Associations between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases: a review of the inter-relationships and interactions with diabetes, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis

The aim of this review article is to examine the associations between periodontal diseases and common systemic diseases, namely diabetes, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. A substantial number of review articles have been published to elucidate the relationships between these diseases; however, none provide a complete overview on this topic from the aspects of definition, classification, clinical characteristics and manifestations, inter-relationships and interactions, proposed schematic mechanisms, clinical implications and management of periodontal patients with these systemic diseases. The aim of this article is to provide an overall understanding and general concepts of these issues in a concise and inter-related manner.     

南昌市1990～2009年甲乙类传染病增长态势分析

目的探讨南昌市近20年甲乙类传染病的增长态势。方法收集1990～2009年南昌市甲乙类传染病各类传染病年发病数及当年人口数,应用Excel进行数据分析和作图,应用平均增长速度比较主要病种的增长速度差别。结果 1990～2009年南昌市甲乙类传染病年发病率呈上升趋势,2004年前分类构成以肠道传染病为主,其次为血源及性传播疾病;2004年后以血源及性传播传染病为主,其次为呼吸道传染病,而肠道传染病逐年减少。年平均增长速度比较,血源及性传播传染病中以梅毒(0.56)、艾滋病(0.43)较高;呼吸道传染病中肺结核病例所占比较高,流脑和百日咳的年平均降低速度分别为0.21、0.19。结论从南昌市传染病的年增长趋势看,应加强血源及性传播传染病(梅毒、艾滋病、丙肝)及肺结核的控制工作;免疫规划工作对呼吸道传染病(肺结核除外)的降低意义重大,应持续强化该项工作。     

上海地区老年人院内感染的前瞻性调查

1988年10月～1989年9月期间共收治老年患者1490例,住院期间发生院内感染190例,院内感染率12.7％。原发病严重程度与院内感染有密切关系,最终致死性疾病,快速致死性疾病的院内感染率分别为20.7％及28.6％。白血病、粒细胞<2×10~9/L、肾功能不全、激素及化疗、晚期转移性肿瘤等院内感染率高。随着住院时间的延长,院内感染率呈逐渐增加趋势。院内感染部位以下呼吸道最常见,其次为尿路、胃肠道、皮肤软组织、上呼吸道及外科伤口感染。院内感染致病菌中革兰氏阳性球菌占19.1％,革兰氏阴性杆菌60.2％,真菌20.6％。院内感染病死率为10.5％。本文就发生院内感染的原因及控制院内感染的措施进行讨论。     

江油市某钢厂妇科普查结果

目的 了解江油市某钢厂女职工妇科疾病的患病隋况,为妇女保健提供科学依据,做到有的放矢.方法 对1 900名女职工进行乳腺彩超和妇科疾病检查,按疾病和年龄进行分组比较.结果 1 900名受检女职工中共检出患有各种妇科疾病1 013名,其中乳腺增生检出率33.07％,子宫肌瘤检出率16.19％,宫颈那囊检出率15.79％,3种疾病在35 ～39、40 ～45两个年龄段检出率最高.结论 35～50岁年龄段女职工健康状况欠佳,应给予更多关注;乳腺增生发病率较高,应引起重视.     

Epidemiology of gastro-intestinal and respiratory tract diseases in rural areas of Varanasi (India)

The pattern of gastro-intestinal (GIT) and Respiratory tract (RTI) diseases in rural areas of the Varanasi district, U.P. (India) was studied from the outpatient (OPD) attendance between July 1985 to June 1986. Out of a total of new patients, 19.71% had respiratory diseases in contrast to 27.9% with GIT disease. A decreasing trend was observed in attendance rates as age advanced. The difference in age distribution of males and females was statistically significant. The attendance rates for GIT diseases were higher in female (29.16%) than in males (25.16%) whereas in RTI, the rates were higher in males (19.39%) than in females (18.77%). The attendance rate was found to be higher in rainy season (23.59%) followed by summer (14.50%). Diarrhoea (15.44%) and upper (URTI) respiratory tract infection (19.93%) occupied the major recorded episodes.     

浙江省舟山市2007年传染病疫情网络直报信息质量分析

舟山市传染病网络直报执行5年来,在报告的及时性、敏感性和准确性上逐年提高,为进一步分析该市传染病网络直报工作状况,探讨直报信息质量评价方法,更好地改进今后工作,根据2007年全市网络直报数据,对传染病直报信息质量进行综合评价与分析.     

The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries

Now, at the dawn of the third millennium, non-communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe. There is an increasing trend in developing countries, where the demographic and socio-economic transition imposes more constraints on dealing with the double burden of infectious and non-infectious diseases in a poor environment, characterized by ill-health systems. It is predicted that, by 2020, non-communicable diseases will cause seven out of every ten deaths in developing countries. Among non-communicable diseases, special attention is devoted to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic pulmonary disease. The burden of these conditions affects countries worldwide but with a growing trend in developing countries. Preventative strategies must take into account the growing trend of risk factors correlated to these diseases. In parallel, despite the success of vaccination programmes for polio and some childhood diseases, other diseases like AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and dengue are still out of control in many regions of the globe. This paper is a brief review of recent literature dealing with communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries. It gives a global view of the main diseases and their impact on populations living in low- and middle-income nations.     

江苏省2009年食源性肠道疾病负担调查

目的：掌握江苏省食源性肠道疾病发病及疾病负担情况。方法：在江苏省苏州、无锡、南通、泰州、扬州、常州、南京、徐州等8个市哨点医院和社区人群中开展食源性疾病主动监测研究。结果：江苏省发生食源性肠道疾病的病人就医者仅占41.5%,在就医的病人中采集标本进行检测的占65.8%,培养确诊病例为6.5%,江苏省2009年食源性肠道疾病的真正负担是201 021个病例。结论：食源性肠道疾病是一个不容忽视的卫生问题。     

2004-2005年广东省居民心脑血管疾病死亡特征分析

目的了解广东省居民心脑血管疾病的死亡特征,为预防及干预提供参考依据。方法利用2006年广东省第3次全国死因回顾调查资料,包括2004年1月1日至2005年12月31日广东省12个县（区、市）居民死亡个案资料,采用“死亡原因调查表”及“死因推断量表”2种调查表进行调查。结果广东省调查点2004-2005年心脑血管疾病死亡38170例,死亡率为251．6／10万（38170／15170945）,占全死因的38．2％（38170／99919）。脑血管疾病标化死亡率为102．1／10万,男性标化死亡率（132．2／10万）高于女性（77．7／10万）（P〈0．01）,农村标化死亡率（110．7／10万）高于城市（83．1／10万）（P〈0．01）;心血管疾病标化死亡率为88．5／10万,男性标化死亡率（106．8／10万）高于女性（73．4／10万）（P〈0．01）,农村标化死亡率（89．5／10万）高于城市（87．0／10万）（P〈0．01）。心脑血管疾病死亡率随着年龄增加呈升高趋势（P〈0．01）,60岁及以上人群死亡率为1926．2／10万。心脑血管疾病死亡人群主要以农林牧渔职业为主,占69．75％（26625／38170）;文化程度以文盲、半文盲和小学为主,占83．24％（31774／38170）。结论心脑血管疾病是广东省居民的首位死因,应重点加强60岁及以上老年人群,尤其农村老年人心脑血管疾病防治健康教育和健康促进,同时加大基层医疗机构的投入和建设,提高基层心脑血管疾病诊疗水平,降低心脑血管疾病死亡率。     

传染病新特点与口岸卫生检疫应对

目的提高国境口岸应对传染病的新特点的能力。方法分析传染病新近出现新的特点和趋势,提出国境口岸卫生检疫的应对措施。结果应对传染病出现全球化、卷土重来的新特点,口岸卫生检疫工作任重道远,加强国际、国内、区域间及人医与兽医的合作,调整卫生检疫模式及内容,建立有效的防控体系。结论在传染病全球化和增多的情况下,建立有效的卫生检疫模式。     

加强大额病例的病种管理 控制医疗费用的过速增长

通过对北京地区１１家三级综合医院１１９６例大额病例的一般情况、病种和医疗费用进行了分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制订常见大额病种预定额付费方案;实行大额病例审查报销制度,加强宏观管理;开展适宜技术;缩短平均住院日,控制床日费用增长;控制药费;加强预防、保健和康复治疗,减少大额病例发生率。     

2012年上海市闵行区浦江镇心脑血管疾病监测结果

目的分析2012年上海市闵行区浦江镇各类监测疾病与年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒、肥胖、家族史等危险因素的关系,研究家庭医生制慢性病防治模式对预防控制相关心脑血管并发症发病率的效果。方法监测病种包括脑血管疾病、急性心肌梗死和冠心病。收集浦江镇监测病种的发病率、死亡率资料,与上海市同期数据做出比较,对危险因素调查情况做出统计学分析。结果2012年浦江镇监测病种发病率与死亡率均低于上海市平均水平,其中急性心肌梗死发病率、死亡率与冠心病死亡率远低于上海市平均水平,分别为14．7／10万、9．2／10万、38．5／10万,同时随着年龄增长,心脑血管疾病发病或死亡数量随之增加,80岁以上居民占30％以上,其中卒中未分型（脑中风）、冠心病死亡人群中80岁以上患者占60％以上。危险因素分析结果显示,高血压是各项心脑血管疾病主要的危险因素,发病或死亡的患者中有高血压史的患者占40％以上,其中脑梗死、脑卒中发病或死亡患者中同时患有高血压的占80％以上,患糖尿病和心脑血管病家族史也是各项心脑血管疾病的主要危险因素。结论全面覆盖、分片负责的闵行区家庭医生制慢性病防治模式效果显著,值得推广。     

中国慢性非传染性疾病经济负担研究

目的了解中国慢性非传染性疾病经济负担及其变化趋势。方法依据1993年、2003年国家卫生服务调查和卫生部常规死因登记报告系统等数据,利用二步模型法和人力资源法分别测算疾病直接经济负担、间接经济负担和总经济负担,并进行分类统计。结果1993年中国慢性非传染性疾病经济负担为1963.44亿元,占全部疾病总经济负担的58.84/,占GDP的5.67/;2003年中国慢性非传染性疾病经济负担达到8580.54亿元,占全部疾病总经济负担的71.45/,占GDP的7.31/。居慢性非传染性疾病总经济负担前5位的疾病是恶性肿瘤、脑血管疾病、高血压、其他类型心脏病、冠心病,其总经济负担合计为3393.53亿元,占慢性非传染性疾病总经济负担的39.55/;占全部疾病总经济负担合计的28.25/。人口老龄化导致明显“疾病堆积”现象。结论慢性非传染性疾病经济负担巨大且以高于GDP增长的速度增长,成为我国主要的疾病经济负担;恶性肿瘤、脑血管疾病、高血压、其他类型心脏病、冠心病是导致慢性非传染性疾病经济负担的主要原因;要从宏观经济和社会发展上警惕“疾病堆积”和“人口红利”,减少对将来社会带来的双重影响。     

Cardiovascular disease patients have increased risk for comorbidity: A cross-sectional study in the Netherlands

Background: Comorbidity is a cause of increased mortality, decreased quality of life and increased use of healthcare services. It is important particularly for physicians and other healthcare providers in primary care settings to evaluate these patients properly. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common cause of death from non-communicable diseases worldwide and are characterized by a high level of comorbidities.

Objectives: To address the distribution of CVDs and comorbidities across sociodemographic groups and associations between CVDs and comorbidities.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data of 67?786 patients. Data were collected by the Registration Network Family Practices (RegistratieNet Huisartspraktijken, RNH). Comorbidities were analysed using chi-square and logistic regression analyses.

Results: At the time of study, 26.5% of the patients had at least one CVD and 10.5% of patients had two or more CVD diagnoses. The strongest association within cardiovascular diseases were between health failure and arrhythmias (OR: 9.20; 95%CI: 7.78–10.89). Coronary artery disease and hypertension had strong relationship with diabetes (OR: 2.22; 95%CI: 2.02–2.45, OR: 2.22; 95%CI: 2.02–2.45 respectively) and lipid metabolism disorders (OR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.87–2.23, OR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.87–2.23, respectively). The strongest associations for cerebrovascular diseases were with epilepsy (OR: 4.09; 95%CI: 3.29–5.10) and arrhythmias (OR: 2.23; 95%CI: 1.99–2.50).

Conclusion: One out of every four patients suffered from at least one CVD. Having one CVD increased the risk of another, co-occurring CVD and a higher number of other chronic diseases.     

Predictors of Upper Extremity Discomfort: A Longitudinal Study of Industrial and Clerical Workers

Upper extremity discomfort associated with work activity is common with a prevalence of over 50% in many settings. This study followed a cohort of 501 active workers for an average of 5.4 years. Cases were defined as workers who were asymptomatic or had a low discomfort score of 1 or 2 at baseline testing and went on to report a discomfort score of 4 or above on a 10-point visual analog scale. This change is considered clinically significant. Controls had a low baseline discomfort score and continued to have a low discomfort rating throughout the study. The risk factors found to have the highest predictive value for identifying a person who is likely to develop a significant upper extremity discomfort rating included age over 40, a BMI over 28, a complaint of baseline discomfort, the severity of the baseline discomfort rating and a job that had a high hand activity level (based upon hand repetition and force). The risk profile identified both ergonomic and personal health factors as risks and both factors may be amenable to prevention strategies.     

老年人6种常见慢性病的疾病负担

目的了解我国老年人中脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、心脏病、糖尿病、高血压、呼吸系统疾病等6种常见的老年慢性疾病的疾病负担现状。方法通过对国家卫生服务调查数据的分析，采用患病率、死亡率、去死因期望寿命等指标对健康损失进行估计；并计算了这6种疾病的直接经济损失。结果在8811万65岁以上人群中受这6种疾病侵害的老年人在2000万以上。去死因期望寿命计算结果显示，这6种疾病导致的65岁以上老年人期望寿命损失，城市为8．18岁，农村为7．78岁，全国合计为7．86岁，分别占65岁时期望寿命的51．35％，50．82％和50．78％；我国目前这6种慢性病在65岁以上老年人群中造成的直接经济负担约为340亿元人民币，约占2002年我国卫生总费用的6％。结论无论是健康损失还是经济损失，这6种常见慢性疾病导致的疾病负担均是巨大的，将给社会和政府造成巨大的压力。     

2007年鹤壁市医疗机构传染病疫情报告质量调查

[目的]了解鹤壁市医疗机构传染病疫情报告质量,为今后进一步规范传染病报告管理工作提供依据。[方法]2007年6~8月,对鹤壁市全部12家县级以上医疗机构进行调查。[结果]12家医疗机构共查出传染病490例,漏报64例,漏报率为13.06%。其中,二甲医院传染病漏报率为5.74%,二甲以下医院为39.25%(P<0.01);综合性医院为7.11%,专科医院为42.68%(P<0.01);未分型肝炎为75.00%,手足口病为33.33%,乙肝为17.61%,甲肝为6.67%,流行性腮腺炎为6.25%,细菌性痢疾为2.63%,水痘为1.49%,其他传染病未见漏报。抽查传染病报告卡335张,报告及时率为98.51%;填卡内容一致率为78.81%。报告卡内容一致率,二甲医院为82.49%,二甲以下医院为72.03%(P<0.05);综合性医院为82.79%,专科医院为68.13%(P<0.01)。[结论]鹤壁市医疗机构疫情报告质量工作有待加强,二甲以下医院和专科医院尤其严重。     

张家港市改水对肠道传染病的控制作用与效益评估

为评估张家港市改水对肠道传染病的控制作用和经济效益，用流行病学与有关经济学方法对１９８７－１９９８年全市改水的投入，改水前后水质与供水量变化，改水受益人口增加与有关介水传染病逐年下降情况，改水对预防这些疾病产生的经济效益作了调查分析。     

宁波市区居民四种主要慢性病的疾病负担研究

目的分析宁波市城区居民四种主要慢性病的疾病负担.方法采用疾病负担的测量指标即伤残调整健康生命年(DALY)为单位进行评价.结果观察人群的DALY损失为135.38人年,DALY损失率为13.42%,推算全人群的DALY损失为6.41%.结论宁波市慢性病负担高于全国平均水平.     

2000～2004年青岛市李沧区某中学新生5种常见病患病情况分析

[目的]了解初中新生常见病发病情况,分析各种常见病的发病特点和趋势,以便进一步采取有效的防治措施.[方法]对李沧区某校2000～2004年初一新生常见病发病情况进行统计分析.[结果]视力不良率为47.7%,沙眼患病率为7.9%,龋齿患病率为12.3%,扁桃体生理性肿大率为9.0%,肥胖率为11.0%.[结论]学生的沙眼、龋齿患病率呈逐年下降趋势,而视力不良率持续在较高水平,肥胖率也在逐年上升,应继续加强健康教育,进一步降低发病率.