particularly in cancers of the hilar or upper bile duct, accounting for 60% of cases or more. We have to recognize that measures to reduce inadvertent noncurative resection are fundamental to the treatment of cancer. Conclusions: Considering the survival results according to specific lymph nodes involved, we concluded that the Japanese classification of lymph nodes, particularly hepatoduodenal ligament lymph nodes, should be reexamined, while another procedure to remove such lymph nodes completely should be developed. Received: July 13, 2001 / Accepted: February 8, 2002 Acknowledgments. The authors thank the many doctors at 158 institutes for their cooperation in this registry, and thank Miho Suzuki for secretarial assistance. Offprint requests to: T. Nagakawa     

Risk factors for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas and prophylactic surgery for these factors

Curative resection is the only treatment for biliary tract cancer that achieves long-term survival. However, patients with advanced biliary tract cancer have only a limited prognosis even after radical surgical resection. Thus, to improve the longterm results, the early detection of biliary tract cancer and subsequent cure seem to be essential. The purpose of this study was to review the literature concerning the risk factors for cancerous and precancerous lesions of the biliary tract, and prophylactic surgery for these factors. It has been reported that pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) with bile duct dilatation is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer, while PBM without bile duct dilatation is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer. Thus, in the former group, a prophylactic excision of the common bile duct and gallbladder should be recommended, while in the later group, a prophylactic cholecystectomy without bile duct resection may be the appropriate surgical procedure. It has also been reported that primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with PSC often develop advanced cholangiocarcinoma with a poor prognosis. In patients with PSC, therefore, strict follow-up should be recommended. Adenoma and dysplasia have been regarded as precancerous lesions of gallbladder cancer. A polypoid lesion of the gallbladder that is sessile, has a diameter greater than 10 mm, and /or grows rapidly, is highly likely to be cancerous and should be resected. Although gallstones seem to be closely associated with gallbladder cancer, there is no evidence of a direct causal relationship between gallstones and gallbladder cancer. Thus, a cholecystectomy is not advised for asymptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Controversy remains as to whether adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder and porcelain gallbladder are associated with gallbladder cancer. With respect to ampullary carcinoma, adenoma of the ampulla is considered to be a precancerous lesion. This article discusses the risk factors for cancerous and precancerous lesions of the biliary tract and prophylactic treatment for these factors.     

Utility of Staging Laparoscopy in Subsets of Peripancreatic and Biliary Malignancies

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative benefit of staging laparoscopy in peripancreatic and biliary malignancies. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Staging laparoscopy has been used in a variety of peripancreatic and biliary malignancies. The utility of the technique in subsets of these types of cancer has not been systematically compared. METHODS: One hundred fifty-seven patients underwent laparoscopy after conventional tumor staging; 89 were also staged with laparoscopic ultrasonography. Diagnostic categories were cancer of the pancreatic head and uncinate process, cancer of the body and tail of pancreas, cancer of the extrahepatic bile duct, cancer of the gallbladder, and cancer of the ampulla of Vater/duodenum. RESULTS: In patients with cancer of the head of the pancreas, metastatic disease or vascular invasion was discovered frequently by laparoscopy (31%), whereas in ampullary/duodenal cancer it was never found. The laparoscopic findings in cancer of the head of the pancreas had an important influence on treatment decisions, whereas in cancer of the ampulla/duodenum, laparoscopy had no effect on clinical decisions. Laparoscopy also substantially influenced the treatment of gallbladder cancer; in other tumor types, results were intermediate. Laparoscopic ultrasonography was valuable in cancer of the head of the pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: The utility of staging laparoscopy depends on diagnosis. It is recommended for continued use in pancreatic head and gallbladder cancers but not in ampullary malignancies.     

Double cancer of the gallbladder and common bile duct associated with an anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction without a choledochal cyst: Report of a case

We report herein the case of a 37-year-old woman found to have double cancer of the gallbladder and common bile duct associated with an anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction (APBDJ) without a choledochal cyst (CC). Abdominal ultrasonography showed an isoechoic mass in the gallbladder, and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage tubography revealed incomplete obstruction in the upper portion of the common bile duct and APBDJ. The patient underwent cholecystectomy, partial hepatic resection, pancreatoduodenectomy, and portal vein reconstruction. Pathological examination of the tumors from the gallbladder and bile duct revealed papillary carcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, respectively, and direct continuity was not observed between the tumors. A review of the literature on six cases of multiple primary carcinoma of the biliary tract associated with APBDJ without CC is presented following this case report. Double cancer of the biliary tract was found synchronously in five patients and metachronously in one. Gallbladder cancer showed subserosal invasion in four patients, while bile duct cancer invaded the pancreas in one patient and reached the serosa in two patients. Considering the potential for cancer to arise in the biliary tract and the difficulties associated with monitoring it, cholecystectomy and resection of the extrahepatic common bile duct may be the most appropriate treatment for patients with an APBDJ without a CC.     

胆道恶性肿瘤临床研究进展与展望

胆道恶性肿瘤（BTC）包括胆囊癌及来源于胆管上皮细胞的胆管癌,具有早期诊断困难、进展迅速、解剖部位复杂等特点。手术是BTC的主要治疗手段,但多数病人就诊时即已失去手术切除的机会。局部进展、转移性或复发病人只能接受化疗和其他综合治疗,但均无法获得令人满意的治疗效果。肿瘤靶向和免疫治疗的进展为BTC病人带来新希望,但其具体效果还有待进一步验证。     

Gall bladder cancer,extrahepatic bile duct cancer and ampullary carcinoma in New Zealand: Demographics,pathology and survival

Introduction: The aim of present paper was to document the incidence of gall bladder cancer, cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts and ampullary carcinoma in New Zealand. Methods: Data were collected from the New Zealand Cancer Registry from 1980 to 1997 and combined with national census statistics to give crude and age standardized incidence rates. Results: Over the 18‐year study period, 226 carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater, 608 gall bladder cancers, and 486 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas were registered. The age standardized incidence rates for gall bladder carcinoma in all New Zealanders were 0.41/100 000 in men and 0.74/100 000 in women. The age standardized incidence rates for gall bladder cancer in Maori were 1.49/100 000 in Maori men and 1.59/100 000 in Maori women. The corresponding age standardized incidence rates for extrahepatic bile duct cancers were 0.67/100 000 in men and 0.45/100 000 in women. There were insufficient cases to calculate an age standardized incidence in Maori or Pacific Islanders. For carcinoma of the ampulla, the age standardized rates were 0.34/100 000 in men and 0.25/100 000 in women. There were insufficient cases to calculate an age standardized incidence rate for Maori or Pacific Islanders. When histology was defined adenocarcinoma was the most common form of cancer occurring in 66% of gall bladder cancers, 91% of extrahepatic bile duct cancers and 70% of ampullary cancers. Most tumours were advanced at presentation with regional or distant metastases present in 72% of gall bladder cancers, 63% of extrahepatic bile duct cancers and 69% of ampullary tumours at diagnosis. Survival was poor with median survivals of 86 days, 151 days and 440 days recorded for gall bladder cancer, extrahepatic bile duct cancer and ampullary cancer, respectively. Conclusions: The demographic profile, pathology and survival of patients with gall bladder cancer, extrahepatic bile duct cancer and ampullary carcinoma are similar in New Zealand to that of other Western countries. However New Zealand Maori have a relatively high incidence of gall bladder cancer, and the incidence is equal in both Maori men and women, while cancers of the extra­hepatic bile duct and ampulla of Vater are rare in Maori. In comparison, cancers of the gall bladder, extrahepatic bile ducts and ampulla are rare in Pacific Islanders.     

Intraoperative Transfusion: Is It a Real Prognostic Factor of Periampullary Cancer Following Pancreatoduodenectomy?

The purpose of this study was to clarify the prognostic significance of transfusion following pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary cancers. We analyzed 357 periampullary cancers from 1985 to 1997 (ampullary cancer 130 cases, distal bile duct cancer 141 cases, pancreatic head cancer 86 cases). A total of 215 (60%) of the 357 patients have received intraoperative transfusion. The 5-year survival rate of 130 ampullary cancer patients was 59%; altogether, 76 patients (58%) underwent intraoperative transfusion. The 5-year survival rate of patients without intraoperative transfusion was 79%, whereas that of patients with a transfusion was 47% (p = 0.029). Following multivariate analysis, intraoperative transfusion was found to be an independent poor prognostic factor for those with ampullary cancer (relative risk 2.174). Among those with common bile duct cancer, the overall 5-year survival rate was 33%, and the 5-year survival rates for patients with (n = 87) or without (n = 54) transfusion were 25% and 38%, respectively, which did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0717). For those with pancreatic head cancer, the overall 5-year survival rate was 16%, and there was no survival difference between transfused (n = 52) and untransfused (n = 34) patients. In the present study the reason was not clear, although intraoperative transfusion was an independent significant prognostic factor for ampullary cancer. Careful dissection to minimize intraoperative bleeding is mandatory during pancreatoduodenectomy for ampullary cancer.     

Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer involving gastrointestinal tract, but it is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract, accounting for 80-95% of biliary tract cancers. This tumor is a highly lethal disease with an overall 5-year survival of less than 5% and mean survival mere than 6 months. An early diagnosis is essential as this malignancy progresses silently with a late diagnosis. The percentage of patients diagnosed to have gallbladder cancer after simple cholecystectomy for presumed gallbladder stone disease is 0.5-1.5%. Patients with preoperative suspicion of gallbladder cancer should not be treated by laparoscopy. Epidemiological studies have identified striking geographic and ethnic disparities—inordinately high occurrence in American Indians, elevated in Southeast Asia, yet quite low elsewhere in the Americas and the world. Environmental triggers play a critical role in eliciting cancer developing in the gallbladder, best exemplified by cholelithiasis and chronic inflammation from biliary tract and parasitic infections. Improved imaging modalities and improved radical aggressive surgical approach in the last decade has improved outcomes and helped prolong survival in patients with gallbladder cancer. The overall 5-year survival for patients with gallbladder cancer who underwent R0 curative resection was from 21% to 69%. In the future, the development of potential diagnostic markers for disease will yield screening opportunities for those at risk either with ethnic susceptibility or known anatomic anomalies of the biliary tract.