内镜下尼龙圈辅助组织胶注射治疗胃静脉曲张伴胃肾分流的临床研究

目的 探讨创新性应用内镜下尼龙圈辅助组织胶注射治疗胃静脉曲张伴胃肾分流的安全性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院2017年6月至2020年6月行内镜下尼龙圈辅助组织胶注射治疗的8例胃静脉曲张伴胃肾分流患者的临床资料,分析内镜下治疗前及内镜下治疗后10 d肝功能、肾功能、血细胞的变化,观察内镜下即时止血...     

内镜超声引导弹簧圈栓塞联合内镜组织胶注射治疗胃底静脉曲张的回顾性研究

目的　评价内镜超声（endoscopic ultrasound,EUS）引导弹簧圈栓塞联合内镜组织胶注射治疗合并较大自发性分流道的胃底静脉曲张的疗效和安全性。方法　回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院2016年12月—2020年12月因胃底静脉曲张伴较大自发性分流道（分流道最窄处直径5~15 mm）接受EUS引导弹簧圈栓塞联合内镜组织胶注射的24例患者资料,统计并分析短期疗效（技术成功率、术后5 d再出血率、6周死亡率）、远期疗效（1年再出血率和死亡率、3年死亡率）及安全性（异位栓塞发生率）。结果　EUS引导弹簧圈栓塞联合内镜组织胶注射技术成功率91.7%（22/24）,5 d再出血率0（0/22）。1例（4.5%）术后2 d复查门静脉系统血管CT成像显示脾静脉主干部分栓塞。22例患者中2例失访,随访时间14.9（1.0~48.6）个月,术后6周死亡率0（0/20）,术后1年再出血率35.0%（7/20）。12例行胃镜随访的患者中,5例出现不同程度食管静脉曲张加重,5例出现不同程度门静脉高压性胃病加重。术后1年死亡率5.0%（1/20）,术后3年死亡率20.0%（4/20）,均与出血及异位栓塞事件无关。结论　对于合并较大自发性分流道的胃底静脉曲张患者,EUS引导弹簧圈栓塞联合内镜组织胶注射治疗短期安全有效,并能降低异位栓塞发生风险,远期疗效及安全性仍有待进一步证实。     

经内镜注射组织黏合剂D-TH胶治疗胃静脉曲张出血的探讨

目的 探讨组织黏合剂D-TH胶治疗胃静脉曲张(GV)出血的价值。方法 内镜下用三明治夹心法注射D-TH胶治疗GV 59例,46例GV出血,其中37例急性出血,9例近期出血;13例无GV出血史。随访观察其疗效及并发症。结果 59例患者共注射96次,平均1.63次／例,每点注射1ml。37例GV急性出血患者,急诊止血率为100％,30例(65.2％)随访12-36个月,平均(24.9±11.7)个月,3个月再出血率6.7％(2／30),12个月再出血率16.7％(5／30),36个月再出血8例,生存率为86.5％。术后发热2例,无其他并发症发生。结论 经内镜注射D-TH胶治疗GV出血是一种安全、有效的方法。     

内镜下单点注射组织胶治疗GEV1胃底静脉曲张

目的:评估内镜下单点注射组织胶治疗胃底静脉曲张的近期疗效,并印证内镜下GEV1型胃底曲张静脉血流方向的理论.方法:GEV1型胃底静脉曲张进行组织胶注射治疗,注射点选在贲门旁小弯侧曲张静脉,进行单点注射.静脉内注射后观察1-10 min,2wk内进行内镜复查.结果:胃底静脉曲张组织胶治疗后静脉均固化,部分静脉明显消失.胃底曲张静脉栓塞率100%(32/32).注射点黏膜糜烂发生率6.2%(2/32).结论:内镜下GEV1型胃底静脉曲张血流方向确实是从贲门旁小弯侧流向大弯侧.由静脉起始部位单点注射组织胶治疗,疗效显著.     

内镜注射组织胶治疗重度食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血疗效观察

对于门脉高压引起的食管胃底静脉曲张患者,由于食管静脉曲张内镜下套扎治疗(EVL)及内镜下硬化治疗(DVS)等技术的日趋成熟,单纯的食管静脉曲张(EV)破裂出血患者,一般经内镜可得到有效的治疗,但并发胃底静脉曲张(GV)”破裂出血患者,目前临床上尚缺乏理想的治疗手段。为使EV及GV患者得到更为有效的治疗,我院自1999年2月至2000年8月,开展内镜下连续套扎术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张23例,对其中4例并发重度GV破裂出血患者,联合内镜下行组织粘合剂注射治疗,取得理想疗效,现报告如下。     

内镜下硬化剂联合组织胶注射在食管胃底静脉曲张早期排胶出血中的临床应用

目的 探讨食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(esophageal and gastric varices bleeding,EGVB)的内镜下硬化剂联合组织胶止血治疗的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年1月辽阳市中心医院采用内镜下硬化剂和(或)组织胶注射治疗的192例EGVB患者,其中A组采用组织胶注射治疗共...     

内镜下套扎加组织胶注射治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的护理

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血在上消化道出血中居第二位，严重威胁病人生命。我科于2003年1月～2005年12月对48例食管胃底静脉曲张出血的患在内镜下连续套扎（EVL）治疗，其中38例追加组织胶注射胃底曲张静脉，通过积极治疗和全面护理获得较好效果。     

蔓状隆起型胃底静脉曲张内镜下套扎 与组织胶注射治疗的对比分析

目的评价蔓状隆起型胃底静脉曲张内镜下套扎与组织胶注射治疗带来的风险与获益。方法2015年6月—2020年6月,因食管胃底静脉曲张在安徽医科大学第一附属医院消化内科接受内镜下静脉曲张套扎术或内镜下组织胶注射术治疗,符合胃底曲张静脉呈蔓状隆起（Hashizume标准F1型）的食管胃连通型血管（LDRf分型标准Le,gf型）病例193例纳入回顾性分析,按治疗方式分成胃底及食管套扎组（胃底和食管曲张静脉均行内镜下套扎术治疗,32例）、组织胶组（胃底曲张静脉行内镜下组织胶注射术治疗、食管曲张静脉行内镜下套扎术治疗,71例）和单纯食管套扎组（仅食管曲张静脉行内镜下套扎术治疗,90例）,对比分析3组的再出血率、治疗有效率、治疗显效率和并发症发生情况。结果（1）再出血率胃底及食管套扎组、组织胶组和单纯食管套扎组分别为18.75%（6/32）、12.68%（9/71）和3.33%（3/90）,仅在胃底及食管套扎组与单纯食管套扎组间差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.110,P＜0.016）。（2）3组治疗有效率均为100.00%。治疗显效率胃底及食管套扎组、组织胶组和单纯食管套扎组分别为37.50%（12/32）、25.35%（18/71）和14.44%（13/90）,仅在胃底及食管套扎组与单纯食管套扎组间差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.702,P＜0.016）。（3）3组均未出现肺部感染、肝性脑病、自发性细菌性腹膜炎和穿孔。胸痛或腹痛发生率胃底及食管套扎组、组织胶组和单纯食管套扎组分别为18.75%（6/32）、11.27%（8/71）和2.22%（2/90）,仅在胃底及食管套扎组与单纯食管套扎组间差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.524,P＜0.016）。发热、恶心呕吐发生率3组间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论胃底和食管静脉曲张同时行内镜下套扎术治疗,以及胃底静脉曲张行内镜下组织胶注射术联合食管静脉曲张行内镜下套扎术治疗,对于蔓状隆起型胃底静脉曲张病例并无更多获益,而单纯行食管静脉曲张内镜下套扎术治疗可能获益更多。     

内镜下组织胶治疗胃静脉曲张进展的评述

内镜目前是预防与治疗胃曲张静脉破裂出血(gastric varices,GV)的重要手段,内镜下组织胶注射治疗胃静脉曲张具有疗效确切,并发症少、相对安全等特点,已成为胃静脉曲张的一线治疗,广泛应用于临床。然而,内镜下组织胶治疗的远期疗效、安全性以及使用技术仍是一个的争议的焦点。本文总结了近几年内镜下组织胶注射治疗GV的防治进展,就其使用技术、临床疗效以及并发症等方面予以评述。     

胃镜下注射组织黏合剂D-TH胶治疗肝硬化胃静脉曲张出血14例

自胃镜下注射组织黏合剂治疗肝硬化胃静脉曲张被报道以来，已逐渐成为首选治疗方法。我院自2005年3月以来采用国产组织黏合剂D-TH胶治疗肝硬化胃静脉曲张出血，取得较好疗效，现报道如下。     

预注硬化剂减少组织胶治疗后胃静脉曲张早期排胶出血

目的通过先注射硬化剂、再注射组织胶的方法治疗胃静脉曲张,观察是否能降低早期排胶出血率。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年3月经解放军火箭军总医院消化内镜中心因食管胃静脉曲张接受内镜下组织胶注射治疗的274例患者,将患者分成二组：改良方法组(组织胶注射灌注硬化剂)14例;传统方法组(单纯注射组织胶)133例。改良方法组注射组织胶前预注硬化剂3～5 ml。观察两组早期排胶再出血发生情况的差异。 结果传统方法组133例患者中发生早期排胶再出血9例,再出血率6.8%;改良方法组141例患者中发生早期排胶再出血2例,再出血率1.4%,较传统方法再出血率降低(P＝0.031)。 结论在胃静脉曲张患者内镜治疗中,改良方法组预注硬化剂比传统方法组织胶注射治疗具有更低的早期排胶再出血率。     

Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided coil deployment with and without cyanoacrylate injection for gastric varices

Background and study aimsGastric variceal bleeding is more severe than esophageal variceal bleeding, and is associated with higher rebleeding and mortality rates. The benefits of endoscopic ultrasound-guided coil deployment alone for treating gastric varices, compared with concomitant cyanoacrylate injection, remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the outcomes of both modalities.Patients and methodsData of patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided coil deployment with/without concomitant cyanoacrylate injection for gastric varices between 2010 and 2021 were reviewed. The rates of rebleeding, reintervention, and survival were assessed.ResultsTwenty-eight patients (mean age, 55.9 ± 12.9 years; 17 men) underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided coil deployment, either alone (EUS-coil) (n = 19) or with cyanoacrylate injection (EUS-coil/CYA) (n = 9), to treat cardiofundal varices. Among the 20 patients treated for secondary prophylaxis, including 3 actively bleeding patients (11 via EUS-coil, 9 with EUS-coil/CYA), no significant differences were observed in the rates of rebleeding (1 vs. 2), reintervention (1 vs. 0) or adverse events (1 vs. 1) (all P > 0.05). The 6-month, 1-year, and 3-year overall survival rates did not differ between the treatment groups (crude survival ratio: 76.9% vs. 77.8%; survival rates: 0.923, 0.682, and 0.615 vs. 0.778 for each year; log-rank = 0.227; P = 0.633). In patients treated for primary prophylaxis (n = 8; all via EUS-coil alone), no bleeding episodes were observed after 433 days of follow-up; however, one patient required reintervention for the reappearance of varices without bleeding.ConclusionEUS-coil alone was not inferior to EUS-coil/CYA combination concerning rebleeding, reintervention, or survival.     

Inflammatory tumor in pancreatic tail induced by endoscopic ablation with cyanoacrylate glue for gastric varices

A 65-year-old Japanese man was hospitalized with back pain in April 1998. At age 63 years, endoscopic ablation with cyanoacrylate glue had been performed for bleeding gastric varices. At the time of the present admission, a low-density mass (about 23mm in diameter) was seen in the tail of the pancreas, and splenic vein occlusion and collateral veins were revealed on computed tomography. A hypoechoic tumor (about 22mm in diameter) and splenic vein occlusion were clearly visualized on the pancreas tail via endoscopic ultrasonography. Venous phase of the splenic arteriogram revealed a completely occluded splenic vein in the hilus of the spleen. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (stage I: T2N0M0). A surgical resection of the pancreatic tumor was performed, and a pancreatic tail resection with part of stomach around the pancreas tail, and splenectomy, were selected for this patient, in June 1998. Histopathological examination of the resected tumor revealed capsuled abscess formation with foreign body reaction between the stomach and the pancreas tail, and necrosis was present in the pancreas around the abscess. There were some deposits of cyanoacrylate glue in the tumor. The mass was considered to be an inflammatory tumor. In summary, this case of inflammatory pancreas tumor is a novel complication after endoscopic obliterative therapy with cyanoacrylate glue.     

肝硬化门静脉高压消化道静脉曲张内镜下组织胶注射治疗专家共识（2022，长沙）

肝硬化门静脉高压可引起全消化道静脉曲张。内镜下组织胶注射在消化道静脉曲张的治疗中起着重要作用,然而目前国内外尚无规范化治疗的相关共识。2022年,中华医学会消化内镜学分会食管与胃静脉曲张内镜诊断与治疗学组组织全国相关领域权威专家讨论,提出了肝硬化门静脉高压消化道静脉曲张内镜下组织胶注射治疗专家共识,以期规范该技术在消化道静脉曲张中的应用。本共识共分为肝硬化门静脉高压症消化道静脉曲张分型及诊断、组织胶注射治疗消化道静脉曲张的适应证等11个部分,共22条陈述。     

Successful endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding gastric varices with combined cyanoacrylate and aethoxysklerol

Two patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hyper-tension related to hepatitis infection were admitted to Shanghai Ruijin Hospital due to recurrent melena and hematemesis. Isolated gastric varices were observed in the gastric fundus during the retroflexion of gastroscope. We carried out endoscopic sclerotherapy successfully for bleeding gastric varices with combined cyanoacrylate and aethoxysklerol, which disappeared dramatically several months after two courses of sclerotherapy for each patient. No complication and clinical signs of gastrointestinal re-bleeding were observed during the 6-mo endoscopic follow-up. CT portal angiography （CTPA） has been widely used in the assessment of variceal treatment and improves the results of endoscopic injection therapy.     

Comparison of modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization and endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection for gastric variceal rebleeding

AIM:To compare the efficacy of modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization(PTVE)with 2-octyl-cyanoacrylate(2-OCA)and endoscopic variceal obturation(EVO)with an injection of 2-OCA for prophylaxis of gastric variceal rebleeding. METHODS:In this retrospective study,the medical records of liver cirrhosis patients with gastric variceal bleeding who underwent either endoscopic 2-OCA(EVO) or modified PTVE using 2-OCA at Shandong Provincial Hospital from January 2006 to December 2008 were reviewed.Patient demographics,rebleeding rate,survival rate,and complications were compared between the two groups(PTVE and EVO).All results were expressed as mean±SD,or as a percentage.Quantitative variables were compared by two sample Student t tests, and qualitative variables were compared by the Fisher exact test or theχ 2 test(with Yates correction)where appropriate.A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Statistical computation was performed using SPSS 13.0 software. RESULTS:A total of 77 patients were included;45 patients who underwent EVO and 32 patients who received PTVE.During the follow-up(19.78±7.70 mo in the EVO group,vs 21.53±8.56 mo in the PTVE group) rebleeding occurred in 17 patients in the EVO group and in 4 patients in the PTVE group(37.78%vs 12.5%, P=0.028).The cumulative rebleeding-free rate was 75%,59%,and 49%in 1,2,and 3 years respectively for EVO,and 93%,84%,and 84%for PTVE(P=0.011). Cox analysis was used to identify independent factors that predicted rebleeding after treatment.Variables including age,gender,cause,Child-Pugh classification, size of gastric varices(GV),location of GV,and treatment methods were analyzed.It was revealed that Child-Pugh classification[risk ratio(RR)2.10,95%CI:1.03-4.28,P=0.040],choice of treatment(RR 0.25, 95%CI:0.08-0.80,P=0.019),and size of GV(RR 2.14, 95%CI:1.07-4.28,P=0.032)were the independent factors for predicting rebleeding.Follow-up computed tomography revealed that cyanoacrylate was retained in the varices and in the feeding veins of PTVE patie     

Management of gastric fundal varices without gastro-renal shunt in 15 patients

AIM： To examine the portal hemodynamics of gastric fundal varices （GV） without gastro-renal shunt （GRS）, and to retrospectively investigate the effects of various kinds of treatment on eradication. METHODS： Ninety-four liver cirrhosis patients at high-risk of GV were treated in our hospital and enrolled in this study. We retrospectively examined their characteristics, liver function, and portal hemodynamics of GV. We performed balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration （BRTO） at first. If it was not technically possible to perform BRTO, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy using α-cyanoacrylate glue （CA） or percutaneous transhepatic obliteration （PTO） was performed. RESULTS： Among the 94 patients, a GRS was present in 79 （84.0%）, and absent in the remaining 15 （16.0%）. The subphrenic vein was connected to the inferior vena cava as the drainage vein in 13 （86.7%） out of the 15 cases without GRS. We performed BRTO in 6 patients, CA in 4 patients and PTO in 5 patients. The eradication rate was 100% for each procedure, but the rate of early recurrence within 6 mo was 16.7% for BRTO, 50.0% for CA and 40.0% for PTO, respectively. CONCLUSION： We should examine the hemodynamics before treatment of GV irrespective of the existence of GRS. If this hemodynamic examination reveals that the drainage vein connects directly to the inferior vena cava in GV without GRS, BRTO may be an effective treatment for GV with GRS.     

Bleeding gastric varices： Results of endoscopic injection with cyanoacrylate at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gastric varices injection with cyanoacrylate in patients with gastric variceal bleeding. METHODS: Twenty-four patients (15 males, 9 females) with gastric variceal bleeding underwent endoscopic treatment with cyanoacrylate injection. Successful hemostasis, rebleeding rate, and complications were retrospectively reviewed. Followed up endoscopy was performed and repeat cyanoacrylate injection was given until gastric varices were obliterated. RESULTS: Seventeen patients achieved definite hemostasis. Of these, 14 patients had primary success after initial endoscopic therapy. Ten patients developed recurrent bleeding. Repeated cyanoacrylate injection stopped rebleeding in three patients. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was performed to control rebleeding in one patient which occured after repeat endoscopic therapy. Six patients died (three from uncontrolled bleeding, two from sepsis, and one from mesenteric vein thrombosis). Minor complications occurred in 11 patients (six epigastric discomfort and five post injection ulcers). Cyanoacrylate embolism developed in two patients. One of these patients died from mesenteric vein thrombosis. The other had pulmonary embolism which resolved spontaneously. Advanced cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were major risk factors for uncontrolled bleeding. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic treatment for bleeding gastric varices with cyanoacrylate injection is effective for immediate hemostasis. Repeat cyanoacrylate injection has a lower success rate than the initial injection. Cyanoacrylate embolism is not a common serious complication.     

Prevalence of gastric varices and results of sclerotherapy with N-butyl 2 cyanoacrylate for controlling acute gastric variceal bleeding

AIM: To study the prevalence, predictors and control of bleeding following N-butyl 2 cyanoacrylate (NBC) sclerotherapy of gastric varix (GV). METHODS: We analyzed case records of 1436 patients with portal hypertension, who underwent endoscopy during the past five years for variceal screening or upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Fifty patients with bleeding GV underwent sclerotherapy with a mean of 2 mL NBC for control of bleeding. Outcome parameters were primary hemostasis (bleeding control within the first 48 h), recurrent bleeding (after 48 h of esophago- gastro-duodenoscopy) and in-hospital mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of GV in patients with portal hypertension was 15% (220/1436) and the incidence of bleeding was 22.7% (50/220). Out of the 50 bleeding GV patients, isolated gastric varices (IGV-I) were seen in 22 (44%), gastro-oesophageal varices (GOV) on lesser curvature (GOV-Ⅰ) in 16 (32%), and GOV on greater curvature (GOV-Ⅱ) in 15 (30%). IGV-Ⅰ was seen in 44% (22/50) patients who had bleeding as compared to 23% (39/170) who did not have bleeding (P < 0.003). Primary hemostasis was achieved with NBC in all patients. Re-bleeding occurred in 7 (14%) patients after 48 h of initial sclerotherapy. Secondary hemostasis was achieved with repeat NBC sclerotherapy in 4/7 (57%). Three patients died after repeat sclerotherapy, one during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stem shunt (TIPSS), one during surgery and one due to uncontrolled bleeding. Treatment failure-related mortality rate was 6% (3/50). CONCLUSION: GV can be seen in 15% of patients withportal hypertension and the incidence of bleeding is 22.7%. NBC is highly effective in controlling GV bleeding. In hospital mortality of patients with bleeding GV is 6%.