盐酸氟桂利嗪片的人体相对生物利用度

目的:比较盐酸氟桂利嗪(A)与参比片(B)的药物动力学和相对生物利用度.方法:采用HPLC荧光法测定10名健康受试者po 24mg A和B后,盐酸氟桂利嗪在血浆中的浓度,计算两者的药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度.结果:A和B的AUC_(0—∞)分别为(481.82±21.33)、(497.24±36.03)(μg·h)/L,t_(?)分别为(3.69±0.27)、(3.69±0.32)h,C_(?)分别为(4O.29±2.71)、(40.89±3.6Oμg/L,两者的AUC,t_(?)、c_(?)均无显著性差异(P>0.05).采用梯形法计算两者的AUCO_(0—t)分别为(459.26±14.75)、(468.32±34.44)(μg·h)/L,A的相对生物利用度为(98.4±6.6)%.结论:被试片剂与参比片剂具有生物等效性.     

健康志愿者中格列吡嗪片剂的相对生物利用度

目的:研究两种格列吡嗪片剂在13名男性健康志愿者体内的生物利用度.方法:同体交叉试验后,用反相高效液相色谱-紫外检测法检测血浆中格列吡嗪的浓度.药一时数据用3P87程序拟合,按一室模型计算药物动力学参数.结果:研制品片剂的AUC、C_(max)、t_(max)、T_(1/2)分别为(18.598±5.569)(h·μg)/ml、(2.382±0.873)μg/ml、(2.285±0.499)h.和(3.41±0.932)h;对照品片剂分别为(20.183±6.191)(h·μg)/ml、(2.635±0.840)μg/ml、(2.187±0.458)h和(3.269±0.975)h.研制品片剂的相对生物利用度为93%.两种片剂的所有药物参数经统计学(NDST软件)处理均无显著性差异(P>0.05),用双向单侧t检验对其主要药物动力学参数进行检验.结论:两种格列吡嗪片剂具有生物等效性.     

沙丁胺醇气雾剂在健康受试者体内的药物动力学和相对生物利用度

目的:研究沙丁胺醇气雾剂在健康受试者的药物动力学和生物利用度.方法:十名健康男性志愿者单剂量吸入1.2 mg沙丁胺醇气雾剂或口服沙丁胺醇水溶液.用HPLC法测定人血浆中沙丁胺醇浓度.以非房室模型计算药物动力学参数,计算气雾剂相对水溶液的生物利用度.结果:气雾剂和口服溶液的药物动力学参数如下:T_(max)(0.22±0.07)和(1.8±0.6)h,C_(max)(3.4±1.1)和(3.9±1.4)μg·L~(-1),T_(1/2)(4.5±1.5)和(4.6±1.1)h,AUC_(0-20min)(0.9±0.3)和(0.16±0.10)μg·h·L~(-1).两种给药途径的T_(max)和AUC_(0-20 min)之间差异显著(P<0.01).AUC_(0-20min)(nihal)为 AUC_(0-20 min)(po)的 8倍.沙丁胺醇气雾剂相对口服溶液的生物利用度为 57％±24％.结论:沙丁胺醇气雾剂在人体的吸收过程与口服溶液差异有显著性.     

阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂的生物等效性研究

目的:研究阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂在正常人体内的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,将24名男性健康志愿受试者随机分为3组,分别单次口服1 g阿奇霉素供试制剂与参比制剂。采用HPLC法测定阿奇霉素血药浓度。用DAS药动学程序处理试验数据,并对试验结果进行方差分析和双单侧t检验。结果:阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂供试品和参比品的药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0→T))分别为:(23.27±4.52)μg·h·ml~(-1),(23.33±5.76)μg·h·ml~(-1),(23.31±7.70)μg·h·ml~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)分别是(31.25±5.13)μg·h·ml~(-1),(30.59±6.54)μg·h·ml~(-1),(29.78±8.15)μg·h·ml~(-1);达峰时间(t_(max))分别为:(2.17±0.38)h,(2.03±0.55)h,(2.21±0.48)h;达峰浓度(C_(max))分别为:(1.260±0.109)μg·ml~(-1),(1.310±0.138)μg·ml~(-1),(1.298±0.087)μg·ml~(-1)。阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂的相对生物利...     

盐酸非索非那定胶囊药物动力学及人体相对生物利用度研究

目的:研究国产盐酸非索非那定胶囊与进口盐酸非索非那定片药物动力学及人体相对生物利用度。方法:20例健康男性志愿者,用随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量口服盐酸非索非那定受试制剂或参比制剂120 mg,采用 HPLC-荧光法测定血浆中非索非那定浓度,进行药物动力学及相对生物利用度分析。结果:单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂的 T_(max)分别为(2.55±0.72)h 和(2.60±0.84)h;C_(max)分别为(370.8±84.7)μg·L~(-1)和(354.5±88.3)μg·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(5.34±1.15)h 和(5.62±1.23)h;Cl 分别为(51.0±8.1)L·h 和(53.8±9.4)L·h;V_d分别为(390.6±96.8)L 和(438.4±122.4)L;MRT_(0-t)分别为(6.61±0.82)h 和(6.56±0.87)h,采用梯形法计算,AUC_(0-t)分别为(2290.1±368.1)μg·h·L~(-1)和(2159.5±372.8)μg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为(2409.8±389.5)μg·h·L~(-1)和(2290.6±382.8)μg·h·L~(-1)。结论:以 AUC_(0-t)计算,单剂量口服盐酸非索非那定胶囊后,体内相对生物利用度为(107.6±17.3)%。经方差分析和双单侧 t 检验表明2种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

2种国产盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究健康受试者单剂量口服2种国产盐酸二甲双胍(降糖药)肠溶胶囊的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 采用开放、双周期随机交叉给药方案,22名健康男性受试者单剂量口服2种盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊1 000 mg,用HPLC法测定血浆中二甲双胍浓度,计算其主要药代动力学参数.结果 单剂量口服盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:AUC_(0-tn) 分别为(9.08±3.59)和(9.09±3.28)μg·h·mL~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(9.72±3.67)和(9.88±3.62)μg·h·mL~(-1);C_(max)分别为(1.76±0.69)和(1.80±0.63)μg·mL~(-1);t_(max)分别为(3.70±1.08)和(3.77±0.81)h;t_(1/2)分别为(3.03±0.49)和(3.08±0.52)h;F为(103.6±36.9)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产盐酸舍曲林胶囊和片剂的人体药物动力学及生物等效性

目的研究国产盐酸舍曲林胶囊及片剂的相对生物利用度、药物动力学特征及生物等效性.方法采用随机、开放、3×3拉丁方设计实验,18名男性健康受试者分别单剂量口服含舍曲林50 mg的试验片剂、胶囊及参比制剂.采用HPLC-MS/MS/MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,计算3者的药物动力学参数及评价其生物等效性.结果 18例健康志愿者口服参比制剂和试验制剂舍曲林胶囊及片剂后,参比制剂中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.14±3.43)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.44±1.10)h;AUC0～96为(262.82±100.66)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(29.19±4.91)h.试验制剂片剂中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.16±3.22)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.33±1.85)h;AUC0～96为(269.71±107.47)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(30.99±6.49)h.试验制剂胶囊中舍曲林的主要药物动力学参数cmax为(10.39±3.59)μg·L-1;tmax为(4.94±1.30)h;AUC0～96为(264.45±112.57)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(29.68±5.25)h.试验制剂片剂和胶囊分别对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F为(103.4%±18.2%)、(99.8%±13.6%).结论经统计学分析,国产试验制剂胶囊剂和片剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

LC/MS/MS法测定辛伐他汀血浆浓度及其在健康人体内的药物动力学研究

目的:建立人体血浆中辛伐他汀的LC/MS/MS测定方法,并研究辛伐他汀片在男性健康志愿者体内的药物动力学行为,评价其生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:采用两制剂双周期自身对照试验设计。18名男性健康志愿者随机交叉服用单剂量辛伐他汀试验片剂和参比片剂20mg,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC/MS/MS)分析方法测定血浆辛伐他汀的浓度。采用DAS2.0程序计算药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,并进行等效性评价。结果:测定单剂量口服20mg辛伐他汀参比片剂和试验片剂的AUC_((0→24))分别为(14.90±5.86)和(14.37±4.94)ng·h·ml~(-1),AUC_((0→∞))分别为(15.62±6.29)和(14.78±5.02 )ng·h·ml~(-1);C_(max)分别为(4.54±2.11)和(4.00±1.34)ng·ml~(-1);T_(max)分别为(1.75±0.79)和(1.39±0.65)h。以AUC_((0→24))与AUC_((0→∞))计算相对生物利用度分别为(108.0±52.7)%和(106.4±52.5)%。结论:该法准确灵敏,测得的数据可靠,统计分析表明两种制剂生物等效。     

氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔崩解片与普通片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究中国健康志愿者单次口服氢溴酸加兰他敏(可逆性胆碱酯酶抑制剂)口腔崩解片的生物等效性.方法 20名健康志愿者随机分成2组,分别接受单次口服2种国产氢溴酸加兰他敏20 mg;采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定给药后不同时间点血浆中的氢溴酸加兰他敏浓度,用DAS ver 2.1软件计算其药代动力学参数.结果 氢溴酸加兰他敏的受试制剂与参比制剂主要药代动力学参数:t_(max)分别为(1.06±0.81),(0.85±0.26)h;t_(1/2)分别为(8.39±1.60),(8.22±1.58)h;C_(max)分别为(39.69±8.17),(43.41±11.58)μg·L~(-1);AUC_(0-t)分别为(384.88±101.75),(407.53±101.12)μg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(396.92±105.85),(420.10±103.73)μg·h·L~(-1).氢溴酸加兰他敏的相对生物利用度为(95.5±16.2)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究北大核心CSCD

目的评价盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片仿制药与原研药在中国健康受试者空腹和餐后条件下给药的生物等效性与安全性。方法按单中心、随机、开放、单剂量、两制剂、两序列、双周期、交叉研究设计,共纳入47例(空腹试验23例,餐后试验24例)成年男性和女性受试者随机交叉给药,分别单次口服受试制剂或参比制剂35 mg,用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中曲美他嗪的浓度,用Win Nonlin 6.4软件按非房室模型计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果空腹组盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:C_(max)分别为(65.62±13.92)和(66.39±15.15)μg·L^(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.96±1.15)和(4.26±1.21)h,AUC_(0-t)分别为(909.43±219.81)和(920.65±230.09)μg·L^(-1)·h,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(921.57±226.17)和(933.35±236.56)μg·L^(-1)·h;餐后组盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:C_(max)分别为(69.78±14.65)和(65.99±13.73)μg·L^(-1),t_(max)分别为(4.83±0.82)和(4.71±1.00)h,AUC_(0-t)分别为(766.54±165.62)和(793.50±163.67)μg·L^(-1)·h,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(774.17±167.43)和(802.04±166.02)μg·L^(-1)·h。在空腹和餐后条件下,受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数90%置信区间均在80.00%125.00%。结论空腹与餐后单次口服盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片仿制药与原研药在中国健康受试者体内均有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.