长链非编码RNA在肝癌诊断中作用的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)已经被证明参与早期发育、细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、死亡和脂肪代谢等生命过程中一系列的重要进程,并且作为重要的转录后调控因子,广泛参与肿瘤相关基因调控的生物程序。长链非编码RNA被发现与肝癌细胞中细胞增殖、细胞凋亡以及细胞侵袭等多种生物学过程密切相关,是近期研究热点之一。全基因组研究表明,大量lncRNA在肝癌细胞中异常表达,并且通过调节分子间相互作用和多种信号通路调控肝癌发生发展的过程。随着高通量筛选方法的完善,越来越多的LncRNA分子被发现有望成为新型肿瘤诊断标志物。本文对LncRNA在肝癌诊断中的意义作一综述。     

Mi RNAs调控睾丸损伤机制的研究进展

动物的生殖功能受多种因素调控，如遗传、环境和营养，而雄性生殖功能主要由睾丸完成，因此对雄性生殖功能障碍的研究主要集中在睾丸组织细胞损伤上。微小核糖核酸（micro RNAs, mi RNAs）是一种非编码RNA,在转录后调节基因表达，抑制翻译过程。随着对mi RNAs功能的深入研究，与雄性生殖相关mi RNAs的研究报道逐渐增多，本文将对mi RNAs在睾丸组织细胞损伤机制调控中所发挥的作用进行综述，并从研究方向与实验技术上对mi RNA介导的睾丸组织细胞损伤机制相关研究做出展望。     

微小RNA与脑缺血再灌注损伤机制的研究进展

微小RNA(miRNA)是近年来发现的一种高度保守的内源性非编码小RNA(18~20个核苷酸),其在细胞内具有多种重要的调节作用。miRNA通过与靶基因3'-UTR结合调节基因表达,可涉及多种生物学过程。miRNA在细胞分化、细胞增殖、生物发育、血管生成、激素分泌及人类疾病方面起着重要作用,包括脑血管疾病方面。随着对miRNA的研究越来越多,特定miRNA已成为脑血管病的生物标志物及治疗目标,并参与了脑缺血后神经细胞损伤的保护及修复机制的表达,在脑血管病的发生、发展过程中起着重要作用。本文重点综述了miRNA与脑缺血再灌注损伤机制的关系,为脑卒中的预警、诊断及防治提供新思路。     

心血管生物标志物在急诊中的应用

随着心血管生物标志物的研究日益深入,国内外部积累了大量的临床经验和数据,为患者的临床诊断、危险分层、治疗方案选择和预后判断都带来了方便.本文对肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(Troponin Ⅰ)、肌红蛋白(MYO)、B型钠尿肽(BNP)、D-二聚体(D-DIMER)这些项目在国内外急诊中的应用做了综述,这些项目的联合使用,提高了急诊室中心血管疾病的诊断和鉴别.     

精子tsRNA在父系遗传中的作用

tsRNA(tRNA-derived small RNA)是来源于成熟转运RNA(transfer RNA,tRNA)或tRNA前体的一种小非编码RNA(small non-coding RNA,sncRNA).研究表明tsRNA是一种重要的RNA调控因子,有望作为疾病预防、诊断和治疗的生物标志物.不同tsRNA表达可...     

生物标志物的验证及其在健康危险预警中的作用

生物标志物作为暴露与疾病之间的中间产物,在评价环境有害因素对健康的影响方面有重要意义。随着分子生物学理论和检测技术的发展,人们发现的生物标志物的种类越来越多,然而候选生物标志物被确定为有效的生物标志物之前必须经过来自实验室、流行病学研究或临床方面的验证。经过验证的生物标志物才能应用于预防医学和临床实践,发挥其在健康危险预警中的作用。     

镉肾脏毒性生物标志物的研究进展

镉暴露会导致人体肾脏、肝脏、肺脏和心血管等多种器官毒性,其中,肾脏是镉毒性的主要靶器官。随着镉暴露人群的增加,镉毒性的早期监测愈显重要。镉效应生物标志物是一类可供客观测定的生理、生化指标。在镉暴露过程中,镉效应生物标志物的改变能敏感地反映出镉对机体损伤的程度及部位。该文就镉肾脏毒性监测中常用的效应生物标志物的优缺点作一...     

RNA相关的低剂量辐射响应标志物

电离辐射会对人体造成损伤,根据受照剂量、时间等因素的不同可诱发多种生物效应.目前对于低剂量辐射产生的健康效应仍有争议,筛选对低剂量敏感的辐射响应生物标志物,对于完善低剂量辐射生物效应机制、拓宽低剂量辐射在临床中的应用均具有重要理论意义.综述探讨各核糖核酸(RNA)在低剂量辐射反应中的变化及其对辐射敏感性的调节作用,同时...     

044生物标志物的验证及其在健康危险预警中的作用

生物标志物作为暴露与疾病之间的中间产物，在评价环境有害因素对健康的影响方面有重要意义。随着分子生物学理论和检测技术的发展，人们发现的生物标志物的种类越来越多，然而候选生物标志物被确定为有效的生物标志物之前必须经过来自实验室、流行病学研究或临床方面的验证。经过验证的生物标志物才能应用于预防医学和临床实践，发挥其在健康危险预警中的作用。     

慢性疾病分子标志物：非编码RNA 研究进展

非编码RNA包括miRNA、lncRNA、circRNA、snoRNA等,其广泛存在于真核生物细胞内,能够调控基因表达,并参与多种营养物质合成、分解的代谢过程。此外,其表达具有组织特异性,且在真核生物细胞内及循环系统中高度稳定存在,是许多慢性疾病的良好分子标志物。代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)是以肥胖为基础的多种危险因素的聚集,与激素分泌合成以及营养物质的代谢息息相关,因而会伴随糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、心脑血管疾病等的发生。寻找MS类疾病的新的分子标志物对其早期诊断是非常必要的,而研究非编码RNA与MS的关系也可进一步阐明MS的发病机制,并为其预防和治疗提供新的方向。     

长链非编码RNA与子宫内膜异位症关系的研究进展

长链非编码RNA（lncRNAs）是一类长度超过200个核苷酸,编码蛋白潜力较低的RNA。作为非编码RNA（ncRNAs）家族的重要成员,lncRNAs在许多重要的疾病中发挥着调控功能。子宫内膜异位症（EMs）是一种严重危害育龄期女性健康的妇科疾病,与lncRNAs关系密切。目前的研究发现,多种lncRNAs在EMs组织中存在着差异表达。进一步研究发现,lncRNAs与EMs发病的危险因素有关,也可以促进EMs的上皮间充质转化过程。同时,lncRNAs还参与对EMs细胞的增殖、迁移及细胞周期的调控,并影响EMs患者的生育能力。通过对患者血清及组织样本的筛选,学者们发现lncRNAs可以成为诊断EMs的分子标志物。现就lncRNAs与EMs关系的研究进展进行综述,以期为EMs的诊疗提供新的思路。     

Consolidated and emerging inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease is an event of atherosclerosis characterized by a chronic vascular inflammation. Risk factors like obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,smoking, hypercholesterolemia and positive family history sometimes are not sufficiently adequate to the enhancement of cardiovascular risk assessment. In the past years numerous biomarkers, like C reactive protein,cytokines and adhesion molecules, have been observed to be related to adverse cardiovascular prognosis. Recently,several studies found an association among inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular diseases suggesting their utility to identify the risk of an acute ischemic event and the detection of vulnerable plaques. The emerginginflammatory markers are well divided for diagnosis and prognosis and plaque instability of coronary artery disease. Some of them, the lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 can be important both in diagnosis and in the evaluation of plaque instability, other are inserted in the above reported classification. The emerging inflammatory markers in acute-phase include amyloid A, fibrinogen and pentraxin 3 while myeloperoxidase, myeloid-related protein 8/14 and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A are recognize markers of plaque instability. Lastly, some studies demonstrated that circulating mi RNAs are involved in coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction and heart failure.     

Cardiovascular biomarkers in chronic kidney disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of death in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent studies have suggested that novel risk factors, uremia- or dialysis-related, are of great importance, as they act synergistically with the highly prevalent traditional risk factors for CVD in CKD patients. Whereas an ideal single biomarker, i.e., one that adds relevant prognostic information in clinical practice over and above that provided by conventional (Framingham) risk factors, has yet to be identified, combinations of several biomarkers or repeated measurements of biomarkers may increase the explanatory power of prognostic information provided by traditional risk factors to predict cardiovascular outcomes. However, because the increase of predictive power is modest, clinical assessment of patient status still remains the cornerstone tool for predicting risk for CVD. On the other hand, the search for better biomarkers may reveal novel pathways linked to CVD that need to be explored in CKD patients. This brief review summarizes some emerging and potentially clinically applicable CVD biomarkers in CKD patients, especially focusing on inflammation and vascular calcification that may provide additional information to conventional risk factors.     

Priority areas for research on the intake, composition, and health effects of tree nuts and peanuts

This article summarizes the main conclusions drawn from a conference on the health effects of nut consumption and identifies priority areas for future research. Individuals with higher intakes of nuts generally have higher intakes of many beneficial dietary constituents. More information is needed on nut composition, the bioavailability of nutrients, and other bioactive constituents. Better methods are needed to assess usual nut intake, including biomarkers, and the types, physical form, and amounts of nuts that are consumed. The feasibility of including nuts and seeds as a separate food group in the Dietary Guidelines should be tested, as should ways to increase nut intake. A moderate intake of nuts can be included in a weight loss regimen and further information is needed on whether nuts improve satiety as well as adherence to and efficacy of diets designed for weight reduction. There is substantial evidence that nut consumption reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. Future research should investigate their benefits for prevention of congestive heart failure, including clinical studies in patients with this condition, to evaluate the effects of nuts on markers of heart disease risk. Higher nut consumption is associated with lower risk of diabetes and associated cardiovascular disease. More remains to be learned about the effects of nuts on postprandial glycemic and insulin response, glycemic control, and improvement of disease risk factors in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes. Information is needed on nut-induced allergic reactions, including their prevalence and consequences, causes of sensitization, biomarkers of severe reactions, and cross-reactivity to different types of nuts.     

Integrative Analysis of Micro‐RNA,Gene Expression,and Survival of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common type of malignant brain tumor, is highly fatal. Limited understanding of its rapid progression necessitates additional approaches that integrate what is known about the genomics of this cancer. Using a discovery set (n = 348) and a validation set (n = 174) of GBM patients, we performed genome‐wide analyses that integrated mRNA and micro‐RNA expression data from GBM as well as associated survival information, assessing coordinated variability in each as this reflects their known mechanistic functions. Cox proportional hazards models were used for the survival analyses, and nonparametric permutation tests were performed for the micro‐RNAs to investigate the association between the number of associated genes and its prognostication. We also utilized mediation analyses for micro‐RNA‐gene pairs to identify their mediation effects. Genome‐wide analyses revealed a novel pattern: micro‐RNAs related to more gene expressions are more likely to be associated with GBM survival (P = 4.8 × 10^?5). Genome‐wide mediation analyses for the 32,660 micro‐RNA‐gene pairs with strong association (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.01%) identified 51 validated pairs with significant mediation effect. Of the 51 pairs, miR‐223 had 16 mediation genes. These 16 mediation genes of miR‐223 were also highly associated with various other micro‐RNAs and mediated their prognostic effects as well. We further constructed a gene signature using the 16 genes, which was highly associated with GBM survival in both the discovery and validation sets (P = 9.8 × 10^?6). This comprehensive study discovered mediation effects of micro‐RNA to gene expression and GBM survival and provided a new analytic framework for integrative genomics.     

Selenium and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: It is hypothesized that low selenium concentrations are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and that selenium supplements prevent coronary heart disease. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to perform a meta-analysis on the association of selenium biomarkers with coronary heart disease endpoints in observational studies and on the efficacy of selenium supplements in preventing coronary heart disease endpoints in randomized trials. DESIGN: The MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies conducted from 1966 through 2005. Relative risks were pooled by using an inverse-variance weighted random-effects model. RESULTS: Twenty-five observational studies (14 cohort and 11 case-control studies) that measured blood or toenail selenium concentrations and 6 randomized trials that evaluated supplements containing selenium met our inclusion criteria. The pooled relative risk in a comparison of the highest with the lowest selenium concentration categories was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.99) in cohort studies and 0.43 (0.29, 0.66) in case-control studies. In observational studies, a 50% increase in selenium concentrations was associated with a 24% (7%, 38%) reduction in coronary heart disease risk. In randomized trials, the pooled relative risk in a comparison of supplements containing selenium with placebo was 0.89 (0.68, 1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Selenium concentrations were inversely associated with coronary heart disease risk in observational studies. Because observational studies have provided misleading evidence for other antioxidants, the validity of this association is uncertain. Few randomized trials have addressed the cardiovascular efficacy of selenium supplementation, and their findings are still inconclusive. Evidence from large ongoing trials is needed to establish low selenium concentrations as a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Currently, selenium supplements should not be recommended for cardiovascular disease prevention.     

Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention

Vitamin C in humans must be ingested for survival. Vitamin C is an electron donor, and this property accounts for all its known functions. As an electron donor, vitamin C is a potent water-soluble antioxidant in humans. Antioxidant effects of vitamin C have been demonstrated in many experiments in vitro. Human diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer might occur in part from oxidant damage to tissues. Oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA results in specific oxidation products that can be measured in the laboratory. While these biomarkers of oxidation have been measured in humans, such assays have not yet been validated or standardized, and the relationship of oxidant markers to human disease conditions is not clear. Epidemiological studies show that diets high in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and cancer, and with increased longevity. Whether these protective effects are directly attributable to vitamin C is not known. Intervention studies with vitamin C have shown no change in markers of oxidation or clinical benefit. Dose concentration studies of vitamin C in healthy people showed a sigmoidal relationship between oral dose and plasma and tissue vitamin C concentrations. Hence, optimal dosing is critical to intervention studies using vitamin C. Ideally, future studies of antioxidant actions of vitamin C should target selected patient groups. These groups should be known to have increased oxidative damage as assessed by a reliable biomarker or should have high morbidity and mortality due to diseases thought to be caused or exacerbated by oxidant damage.