薄层扫描法测定软膏中两面针碱的含量

采用双波长薄层扫描法,对两面针镇痛软膏中两面针碱进行含量测定。结果：氯化两面针碱在0．177～2．663μg间线性关系良好,线性方程为Y=51530X 17320,r=0．9958(n=6)     

两面针中氯化两面针碱提取工艺优化

目的考察不同pH值水溶液对氯化两面针碱的提取的影响。方法采用正交实验法对提取溶液的pH、温度、加水量条件进行筛选,以氯化两面针碱的提取率作为指标,用HPLC法测定溶液中氯化两面针碱的含量。结果氯化两面针碱的最佳条件为适量的两面针流浸膏加入10倍量,40℃的水,调整酸度pH=1．0的溶液环境。结论优选的氯化两面针碱提取条件适合工业大生产。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定毛两面针中氯化两面针碱、乙氧基白屈菜红碱和毛两面针素的含量

目的建立同时测定毛两面针中氯化两面针碱、乙氧基白屈菜红碱和毛两面针素的含量方法。方法采用RP-HPLC法,色谱柱:Promosil-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水(含0.2%磷酸和0.2%三乙胺)(28∶72);检测波长:273、328 nm;流速:1.0 mL.min-1;柱温:30℃。结果氯化两面针碱、乙氧基白屈菜红碱和毛两面针素分别在0.011~0.139μg(r=0.999 7)、0.010~0.125μg(r=0.999 9)、0.102~1.23μg(r=0.999 9)与峰面积呈良好线性关系;加样回收率分别为95.8%、103.7%、99.3%,其RSD分别为2.6%、1.1%和2.9%。结论该方法简便、快速、准确,重复性好,可用于毛两面针中氯化两面针碱、乙氧基白屈菜红碱和毛两面针素含量的同时测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定复方两面针含片中氯化两面针碱的含量

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定复方两面针含片中氯化两面针碱的含量。方法色谱柱为Shimadzu Class-VP-ODS C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水-三乙胺-磷酸(21∶79∶1∶1),流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为271nm。结果氯化两面针碱对照品在0.020~0.180μg.mL-1之间呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9996,氯化两面针碱的平均回收率为97.70%,RSD=0.61%(n=9)。结论本法操作简单、灵敏度高、结果准确、稳定性和重复性好,可用于复方两面针含片中氯化两面针碱的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定两面针中氯化两面针碱与乙氧基白屈菜红碱的含量

目的确立用HPLC同时测定两面针中氯化两面针碱与乙氧基白屈菜红碱含量的方法。方法采用Hypersil BDSC18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水-三乙胺-磷酸(25∶75∶1∶1),流速为1 mL.min-1,检测波长为272 nm。结果氯化两面针碱质量浓度在2~32 mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为97.91%,RSD为1.20%;乙氧基白屈菜红碱质量浓度在2~32 mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为96.80%,RSD为1.43%。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于两面针的质量控制。     

氯化两面针碱的抗肝癌活性及对DNA拓扑异构酶的影响

目的研究氯化两面针碱对肝癌HepG2裸小鼠移植瘤的抗肿瘤作用及对DNA拓扑异构酶(TOPO)活性的影响。方法建立人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,观察氯化两面针碱的肿瘤抑制作用。以pBR322DNA为底物,采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测氯化两面针碱对TOPO介导的pBR322 DNA解旋反应的影响,以及对pBR322 DNA是否具有直接断裂作用。结果氯化两面针碱2.5、5和10mg·kg-1剂量对肝癌HepG2的抑制率分别为12.06%、35.63%和60.91%,氯化两面针碱在6.25μmol·L-1时可完全抑制TopoI的催化活性,在25μmol·L-1时完全抑制TopoⅡ的催化活性。结论氯化两面针碱具有较为明显的抗肝癌活性,对DNA TOPO活性的抑制可能是其作用机制之一。     

两面针碱全合成及活性研究进展

两面针碱是传统中药两面针根的提取物,属于苯并菲啶类生物碱。研究发现两面针碱具有多种生物活性,对肿瘤、疟疾等多种疾病有效。笔者对两面针碱全合成方法及近年来的活性研究进行综述。     

酶法辅助浸渍提取两面针中的氯化两面针碱

摘要目的优选酶解预处理后浸渍提取两面针中氯化两面针碱的工艺。方法用正交实验法研究pH、酶解温度、时间等酶解因素和溶剂、次数、时间等浸渍提取因素对氯化两面针碱提取率的影响。结果最佳工艺条件为：纤维素酶、果胶酶底物质量比均为1：250,4倍量缓冲液（pH＝5）,室温（30 ℃）下酶解30 min,再以60%乙醇 5 g·L－1盐酸室温下浸渍提取3次,溶剂量分别为10,4和3倍量,每次2 h,氯化两面针碱提取率85.96%。结论该工艺经济高效、节能环保,为工业生产奠定了实验基础。     

双波长HPLC法同时测定两面针药材中5种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定两面针药材中5种成分含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Luna C_(18),流动相为乙腈-水(含0.2%磷酸、0.25%三乙胺)(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为273、284 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为20μL。结果:别隐品碱、盐酸血根碱、氯化两面针碱、白屈菜红碱、芝麻素检测质量浓度线性范围分别为0.8~200、0.2~50、0.44~110、0.208~52、0.944~236μg/mL(r均为0.999 9);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为101.47%~103.92%(RSD=0.92%,n=9)、102.52%~104.68%(RSD=0.63%,n=9)、97.55%~101.22%(RSD=1.09%,n=9)、103.35%~104.93%(RSD=0.71%,n=9)、99.31%~103.86%(RSD=1.34%,n=9)。结论:该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于两面针药材中5种成分含量的同时测定。     

氯化两面针碱体外诱导肺癌SPC-A-1、舌癌Tca8113两种肿瘤细胞株凋亡的研究

氯化两面针碱为中药两面针的提取物,已有的研究主要涉及含量测定及其对心血管方面的作用,而对其抗癌作用研究较少。本实验中,我们对氯化两面针碱促进肺癌SPC-A-1,舌癌Tca8113两种肿瘤细胞株凋亡作用进行了研究。1材料1.1仪器和试剂CO2培养箱(美国Thermo Forma),雷勃MK3酶标仪(Thermo Labsystems公司),Gel doc2000凝胶成像分析系统(美国Bio-Rad),透视电镜(日立H-500)等。氯化两面针碱(中国药品生物制品检定所,批号110848-20001),细胞凋亡-DNA ladder抽提试剂盒(江苏碧云天生物技术研究所),human caspase-3Instant ELISA(BMS2012I…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.