原发免疫性血小板减少症妊娠期诊治专家共识

原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)是一种获得性自身免疫性出血性疾病。妊娠合并ITP患者病情可随妊娠的进展而加重, 导致妊娠期及分娩期出血风险增加, 部分妊娠合并ITP患者分娩的新生儿可发生新生儿血小板减少症。规范管理妊娠合并ITP可以有效降低ITP患者的出血风险, 改善母儿结局。但因妊娠合并ITP发生率较低, 缺乏高质量的循证医学证据, 临床存在诊疗不规范及过度诊疗现象。为进一步规范ITP的妊娠期管理, 中华医学会妇产科学分会产科学组组织多学科专家, 在参照国内外相关指南的基础上, 共同讨论制定本共识, 旨在为我国妊娠合并ITP的诊治提供指导性意见。     

妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫癜对胎儿血小板的影响

目的　探讨妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫癜 (idiopathic throm bocytopeinc purpura,ITP)对胎儿及新生儿血小板的影响。　方法　以 39例妊娠合并 ITP孕妇 (ITP组 )为对象 ,检测胎儿脐血 (2 0例 )及出生时脐血 (39例 )的血小板含量。以 5 7例正常孕妇为对照组。分析妊娠合并 ITP时胎儿血小板的变化及其母儿血小板的相关性。　结果　胎儿脐血与出生时脐血血小板呈高度正相关(r=0 .92 6 ,P<0 .0 1) ,分娩过程与分娩方式并不改变胎儿血小板含量 ;合并 ITP的孕妇 ,胎儿血小板减少的发生率 (2 8.2 % )明显高于正常孕妇 (1.8% ) (P<0 .0 1) ;母儿血小板无显著相关性 (r=0 .387,P>0 .0 5 )。　结论　 (1)妊娠合并 ITP常常导致胎儿血小板减少 ,发生率为 2 8.2 % ;(2 )母儿血小板无显著相关性 ,母亲血小板多少不能反映胎儿血小板状况     

妊娠合并原发免疫性血小板减少症44例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者的围产期诊疗及母儿结局。方法:选取2015年至2021年在山东大学齐鲁医院妇产科分娩的妊娠合并ITP(血小板计数<30×10⁹/L)孕妇44例,其中重症ITP 21例。观察患者在围产期的诊疗及母儿结局。结果:医院同期分娩总数为27268例,妊娠合并ITP 44例,发生率为1.6‰。44例患者中有7例为终止妊娠前转入我院,未行药物治疗,27例(61.4%)孕期单独给予糖皮质激素治疗,10例(22.7%)给予糖皮质激素联合丙种球蛋白治疗。阴道分娩4例(9.1%),剖宫产终止妊娠40例(90.9%),产后出血2例(4.5%)。44例新生儿出生后血小板计数<100×10⁹/L者3例(6.8%),无新生儿颅内出血及死亡病例。两组的围产期输注血小板治疗量、出血量、新生儿体重、新生儿5min Apgar评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),住院天数和新生儿1min Apgar评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠合并ITP的治疗以糖皮质激素与丙种球蛋白为主,...     

妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫癜

正特发性血小板减少性紫癜(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, ITP)是自身免疫机制使血小板破坏过多的临床综合征,又称为原发性免疫性血小板减少症。以不明原因的血小板抗体生成过多、血小板寿命缩短、骨髓巨核细胞增多为特征。妊娠合并ITP的发病率约为8/10万,早期可出现出血、贫血和感染,疾病通常随妊娠进展而加重,可对母儿的生命造成威胁[1]。妊娠期间,如果合并ITP等自身免疫性疾病时,可能引起流产、     

辅助生殖技术单胎妊娠结局分析

目的:研究辅助生殖技术(ART)与自然受孕两种不同受孕方式单胎妊娠的妊娠结局。方法:回顾分析2009年1月1日至2017年12月31日在广州医科大学附属第三医院住院分娩的妊娠≥20周的单胎妊娠病例资料。按受孕方法分为ART组及自然妊娠组,分析两组母儿结局,再按是否为高龄妊娠,比较ART组及自然妊娠组的母儿结局。结果:ART组孕妇的平均年龄、初产妇、定期产检、非足月胎膜早破(PPROM)、羊水量异常、子痫前期、妊娠期高血压、妊娠合并血小板减少症、妊娠期糖尿病、糖尿病合并妊娠、前置胎盘、胎盘植入/粘连、产后出血、剖宫产分娩、产钳/吸引产助产、人工剥离胎盘、药物/机械性引产、流产、胎儿窘迫及胎儿为男性发生率均高于自然妊娠组,ART组的住院天数更长,分娩孕周更低,转诊重症监护病房(ICU)、急性器官衰竭发生风险较低,ART组围产儿平均体重高于自然受孕组。高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组的妊娠期糖尿病、剖宫产分娩发生风险增加。非高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组子痫前期、妊娠期高血压、妊娠期糖尿病、糖尿病合并妊娠、流产、PROM、羊水量异常、前置胎盘、胎盘植入/粘连、产后出血、胎儿窘迫、人工剥离胎盘、药物/机械性引产发生风险增加。ART组较自然妊娠组钳产/吸引产风险均增加,产妇转诊ICU及非规律产检发生风险均降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:ART受孕单胎妊娠并发症及新生儿不良结局发生率高于自然妊娠组孕妇,但其更注重孕期产检;在非高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组母儿不良结局风险增加,而高龄妊娠孕妇中,ART组母儿不良结局风险增加不明显。     

妊娠合并地中海贫血

妊娠合并地中海贫血是常见的妊娠期并发症。孕期应积极进行及时有效的产前诊断和产前筛查。合并地中海贫血的孕妇发生妊娠期并发症风险增加,影响母儿结局。Bart’s水肿胎是导致镜像综合征发生的常见原因,母体可出现类似子痫前期的临床表现,一旦发现应立即终止妊娠,并预防心肺功能衰竭、产后出血和子痫抽搐。     

妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫癜92例临床分析

目的探讨妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫癜(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP) 围产期治疗效果及母儿结局.方法回顾性分析我院1994年10月～2003年10月间妊娠合并ITP患者的临床资料,按照第二届全国血液病学术会议制定的ITP诊断标准.显效血小板计数> 100×109/L,良效血小板计数(50～100)×109/L,进步血小板计数比治疗前略有上升,无效血小板计数无变化.观察ITP患者给予糖皮质激素(泼尼松),丙种球蛋白及(或)血小板悬液治疗后的临床效果及其母儿的围产结局.结果妊娠合并ITP患者92例,同期妊娠分娩数为39 078例,发生率为2.4‰.34例伴有妊娠并发症(34/92,37%),其中妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)7例,产后出血6例,早产9例,妊娠期糖耐量低减19例,巨大儿10例.阴道分娩20例(20/92,22%),剖宫产分娩72例(72/92,78%),无孕产妇死亡.对其中68例进行了孕期治疗,单纯糖皮质激素治疗26例,糖皮质激素+丙种球蛋白治疗18例,糖皮质激素+丙种球蛋白+血小板悬液治疗24例.68例患者中,显效42例(42/68,62%),良效16例(16/68,24%),进步8例(8/68,12%),无效2例(2/68,3%).92例患者共分娩新生儿94个(其中2例为双胎),均存活,新生儿出生后外周血血小板计数均在正常水平(> 100×109/L),无颅内出血及其他血小板减少或相关疾病.围产儿死亡2个.结论糖皮质激素、丙种球蛋白及血小板悬液是治疗妊娠合并ITP的理想方法,可使患者血小板计数水平升高,产后出血减少,且对母儿围产结局无影响.     

妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫癜40例临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫瘢(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura，ITP)的诊断、处理及新生儿被动免疫性血小板减少症(neonatal passive immune thrombocytopenia，PIT)发生的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析我院1992年1月～2001年8月住院分娩的妊娠合并ITP孕妇及新生儿的临床资料。结果 妊娠合并ITP40例，发生率为3．4‰。其中妊娠合并妊高征7例，产后出血6例，早产5例，妊娠期糖尿病3例，胎儿生长受限3例。孕产妇死亡1例。阴道分娩13例，剖宫产27例。新生儿PIT9例，占28．1％，其中3例为重度PIT，新生儿颅内出血1例，围产儿死亡2例。新生儿PIT的发生与母体血小板计数、母体治疗情况及PAIgG水平无明显相关性。结论 妊娠合并ITP母儿预后较好，新生儿重度PIT发生率较低，颅内出血较少见。新生儿PIT的发生与母体治疗、母体血小板计数及PAIgG水平无明显相关性。     

妊娠合并原发免疫性血小板减少症的管理

原发免疫性血小板减少症（ITP）是一种获得性自身免疫性出血性疾病,成人ITP的发病率约为（2~10）/10万。妊娠合并ITP是妊娠期血小板减少的常见病因,约占3%~5%,主要表现为妊娠早期的血小板减少。妊娠合并ITP的治疗方法以减少母体及新生儿不良出血事件为基本原则,首选药物治疗。治疗药物包括糖皮质激素、重组人血小板生成素等。妊娠合并ITP的管理须贯穿妊娠全程,其中孕前咨询、孕期监测与治疗、分娩时机和分娩方式的选择、新生儿血小板检测均需重点关注。     

妊娠合并重症胰腺炎治疗的循证评价

妊娠合并重症胰腺炎,是一种严重威胁母儿健康的妊娠期疾病,具有发病急、并发症多及母儿病死率高等特点.国内外报道妊娠合并急性胰腺炎的发病率约为1/1000～1/12000,而合并重症胰腺炎(出血坏死型胰腺炎)的发病率则更低.     

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) frequently occurs in young women, and is therefore encountered in pregnancy. Any woman with a history of ITP, regardless of her clinical status, has some risk of delivering a thrombocytopenic infant, since the antiplatelet antibodies cross the placenta. Methods for predicting which infants are at high risk, for choosing which pregnancies should be delivered by cesarian section, and for managing the mother and infant at term are reviewed.     

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy: the ongoing debate surrounding obstetric management

Thrombocytopenia is a common hematologic complication of pregnancy. Most cases are the result of gestational thrombocytopenia, which poses no threat to mother or fetus. In contrast, other cases may be secondary to immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), which may cause significant hemorrhagic morbidity in both. For this reason, diagnosing and treating ITP in pregnancy is important. The medical management of the disease is well established and has changed little. Conversely, obstetric management protocols have changed a great deal as our perception of fetal risk has been altered. Throughout the 1990s, many authors have reviewed the literature and challenged the existing belief that ITP is frequently associated with significant fetal morbidity. This has forced a revision of previous obstetric management recommendations. Despite evidence provided by these recent reviews, obstetric management of ITP in pregnancy remains an area of considerable controversy.     

妊娠合并特发性血小板减少性紫癜对母胎的影响及诊治

特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）病因复杂,起病缓慢,因为临床表现与其他导致血小板减少的疾病类似,鉴别诊断困难,围产期处理较为棘手,如处理不当,可危及母胎生命。近年来,虽然对ITP的研究有了很大的进展,多个国家都制定了相应的指南及共识,但对于妊娠合并ITP的理想诊治策略仍存在一定争议。文章结合近年的文献着重介绍妊娠合并ITP的临床表现、对母胎的影响及其诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗进展。     

Immunoreactive diseases in pregnancy

Immunoreactive diseases in pregnancy are not frequent and it is important to guarantee an optimal and interdisciplinary treatment. The herpes gestationis is a pregnancy-specific disease of the skin with unknown origin and a good prognosis for mother and child. The progressional lupus erythematodes visceralis has a high risk for mother and child, but the rheumatoid arthritis shows remissions during pregnancy. The Basedow's disease and the autoimmune thyroiditis are needed a pregnancy-associated therapy to prevent a hyperthyreotic syndrome of newborns. The autoimmune haemolytic anemia and the thrombocytopenia have a high fetal risk although by intensive management. Myasthenia gravis may cause a transient neonatal syndrome.     

Pregnancy complicated with autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune disorders such as SLE and ITP occur more commonly in young women and are the most common complications in pregnancy. There is considerable controversy concerning the risk to the mother and fetus, and the optimal prepartum management for minimizing that risk. 1. SLE is an autoimmune disorder in which IgG antibodies such as anti dsDNA-IgG, anticardiolipin IgG, and anti SS-A/Ro IgG are produced. Lupus nephropathy accompanied by diminished serum complement (CH50) and a rise in antibodies against dsDNA is a frequent clinical problem during pregnancy, which represents the adverse effect of hypertension or superimposed toxemia and causes fetal death or intrauterine fetal growth retardation. Habitual abortion or fetal death is common in a case with high anticardiolipin IgG titre. Anti SS-A antibodies are often found in the infants of antibody-positive mothers, and the deposition of antibodies in the perinodal region cause congenital heart block. IgG or immune complexes crossing the placenta directly injures the cardiac conduction system. In these cases which have high titre crossing the placenta directly injuries the cardiac conduction system. In these cases which have high titre of autoimmune antibodies, corticosteroid therapy should be started. 2. Management of ITP in pregnancy involves the consideration of three issues: 1) treatment of maternal thrombocytopenia, 2) prediction of fetal thrombocytopenia, 3) obstetrical management. ITP increases the risk for postpartum bleeding of sufficient severity to require blood transfusion. In most of these cases, maternal platelet counts are found to be less than 30,000/mm3. Women who have symptomatic severe steroid-unresponsive ITP may benefit from intravenous IgG(IvIgG) given as elective treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

高血压患者孕前和孕期风险评估及处理

高血压患者妊娠易发生重度子痫前期及多脏器损害,导致母儿严重并发症。高血压患者孕前应综合评估妊娠风险,孕前应将血压控制在正常范围,选择合适妊娠时间。孕期加强监护,应用阿司匹林预防子痫前期。终止妊娠时机及方式应根据病情严重程度及母儿情况综合决定。分娩过程中注意监测血压,产后加强随访。     

Defects of the central nervous system in Finland. IV. Associations with diagnostic x-ray examinations.

Based on the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations a search was undertaken to find possible associations between defects of the CNS and diagnostic x-ray examinations of the mother during pregnancy as well as pelvic x-ray examinations prior to pregnancy. Time-area--matched pregnancies and polydactylic children were used as controls. The risk of having a microcephalic child was increased for mothers with pelvic x-ray prior to pregnancy, but the number of discordant pairs was small. Of the examinations performed during pregnancy, fetal x-ray was significantly more common among mothers who delivered a CNS-defective child. No associations were observed for other kinds of examinations.     

Schwangerschaft und Sport

Being physically active during pregnancy often leads to uncertainty and questions: how much and which kinds of sport are possible? Changes in fitness and physical performance in pregnant women arise due to many physiological changes in hemodynamics, the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal system, glucose metabolism, endocrinological feedback and also in the psyche. Considering general recommendations for training, careful measures and contraindications, moderate or even vigorous training is possible depending on the individual mother??s fitness and desirable to maintain physical and emotional fitness. Many kinds of sport such as jogging, nordic walking, swimming and cycling can be carried on during pregnancy without risk and promote the health of both mother and child. However, the mother??s increasing weight and the resultant instability of ligaments must be kept carefully in mind to create a moderate aerobic workload. The danger of injury is present in later pregnancy and may lead to fetal trauma. For the pregnant woman a serious injury also includes the risks involved in the diagnostics and therapy. Regular physical activity means paying regular attention to a healthy lifestyle. This prevents diabetes, obesity, hypertension, thromboembolic deseases and their consequences in the mother??s life but also the child??s well-being.     

Multidisciplinary management of aortic dissection complicating pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Most cases of aortic dissection observed in women under 40 years of age occur as a complication of pregnancy in patients with other risk factors. Case report. We report a case of dissection of the ascending aorta in a young primigravida at 35 weeks gestation. The risk factor was aortic regurgitation. Multidisciplinary management enabled fetal extraction followed by repair of the aorta. Outcome was favorable for both mother and child. DISCUSSION: A review of the literature shows a variety of etiological factors leading to this disease. Emergency diagnosis and management is mandatory. Obstetricians should be aware that pregnancy can be a triggering factor in patients with a predisposition, e.g. connective tissue disease. A complete cardiovascular evaluation should be conducted before conception and a suitable surveillance planned for the entire pregnancy. The aim of this careful follow-up it to avoid surgery in an emergency setting that could compromise prognosis for both mother and child.     

Pulmonary Edema in Pregnancy

Normal cardiovascular and respiratory changes in pregnancy can predispose women to the development of pulmonary edema. Conditions and treatments unique to pregnancy, such as multiple gestation or tocolysis, further increase this risk. Recognition of risk factors and signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema allows the nurse to intervene quickly, thus decreasing potential complications to the mother and child.