保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术与双吻合器技术在低位直肠癌患者保肛手术中的临床应用

对于中低位直肠癌,以前多采用Miles术。永久性人工肛门的放置,病人生理上及心理上都会产生障碍,明显降低了病人术后的生存质量。近20年来,通过对直肠癌病理解剖的研究,手术操作技术的改进和器械的改良,直肠癌可行保肛手术的比例明显提高。全直肠系膜切除术(TME)、盆腔自主神经保     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术的若干问题探讨

83例直肠癌患者在根治术中行全直肠系膜切除术（TME）和盆腔自主神经保留术（PANP），观察其疗效并了解术后泌尿和生殖功能情况。术后随访5～38个月。术后肿瘤发生盆腔内局部复发3例，肝转移2例。其中1例行肝转移瘤手术切除，1例行肝动脉介入栓塞。认为直肠癌术中行TME能有效预防和降低直肠癌术后的局部复发率；如同时行PANP，可以改善患者术后的排尿功能与性功能，提高患者的术后生存质量。TME有术后的吻合口瘘发生率增高和直肠、肛门丧失储便功能之弊。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术中盆腔植物神经的易损区域及保护

全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是目前国际公认的直肠癌标准术式,随着TME手术的推广和认识,盆腔植物神经保护（PANP）的理念逐渐受到重视。笔者认为,在开展直肠癌TME手术时,有六个区域容易发生盆腔植物神经损伤,需要识别和保护：肠系膜下动脉根部的肠系膜下丛、上腹下神经丛及腹下神经的近端、盆丛前丛的近端、盆丛后丛的主干、盆丛后丛的终末支及盆腔内脏神经。熟悉盆腔筋膜、植物神经解剖,开展以TME手术层面为主导,盆腔植物神经为引导的精准直肠癌手术,对于提高手术质量,保护器官功能至关重要。     

保留盆腔自主神经对男性直肠癌术后患者排尿及性功能影响的临床分析

目的 探讨盆腔自主神经保留根治术(PANP)对男性直肠癌患者术后排尿和性功能的影响.方法 回顾性分析全直肠系膜切除术(TME)组和自主神经保留根治术组(TME + PANP)患者术后排尿和性功能指标及局部复发率.结果 TME + PANP组患者术后排尿和性功能部分指标优于TME组(P＜0.05),两组术后局部复发率比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 男性直肠癌患者施行TME + PANP,可以更好地保护患者的排尿和性功能,并且不增加局部复发率.     

男性患者行保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术后对性功能及排尿功能影响分析

目的探讨男性直肠癌患者行全直肠系膜切除(TME)并保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)根治性切除术对男性性功能及排尿功能的影响。 方法将56例直肠癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组：观察组行TME＋PANP治疗,对照组行常规TME治疗。术后1年调查患者的病死率、复发率,并评价患者的排尿功能及性功能(包括勃起功能和射精功能)。 结果两组术后1年均无死亡病例,TME＋PANP组术后1年复发2例,TME组复发l例,两组复发率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者术后排尿功能TME＋PANP组与TME组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);射精功能优于TME组(P<0.05);术后勃起功能：TME＋PANP组得分高于TME组(P<0.05)。 结论进展期直肠癌患者实施保留盆腔自主神经(PANT)的全直肠膜切除(TME)在不增加肿瘤局部复发率的同时,可以有效降低排尿障碍、性功能障碍和射精功能障碍的发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜下低位直肠癌手术中保留盆腔自主神经的临床疗效

目的探讨腹腔镜下低位直肠癌手术中保留盆腔自主神经的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年6月至2012年6月在该院普外科因直肠癌接受手术治疗的男性患者167例,其中98例患者在腹腔镜下低位直肠癌根治术的基础上行侧方淋巴结清扫术和保留盆腔自主神经(观察组),69例患者只接受腹腔镜下低位直肠癌根治术不保留盆腔自主神经(对照组)。观察术后两组患者的排尿功能、性功能情况,术后随访5年的复发率及生存率等。结果观察组分别为17.35%、0.00%,对照组近期、远期排尿功能障碍的发生率分别为47.83%和5.80%,两组患者近期、远期排尿功能障碍相比较,均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者术后勃起障碍和射精障碍的发生率分别为25.51%、29.59%,对照组分别为72.46%、78.26%,两组间比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。术后3年局部复发率观察组为5.10%,对照组为14.49%,术后5年生存率观察组为70.41%,对照组为52.17%,两组间相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜下低位直肠癌手术中保留盆腔自主神经的功能和行侧方淋巴结清扫术,可显著提高术后患者的生活质量,并可提高患者术后5年的生存率,降低术后3年的局部复发率。     

腹腔镜TME治疗中低位直肠癌疗效观察

目的观察腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术(TME)治疗中低位直肠癌的疗效。方法 198例中低位直肠癌患者,随机分为腹腔镜组93例和传统开腹组105例。分别采用腹腔镜和传统开腹手术方法进行TME。结果两组患者切除标本长度、清扫淋巴结数量、肠管远切缘距离相比P>0.05。两组所有标本远切缘病理学检查均为阴性。腹腔镜组合传统开腹组完整TME切除+近完整TME切除率分别为92.5%和91.7%。腔镜组复发率和总生存率分别是5.6%和93.3%,而开腹组分别为7.3%、94.8%,两组相比P>0.05。结论腹腔镜TME治疗中低位直肠癌疗效与开腹手术相似。     

保留盆腔自主神经对老年男性直肠癌TME术后性功能和泌尿功能的影响

目的探讨保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)的直肠全系膜切除术(TME)对老年男性直肠癌患者性功能和泌尿功能的影响。方法将36例直肠癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组:观察组行TME+PANP治疗,对照组行常规TME治疗。术后进行半年随访,评价患者性功能和泌尿功能,随访3年观察患者局部复发情况。结果观察组泌尿功能障碍、性功能障碍发生率较观察组低(P<0.05),术后3年两组患者的局部复发率分别为11.1%和16.7%,生存率为74.2%和71.4%,两组间的差异并无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术可以较好地保护老年男性患者的性功能和泌尿功能,而患者局部复发率并没有升高。     

腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术保留自主神经的解剖和技术要点

全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是目前国际公认的直肠癌标准术式,随着腹腔镜技术的推广和TME手术的普及,盆腔植物神经保护（PANP）的理念逐渐受到重视。本文根据作者经验和结合国内外文献,介绍保留PANP相关的新认识和技术进展。笔者认为,在开展直肠癌TME手术时,有六个部位容易发生盆腔植物神经损伤,需要识别和保护：肠系膜下动脉根部的肠系膜下丛,上腹下神经丛及腹下神经的近端,盆丛前丛的近端,盆丛后丛的主干,盆丛后丛的终末支,盆腔内脏神经以及血管神经束（NVB）。要完整保留PANP,需要熟悉盆腔筋膜解剖层次和神经走行在层次部位,在直肠固有筋膜和腹下神经输尿管前筋膜之间分离,可以完好地保留腹盆腔自主神经系统,以筋膜层膜为导向,进行筋膜之间分离,以神经为导向,实现精准直肠癌手术,对于提高手术质量,保护器官功能至关重要。     

Denonvilliers筋膜的微创解剖认识及其临床价值

1836年,法国外科学家Charles-Pierre Denonvilliers首次描述在男性的直肠与膀胱、精囊腺和前列腺之间存在薄层致密组织,后被称为Denonvilliers筋膜。1982年英国外科学家R.J. Heald教授提出全直肠系膜切除术（TME）理念,历经数十年的临床实践,TME已成为中低位直肠癌手术的金标准。根据TME理念,直肠后方及侧方均应在盆筋膜壁层内面与直肠固有筋膜间分离,而在直肠前方于Denonvilliers筋膜前方分离、肿瘤下方2 cm处倒U形离断并切除部分Denonvilliers筋膜。然而,资料显示,由于盆腔自主神经（PAN）的损伤,TME术后排尿及性功能障碍发生率居高不下。因此,进一步理清盆腔筋膜和自主神经解剖的认识,对于改善患者术后功能尤为重要。在国内外众多学者研究的基础上,我们从胚胎发育学、解剖学、组织学和外科手术角度对盆腔筋膜及外科层面进行深入探索,指出Denonvilliers筋膜不属于直肠固有筋膜的范畴、如非肿瘤浸润应予保留,并提出保留Denonvilliers筋膜全直肠系膜切除术（iTME）的理念;并采用多中心临床试验加以验证。在此基础上我们联合国内直肠癌外科领域专家,发布iTME中国专家共识,旨在提高从业者对神经功能保护的认识,规范手术操作,造福广大患者。     

Identification of hiatal ligament for laparoscopic total mesorectal excision

Total mesorectal excision (TME) based operation is now established as a standard procedure for patients with lower or middle third rectal cancer. Laparoscopic surgery has a great advantage in colorectal surgery, with good operative views, as well as benefit to the patients owing to less invasiveness, early recovery and shorter hospitalization. From April 2001 through March 2002, we assessed the laparoscopic TME for eight consecutive patients with rectal cancer in Kobe University Hospital (median age: 65.3). The procedure included sharp mesorectal dissection with high vascular ligation and preservation of autonomic pelvic nerves. During the laparoscopic TME, the hiatal ligament that is the sequence of anococcygeal raphe body can be identified with the traction of the rectum upward, and this fixes the posterior wall of the rectum to the levator hiatus. Resection of the hiatal ligament enables us to isolate the recto-anal canal up to the level of the internal anal sphincter. We conclude that identification of the hiatus ligament is essential to achieve the appropriate laparoscopic TME.     

Technique for laparoscopic autonomic nerve preserving total mesorectal excision

With the introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME) for treatment of rectal cancer, the prognosis of patients with rectal cancer is improved. With this better prognosis, there is a growing awareness about the quality of life of patients after rectal carcinoma. Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LTME) for rectal cancer offers several advantages in comparison with open total mesorectal excision (OTME), including greater patient comfort and an earlier return to daily activities while preserving the oncologic radicality of the procedure. Moreover, laparoscopy allows good exposure of the pelvic cavity because of magnification and good illumination. The laparoscope seems to facilitate pelvic dissection including identification and preservation of critical structures such as the autonomic nervous system. The technique for laparoscopic autonomic nerve preserving total mesorectal excision is reported. A three- or four-port technique is used. Vascular ligation, sharp mesorectal dissection and identification and preservation of the autonomic pelvic nerves are described.     

Robot-guided neuromapping during nerve-sparing taTME for low rectal cancer

Purpose

Intraoperative pelvic neuromapping with electrophysiological evaluation of autonomic nerve preservation during robotic total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer is conventionally performed by the bedside assistant with a hand-guided probe. Our goal was to return autonomy over the neuromonitoring process to the colorectal surgeon operating the robotic console.

Methods

A recently described prototype microfork electrostimulation probe was evaluated intraoperatively during abdominal robotic-assisted transanal TME (taTME) surgery for low rectal cancer in three consecutive male patients.

Results

An intraoperative video demonstrates the good control and maneuverability of the prototype probe with electrophysiological confirmation of bilateral pelvic autonomic nerve preservation.

Conclusions

This study presents the first in situ application of a new microfork probe for fully robot-guided neuromapping in three patients undergoing TME surgery for low rectal cancer.

     

Advances in rectal cancer surgery in Japan

A review of advancement of rectal cancer surgery in Japan is presented. The standard operation for rectal cancer was altered in the 1960s from abdominoperineal resection to the pull-through technique and the handsewn anterior resection in the 1970s, and it became the stapled anterior resection in the 1980s. Today, more than 75 percent of rectal cancers are treated with sphincter-preserving anterior resections, and the remaining 20 percent by abdominoperineal resections. Colonic J-pouch is used with anastomoses involving very low anterior rectal resection for cancers. In the late 1970s, a method of dissecting extended pelvic nodes was adopted to decrease local recurrence. However, extended dissection has been applied to only T3 and T4 cancers of the lower rectum because of postoperative dysfunction of pelvic organs. This was caused by injury to the pelvic nerve plexus, thus lowering the quality of life of the patients. Since the middle of the 1980s, the autonomic nerve-preserving operation attracted surgeons' attention because it prevented these dysfunctions from occurring as a result of the treatment of cancer in the upper rectum and for T1 or T2 cancers in the lower rectum. In this article, recent advances in rectal cancer surgery in Japan are reviewed.     

Definition of total mesorectal excision, including the perineal phase: technical considerations

BACKGROUND: Total mesorectal excision (TME) has contributed to a decline in local recurrence. The operation is difficult because of the complicated anatomy of the pelvis and the narrow spaces in the pelvis. We review the anatomy related to TME and we present our surgical technique. ANATOMY: The pelvis can be divided into a parietal compartment and a visceral compartment. Both compartments are covered by a fascial layer: the parietal and the visceral fascia. A space between these fascial layers can be opened by dividing loose areolar tissue. The pelvic autonomic nerves consist of the sympathetic hypogastric nerve and the parasympathetic sacral splanchnic nerve. At the pelvic sidewall these nerves join in the inferior hypogastric plexus. SURGERY: We present our surgical technique based on careful dissection under direct vision and describe our approach to abdominoperineal resection in the knee-chest position. This position enables en bloc resection of the levator ani muscle with the mesorectum, preventing positive circumferential margins in distal rectal tumor. CONCLUSION: TME is a difficult and challenging operation. Continuous attention to surgical technique and anatomy is important to keep up the high standards of contemporary rectal surgery.     

Ultrasonically activated scalpel versus monopolar electrocautery shovel in laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer

AIM： To investigate the feasibility and safety of monopolar electrocautery shovel （ES） in laparoscopic total mesorectal excision （TME） with anal sphincter preservation for rectal cancer in order to reduce the cost of the laparoscopic operation, and to compare ES with the ultrasonically activated scalpel （US）.
METHODS： Forty patients with rectal cancer, who underwent laparoscopic TME with anal sphincter preservation from June 2005 to June 2007, were randomly divided into ultrasonic scalpel group and monopolar ES group, prospectively. White blood cells （WBC） were measured before and after operation, operative time, blood loss, pelvic volume of drainage, time of anal exhaust, visual analogue scales （VAS） and surgery-related complications were recorded. RESULTS： All the operations were successful; no one was converted to open procedure. No significant differences were observed in terms of preoperative and postoperative d I and d 3 WBC counts （P = 0.493, P = 0.375, P = 0.559）, operation time （P = 0.235）, blood loss （P = 0.296）, anal exhaust time （P = 0.431）, pelvic drainage volume and VAS in postoperative d 1 （P = 0.431, P = 0.426） and d 3 （P = 0.844, P = 0.617） between ES group and US group. The occurrence of surgery-related complications such as anastomotic leakage and wound infection was the same in the two groups.
CONCLUSION： ES is a safe and feasible tool as same as US used in laparoscopic TME with anal sphincter preservation for rectal cancer on the basis of the skillful laparoscopic technique and the complete understanding of laparoscopic pelvic anatomy. Application of ES can not only reduce the operation costs but also benefit the popularization of laparoscopic operation for rectal cancer patients.     

Laparoscopic mesorectal excision with preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laparoscopic mesorectal excision with preservation of the autonomic pelvic nerves for rectal cancer including selected advanced lower rectal cancer is now challenging. The aims of the study were to assess the surgical results and short-term outcomes of this procedure prospectively. METHODOLOGY: Seventy-four of 281 rectal cancer patients, since the introduction of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in our hospital, have undergone laparoscopic rectal surgery. The location of the tumor distributed in upper rectum; 33, middle; 22, and lower 19. The mesorectal excision with preservation of the autonomic pelvic nerves was performed for all the patients. The laparoscopic mesorectal excision was performed under 8 to 10 cmH2O CO2 pneumoperitoneum and lymph node dissection was performed along the feeding artery depend on individuals. Ipsilateral lateral lymph node dissection was added for 5 cases of advanced lower rectal cancer. RESULTS: Open conversion occurred in 4 cases, 2 of those were due to locally advanced tumors and 2 technical difficulties in transaction of the distal rectum. There were 15 postoperative complications, 7 anastomotic leakage (10.6%), 3 transient urinary retention (4.1%), 4 wound infection (5.3%), and 1 small bowel obstruction (1.4%). No mortality was recorded in this series. Time of operation was 203 +/- 54 min in mesorectal excision cases and 270 +/- 42 min mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection cases. Blood loss was 92 +/- 90g and 276 +/- 66 g respectively. The hospital length-of-stay was 11.7 days in average. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic mesorectal excision with preservation of autonomic pelvic nerves for rectal cancer patients including selected advanced lower rectal cancer is favorable.