上颌第一磨牙腭侧双根管1例报告

上颌第一磨牙腭侧双根管罕见,临床医师应熟悉根管系统的正常解剖,警惕可能出现的根管变异。本文报告1例左上颌第一磨牙慢性牙髓炎急性发作患者,经检查26有4个根管,分别为近中颊根管、远中颊根管、近中腭根管和远中腭根管。当怀疑患牙存在根管变异时,临床医师应仔细检查髄室底,通过改变X线投照角度,进一步确定是否存在根管变异,以明确诊断,防止遗漏根管,确保成功进行根管治疗。     

上颌第二磨牙5根5根管1例

上颌第二磨牙发生不同类型的变异最常见为近中颊根双根管［1］。上颌第二磨牙4根4根管的变异类型有两种形式：一种是有2个颊根和2个腭根［2］,另一种是有3个独立的颊根和1个腭根［3］。朱征等［4］报道1例同时具备腭侧双根管和近中颊根双根管的5根管上颌第二磨牙病例。然而,腭侧3根管的变异类型未见报道。现报道1例3个腭根的5根5根管上颌第二磨牙病例。     

上颌第二磨牙4根4根管1例

上颌第二磨牙的解剖形态与上颌第一磨牙相似,但变异较多,通常为2～3个根管。有研究报道上颌第二磨牙4个根管的发生率约为8.1%,多为近颊单根双根管[1]。笔者临床发现1例腭侧双根双根管的上颌第二磨牙,经螺旋     

上颌第一磨牙腭侧双根管2例

<正>上颌第一磨牙根管系统变异较多,多见于近中颊侧第二根管,但是腭根数目和腭侧根管数目的变异较少见。本文报道2例腭侧双根管的病例,其中1例为单根双管,1例为双根双管。1病例资料病例1：患者,男性,68岁。因“左上后牙自发痛2日”就诊。现病史：     

右上颌第二磨牙C型根管1例

上颌第二磨牙解剖结构复杂,根管数目变异大,常见3个根管,近年来,上颌第一磨牙C型根管逐渐有人报道,而上颌第二磨牙颊侧融合C型根管罕见。本文旨在报道一例右上颌第二磨牙颊侧C型根管同时伴有1-3-1型根管的病例。为临床上颌第二磨牙变异根管的治疗提供了新的诊疗思路。     

上颌第一磨牙根管系统的研究

目的 观察上颌第一磨牙的根管系统。方法 制备50个上颌第一磨牙透明牙标本,显露根管系统的空间构型,在体视显微镜下观察并记录根管系统的形态,结合应用加以统计。结果 ①上颌第一磨牙近中颊根单根管率为66%,其中Ⅰ型占38%,双根管率为34%,远中颊根Ⅰ型占74%,腭根Ⅰ型占94%。②根管侧支、根尖分歧、根尖分叉多见于近颊根,在近颊根的发生率为40%, 远颊根的发生率为24%,腭根的发生率为6%,发生部位多见于根尖1/3。结论 上颌第一磨牙近颊根的根管系统最为复杂,根管变异较远颊根多,腭根变异最少。     

成人上颌第一磨牙根长、根管数目及形状研究

目的：通过对离体上颌第一磨牙测量根长，观察牙根不同部位根管数目和形状，为临床治疗提供参考资料。方法：收集20岁以上人上颌第一恒磨牙，测量根长度后将牙根横切分为3部分：根上1／3、根中1／3和根尖1／3，在体视镜下观察不同部位的根管数目、形状。结果：上颌第一磨牙腭根、近颊根和远颊根长度分别是（13、82±1．51）mm、（13、06±1、12）mm和（11．64±0．85）mm。近颊根管上1／3双根管检出率为51．00％，根中1／3和根尖1／3分别为53．88％、54、09％；远颊根中1／3和根尖1／3偶见双根管。腭侧根管横截面以圆形为主，未见有双根或多根管存在；近颊根和远颊根管形状变异大，形状多样。结论：上颌第一磨牙腭根和远颊根长度相近，腭根比近颊根长约2—3mm；近颊根和远颊根管形状变异大，近颊根双根管约50％以上，偶见多根管。根管上1／3线条形时，根中1／3和根尖1／3多为双根管。     

上颌第二磨牙五根管1例报告

上颌第二磨牙的根管变异较多,一般以三根管为主。腭侧双根管的四根管比较少见。本文报道1例同时具备腭侧双根管、近中颊双根管的五根管的上颌第二磨牙病例。     

上颌第一、第二恒磨牙牙根和根管系统的锥形束CT研究

目的：运用锥形束CT（CBCT）观察中国人群双侧上颌第一、第二磨牙的牙根和根管系统的解剖形态,为临床根管治疗提供依据。方法：选择200名患者的双侧上颌第一、第二恒磨牙（上颌第一恒磨牙354颗、上颌第二恒磨牙360颗）的CBCT扫描数据,使用NNT软件分析上颌第一、第二恒磨牙的牙根数、根管数、根管分型以及双侧对称情况。结果：上颌第一、第二磨牙主要为三根（99.44%和84.44%）。上颌第二磨牙的单根和双根较多见（15.28%）,其根管系统形态复杂,在根尖区有融合趋势。上颌第一磨牙的根管系统主要为3根四根管（78.97%）。上颌第二磨牙的三根管和四根管发现率接近（分别为47.37%和51.64%）。上颌第一磨牙的近颊根管系统主要根管分型为：Ⅳ型（57.79%）、Ⅱ型（19.83%）和Ⅰ型（15.58%）。上颌第二磨牙的近颊根管系统主要根管分型为：Ⅰ型（48.14%）、Ⅳ型（30.43%）和Ⅱ型（17.39%）。上颌第一、第二磨牙的远颊根和腭根主要为单根单根管,存在少量和罕见的变异。上颌第一、第二磨牙近颊根的根管数目和根管分型左右对称。结论：上颌第一磨牙近颊根管系统变异普遍存在,MB2根管为其主要的变异形式。上颌第二磨牙牙根数目和根管形态变异类型多,单根牙和双根牙的根管走向复杂多变。CBCT可以为识别根管形态提供准确依据。     

显微CT法研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态

目的 使用显微CT研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态.方法 随机收集33颗上颌第一磨牙,使用显微CT扫描后重建根管系统.观察并记录各牙根根管形态和分支根管的发生数目、位置.记录各根管口位置并测量根管口间的距离和所成角度.在距离根尖1、2和3mm处进行虚拟切割,记录断面上分支根管暴露情况.结果 上颌第一磨牙近颊根第二根管发生率为75.76%.近颊根发生分支根管为71.64%;近颊根分支根管发生率为72.73%.91.04%的分支根管发生于根尖1/3段,近颊根距根尖3mm处截面分支根管暴露率为12.12%.近颊根第一、第二根管口间的距离为(1.60±0.41)mm.结论 上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态复杂,近颊根根管形态存在较大解剖变异.     

上颌第一磨牙远颊双根管1例

上颌第一磨牙根管系统复杂多样,近颊根双根管发生率较高,而远颊根少有双根管报道。本文报道1例具有5根管的上颌第一磨牙（其中近颊及远颊根各2个根管）。     

A case report of six canals in a maxillary first molar

Identifying the variations of root canal morphology is crucial prior to commencing any endodontic treatment. The advancement of current endodontic instrumentation and technology has greatly enhanced treatment outcomes, which are now more predictable. This clinical case report presents a case of a maxillary first molar showing six root canals and apical foramina, i.e. three mesiobuccal canals, two palatal canals and one distobuccal canal. The occurrence of bifurcation in the second mesiobuccal canal is also emphasised.     

Root and root canal morphology of the human permanent maxillary first molar: a literature review

The objective of this study was to review the literature with respect to the root and canal systems in the maxillary first molar. Root anatomy studies were divided into laboratory studies (in vitro), clinical root canal system anatomy studies (in vivo) and clinical case reports of anomalies. Over 95% (95.9%) of maxillary first molars had three roots and 3.9% had two roots. The incidence of fusion of any two or three roots was approximately 5.2%. Conical and C-shaped roots and canals were rarely found (0.12%). This review contained the most data on the canal morphology of the mesiobuccal root with a total of 8399 teeth from 34 studies. The incidence of two canals in the mesiobuccal root was 56.8% and of one canal was 43.1% in a weighted average of all reported studies. The incidence of two canals in the mesiobuccal root was higher in laboratory studies (60.5%) compared to clinical studies (54.7%). Less variation was found in the distobuccal and palatal roots and the results were reported from fourteen studies consisting of 2576 teeth. One canal was found in the distobuccal root in 98.3% of teeth whereas the palatal root had one canal in over 99% of the teeth studied.     

上颌第一磨牙近中颊根三根管1例

上颌第一磨牙近巾颊根三根管较少见,本文介绍1例近中颊根存在3个根管的上颌第一磨牙,3个根管口相距约1.5 mm,根管长度基本正常.     

Three Root Canals in the Mesiobuccal Root of Maxillary Molars: Case Reports and Literature Review

Introduction

The knowledge of root canal anatomy is essential to ensure a successful outcome of surgical and nonsurgical root canal treatment. The aims of this article were to present 2 cases of maxillary molars with 3 mesiobuccal root canals and to review the available literature on this anatomic variation.

Methods

The first case described a nonsurgical root canal treatment of tooth #16 in a 29-year-old man with the aid of a dental operating microscope. In the second case, an extracted maxillary right first molar was scanned by a micro–computed tomographic system and reconstructed 3-dimensionally using modeling software.

Results

In both cases, the mesiobuccal root had 3 canals (type 3-2 in case I and type 3-3 in case II), whereas the distobuccal and palatal roots had a single canal. The literature review showed that the overall incidence of 3-canaled mesiobuccal roots in maxillary molars ranged from 1.3%–2.4% and that the most common root canal configuration was type 3-2.

Conclusions

Clinicians should always anticipate the presence of extra canals in maxillary molars and use all the available tools to locate and treat these.     

C-shaped root canal in a maxillary first molar: a case report

AIM: This case report presents an unusual C-shaped root canal system in a maxillary first molar tooth. SUMMARY: Although C-shaped root canals are most frequently seen in the mandibular second molar, they may also appear in maxillary molars. A literature search revealed only a few case reports of C-shaped root canal systems in maxillary molars. The present case describes a C-shaped canal in the buccal root of a maxillary first molar. The endodontic access cavity displayed two canal orifices, one leading to the canal system in the buccal root, the other into the palatal root canal system. In the buccal root, what appeared to be the mesial and distal canals joined to form a single C-shaped canal. KEY LEARNING POINTS:--Careful examination of radiographs and the internal anatomy of teeth is essential.-- The location and morphology of root canals should be identified at high magnification under the microscope.     

上颌第一恒磨牙变异根管的诊治

目的探讨上颌第一恒磨牙变异根管在根管治疗中的诊断及治疗对策。方法1例上颌第一恒磨牙的再治疗病例，清理髓腔后在手术显微镜下超声器械小心钻磨髓室底，牙髓探针仔细探查，在近中侧发现第二个腭侧根管口，近颊根近舌根管与近颊根管融合，常规逐步后退法预备探查到的4个根管，冷牙胶侧方加压技术充填根管。结果术后10个月复查，患者无主观症状，患牙能正常行使功能，X线片显示根尖无病变，临床检查患牙无异常表现。结论术前X线片对于上颌第一恒磨牙变异根管的诊断及发生部位的确定有较大帮助，治疗中完全去除髓室顶、仔细探查髓室底和显微超声技术的应用有助于寻找、发现并疏通遗漏根管。     

Three canals in the mesiobuccal root of a maxillary first molar: a case report

This article describes the identification and treatment of a maxillary first molar exhibiting three canals in the mesiobuccal root. An 18-yr-old male patient presented for nonsurgical root canal therapy of tooth #3. After accessing the pulp chamber, and probing with 2.5x magnification, only one canal was located in the mesiobuccal root initially. Subsequent to troughing the groove between the mesiobuccal and palatal canals with a #2 round bur, two additional canals were located. An electronic apex locator was utilized to ensure a perforation of the pulpal floor had not occurred. A working film confirmed the presence of three canals in the mesiobuccal root, and the canals were cleaned, shaped, and obturated.     

Evaluation of Root Canal Configuration of Maxillary Molars in a Brazilian Population Using Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Imaging: An In Vivo Study

Introduction

The aim of this study was to analyze and characterize root canal morphology of maxillary molars of the Brazilian population using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging.

Methods

Patients referred for a CBCT radiographic examination for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning were enrolled in the study. A total of 620 healthy, untreated, fully developed maxillary first and second molars were included (314 first molars and 306 second molars). The following observations were recorded: (1) number of roots and their morphology, (2) number of canals per root, (3) fused roots, and (4) primary variations in the morphology of the root canal systems.

Results

First and second molars showed a higher prevalence of 3 separate roots, mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatal, with 1 canal in each root (52.87% and 45.09%, respectively). Two canals in the mesiobuccal roots represented 42.63% of teeth, whereas mesiobuccal roots of second molars presented 2 canals in 34.32%. The most common anatomic variation in the maxillary first molar was related to the root canal configuration of the mesiobuccal root, whereas the root canal system of the maxillary second molar teeth showed more anatomic variables.

Conclusions

Mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molar teeth had more variation in their canal system than the distobuccal or palatal roots. The root canal configuration of the maxillary second molars was more variable than the first molars in a Brazilian population. CBCT imaging is a clinically useful tool for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.