HPLC测定人血浆中溴莫普林浓度

采用高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中溴莫普林的浓度。采用液-液萃取法从血浆中提取待测物,色谱柱为Hypersil ODS 4.6 mm×200 mm(10 μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸溶液(3.5:6.5,另加0.1％三乙胺),流速1.0 ml/min,检测波长275 nm,非那西丁为内标。结果表明:溴莫普林的线性范围为0.1～5.0 μg/ml,回归方程为Y=0.4477X-0.00572,r=0.9999。最低检测浓度0.05 μg/ml,日内RS     

咳喘宁片中盐酸麻黄碱含量的HPLC法测定

建立了HPLC法测定咳喘宁片中麻黄碱的含量.选用Diamonsil C18柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1％磷酸(10∶90),检测波长207 nm.盐酸麻黄碱浓度在10～100 μg/ml范围内与峰面积线性关系良好.平均加样回收率为98.92％ (RSD=1.18％).     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中头孢羟氨苄的浓度

目的:建立人血浆中头孢羟氨苄浓度的测定方法。方法;色谱柱为Hyersil ODS柱(4.6mm×250mm,10μm),流动相:0.01 mol/L NaH_2PO_4-乙腈(96:4),流速1.0ml/min,检测波长230nm。结果:头孢羟氨苄的线性范围为0.5～40μg/ml,回归方程为y=0.0184+0.1235x(r=0.9999)。最低检测浓度为0.25μg/ml,日内RSD(％)为2.1～2.9,日间RSD(％)为4.5～7.1。结论:本法操作简便,重复性好,结果准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆中布洛芬浓度

建立HPLC法测定健康人血浆中布洛芬浓度的方法。用反相C_(18)柱,甲醇-乙腈-0.02mol/L醋酸钠一醋酸溶液(47:23:30)V/V为流动相,检测波长225nm。结果布洛芬的线性范围为0.11～53.83μg/ml,γ=0.9999,最低检出浓度0.1μg/ml,平均回收率为100.6％,日间变异系数(RSD％)<7％。本法操作简单,快速,准确。     

HPLC测定兔血浆中的藁本内酯

目的 采用HPLC测定兔血浆中藁本内酯的浓度.方法 样品经正己烷萃取后进样分析.色谱柱为Kromasil C18(150mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水(75:25),流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长328 nm,测定兔灌胃100 mg·kg-1当归挥发油有效部位后的血药浓度变化.结果 藁本内酯在血浆中的线性范围为0.2～6.4 μg·ml-1,最低检测浓度为0.1 μg·ml-1,日内和日间RSD均小于8%,平均回收率分别为97.18%、93.91%.兔灌胃后,Tpeak=1.28±0.12 h,Cmax=3.86±0.24 μg·ml-1,t1/2α=2.04±0.20 h.结论 所建方法符合生物样品的测定要求,可用于兔血浆中藁本内酯的测定和药物动力学研究.     

HPLC法测定人血浆中奥沙普秦浓度

目的:建立固相萃取高效液相色法测定人血浆中奥沙普秦浓度的方法,并应用于人体血浆药物浓度测定。方法:固相萃取净化和富集血浆样品。色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱,流动相为0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(pH 5.0)-甲醇(85∶15),流速为1.0 ml/min,紫外检测波长285 nm。血浆中内源性物质对样品测定无干扰。结果:本方法奥沙普秦线性范围为0.1～100μg/ml(r=0.999 2),最低定量浓度为0.1μg/ml,回收率为99.39%,日内、日间RSD均小于2%。结论:本法简便、准确,适用于奥沙普秦临床药物浓度测定。     

HPLC法测定患者血浆中氯吡格雷的羧酸代谢产物浓度

目的:建立一种简易快速的方法测定人血浆中氯吡格雷代谢产物羧酸氯吡格雷(CCA)的浓度。方法:血浆样品经6%高氯酸液-液萃取后采用高效液相色谱-紫外(HPLC-UV)法进样测定,内标为苯妥英钠,色谱柱为Hypersil ODS C18,流动相为0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾(三乙胺调pH至5.7)-乙腈(78∶22),紫外检测波长为220 nm,流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为50℃。结果:CCA血药浓度在0.10⁸.0μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),分析方法最低检测限为0.05μg/ml;方法回收率为99.7%8.0μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),分析方法最低检测限为0.05μg/ml;方法回收率为99.7%¹00.2%,提取回收率>75%;日内、日间RSD均小于3%,冻融稳定性RSD均小于10%(n=5)。结论:本方法简便、准确、灵敏度高,专属性和稳定性较好,适用于氯吡格雷的临床研究和药动学研究。     

兔血浆中AF-2364的HPLC法测定

建立了HPLC法测定兔血浆中AF-2364的浓度,血浆样品经蛋白沉淀后以正己烷-乙酸乙酯(1:4)萃取,采用C18色谱柱,以0.1%三氟乙酸溶液-乙腈(55:45)为流动相,以卡马西平为内标,检测波长302nm.结果AF-2364在0.1～20 μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,日内和日间RSD为2.1%～11.2%,提取回收率和方法回收率约77.51%和108.89%.     

固相萃取反相HPLC法测定人血浆中的匹多莫得

目的:建立灵敏、准确的人血浆中匹多莫得血浆药物浓度的测定方法。方法:以SiO_2固相萃取小柱提取纯化血样。血浆样品经酸化后上样吸附,碱性水溶液洗脱后直接进样。采用反相液相色谱-紫外检测法测定匹多莫得浓度,流动相:乙腈-水-二乙胺-磷酸(4:96:0.2:0.3);色谱柱:LUNA 5 μmC_(18)(2),250mm×4.6mm;流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温:50℃;检测波长:21O nm;进样量20μL。结果:线性范围:0.1～10.0μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 5);血浆中最低检测限为0.1μg·mL~(-1)(S/N>3);高、中、低 3个浓度(8.0,4.0,0.4 μg·mL~(-1))的平均提取回收率(n=5)分别为:(92.21±1.5)％,(83.56±3.5)％,(93.27±5.1)％;日内RSD分别为1.6％,4.2％,5.4％(n=5);日间RSD分别为8.6％,6.9％,6.1％(n=5)。结论:本法操作简便,结果准确、重现性好,能满足药物动力学和生物等效性研究的需要。     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆中布洛芬浓度

建立HPLC法测定健康人血浆中布洛芬浓度的方法。用反相C₁₈柱,甲醇-乙腈-0.02mol/L醋酸钠一醋酸溶液(47:23:30)V/V为流动相,检测波长225nm。结果布洛芬的线性范围为0.11～53.83μg/ml,γ=0.9999,最低检出浓度0.1μg/ml,平均回收率为100.6％,日间变异系数(RSD％)<7％。本法操作简单,快速,准确。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.