Prevalence of hepatitis B,hepatitis C,syphilis and HIV in Georgian blood donors

Prevalence of human immunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) virus and syphilis in the population of blood donors in Georgia has been investigated. Out of 4970 donors 7.3% had anti-HCV (6.9% confirmed), HbsAg was positive in 4.1% (3.4% confirmed), Seroprevalence of Syphilis was 2.3%. Three individuals had HIV. Prevalence of HCV and HBV in Georgia is higher than national prevalence estimates of viral hepatitis in neighboring countries.     

Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus antibodies in blood donors from the province of Latina,Italy

In order to calculate the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in blood donors and to verify the efficacy of the pre-donation method (testing blood samples of potential donors at least 3 months in advance of their first donation), we performed a retrospective cohort study in 1995 and in the period 1996–2000 at the blood transfusion unit in Latina (Italy). Third generation ELISA method as well as RIBA-3 were used. 5,978 donors in 1995 and 20,741 in the 1996–2000 period were analysed. The age of donors (prevalently male, 78.5%) was between 18 and 65 (median 38). A total of 110 borderline and 62 positives were found with ELISA, of which 75 borderlines and 42 positives in 1995, and the remaining in the 1996–2000 period (p > 0.5). Percentage of HCV antibodies dropped from 8.5% in 1995 to 5.45% in the 1996–2000 period. The non reactivity and undetermined status were found in 82.1 and 9.4% respectively in 1995, and 69.1 and 25.45% respectively in the 1996–2000 period. The incidence of HCV antibodies was 167.28 cases per 100,000 person-years in 1995 and 4.13 per 100,000 person-years in the 1996–2000 period, 2.5 times lower than the national one. There was a statistically significant association between dental care and RIBA positivity (RR: 2.63; p = 0.045). This study, moreover, evidences how pre-donation practices, if extended to a national basis, may be able to nullify the dangers associated with post-transfusional hepatitis and to reduce the number of false positives and of blood packs donated but either unused or destroyed.     

广东省1995～2001年HIV抗体阳性献血员合并HBV、HCV、梅毒感染状况调查

目的 了解广东省1995～2001年献血员HIV流行的特征及与其他传染病合并感染情况，为制定HIV经血源传播防治策略提供依据。方法 收集1995～2001年广东省HIV抗体阳性献血员资料进行分析，并进行HBV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测。结果 1995～2001年，广东省累计HIV抗体阳性献血员167例，占全省报告HIV感染总数的5．44％(167／3072)，且献血员中HIV抗体阳性人数逐年增长。167例病例中以男性为多(88．02％)；年龄主要集中在20～29岁组(55．09％)；病例送检地区以广州、深圳和东莞为主；其原籍主要是广东省和河南省。128例肌，抗体阳性献血员中抗-HCV、梅毒抗体及HBsAg阳性率分别为79．69％、7．81％及3．13％，HIV／HCV／梅毒、HIV／HBV／HCV、HIV／HBV／梅毒三重感染率分别为7．81％、3．13％及0，未发现四重感染。结论 广东省肌，抗体阳性献血员合并HCV和梅毒感染率高。应加强献血员的筛查及流动人口的管理，以控制HIV,HBV和HCV经献血员向一般人群传播。     

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies among the voluntary blood donors of New Delhi,India

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of transfusion-associated hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study was conducted with an objective to evaluate the prevalence of anti-HCV antibody in New Delhi, India using a large number of healthy voluntary blood donors. A total of 15,898 healthy voluntary blood donors were subjected to anti-HCV testing (using a commercially available third generation anti-HCV ELISA kit) and 249 were found to be reactive for anti-HCV antibody, yielding an overall prevalence of 1.57%. No significant difference was found between the HCV positivity rate of male (1.57%; 238/15,152) vs. female (1.47%; 11/746) donors, family (1.58%; 213/13,521) vs. altruistic (1.51%; 36/2377) donors and first-time (1.55%; 180/11,605) vs. repeat (1.61%; 69/4293) donors. The age distribution of anti-HCV reactivity showed a maximum prevalence rate of 1.8% in the age group of 20–29 years. In addition, there was a clear trend of decreasing positivity for anti-HCV with increasing age and this trend was statistically significant. The results of the present study show that the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in the healthy voluntary blood donors of New Delhi, India is considerably higher than the reported seroprevalence of HCV in majority of the industrialized nations and this represents a large reservoir of infection capable of inflicting significant disease burden on the society. In addition, donors of New Delhi, India showed a trend of decreasing seroprevalence with increasing age, possibly implying a higher exposure rate to HCV in younger subjects.     

乙型肝炎病毒核酸检测试剂临床应用的分析

目的 了解HBV/HCV/HIV联合核酸检测的临床应用.方法 使用Abbott Architecti2000化学发光检测盒对534份血浆样品进行血清学检测,Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqManHBV Test试剂定量检测分别与2种联合核酸检测结果 进行比较分析.结果 81份HBsAg、HBeAg、抗-HBc 3项均阳性样品联合核酸检测均为HBV阳性,200份HBsAg阴性的样品中联合核酸检测试剂分别有11、19份检测为HBV阳性.HBV DNA定量检测>500 IU/ml的193份样品联合核酸检测试剂阳性符合率分别为96.9%、94.3%,117份样品<500 IU/ml阳性符合率分别为40.2%、45.3%,151份HBV DNA阴性样品联合试剂阴性符合率为99.3%、96.0%.结论 中国人群中存在一定比例低载量HBV携带者,联合核酸试剂作为献血员筛查的补充方法 在提高血液及其制品使用的安全性方面具有一定的临床使用意义.     

Epidemiological and clinical aspects of hepatitis C virus infection in the Russian Republic of Daghestan

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease. The prevalence in blood donors in the USA and West Europe is around 0.3%. However, there are few studies performed in East Europe. We have studied the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and risk factors associated with it in the Russian Republic of Daghestan. Population and methods: We included 10,682 volunteer blood donors, 267 commercial blood donors, 97 high risk patients (22 haemophiliacs, 41 in haemodialysis program and 34 parenteral drug addicts), and 87 patients with chronic liver disease (61 chronic hepatitis, 20 cirrhosis and 6 hepatocellular carcinoma). Antibodies against HCV were detected by second generation ELISA. Results: 0.93% of volunteer blood donors were found to be HCV reactive. Factors with stronger association with seropositivity were previous blood transfusion and parenteral drug addiction. 66% of seropositive blood donors had an elevated level of ALT. Alcohol use correlated with more marked deterioration in liver function tests. 7.5% of commercial blood donors were seropositive. Prevalence in high risk patients and in patients with chronic liver disease was very high (50–80% and 40–50%, respectively). Conclusion: the Russian Republic of Daghestan has one of the lowest rates of HCV infection in East Europe. Commercial blood donors have a very high prevalence of HCV infection. The risk factors associated with HCV infection are similar to those found in other epidemiological studies.     

周口市无偿献血者乙型肝炎病毒感染

目的通过对周口市无偿献血者HBV感染的分析,为社会开展乙型肝炎防治工作提供依据。方法采用ELISA法对周口市无偿献血者进行HBV感染的血清学调查。结果35 707例周口市无偿献血者,HBsAg阳性率为6.55%,其中男性为7.71%,女性为5.00%,HBsAg阳性率男性高于女性,以40岁以下年龄段阳性率最高,HBsAg阳性合并抗_HBe、抗_HBc和HBsAg阳性合并HBeAg、抗_HBc是感染的主要模式,分别是26.35%和22.50%。结论本次分析发现社会人群HBV感染水平较高,感染者大多不知情,提示人们应有自我防护意识,加强健康检查,及时采取措施。     

联合检测丙肝病毒核心抗原和抗体在丙型肝炎早期诊断中的价值

目的:通过检测丙型肝炎抗体(HCV-Ab),同时对其进行丙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(HCV-cAg)和丙肝病毒RNA(HCV-RNA)两项指标进行检测,探讨HCV-cAg检测在丙型肝炎早期诊断中的意义。方法:对104例HCV-Ab阳性标本及108例高危人群但HCV-Ab阴性标本(包括血液透析患者55例、医务人员20例和丙型肝炎病人的家庭密切接触者33例)及健康对照组同时进行HCV-cAg和HCV-RNA的检测。结果:104例HCV-Ab阳性组中,HCV-cAg阳性25例,HCV-RNA阳性27例;108例HCV-Ab阴性组中,HCV-cAg阳性2例,HCV-RNA阳性1例;健康对照组全阴性。结论:HCV-cAg和HCV-RNA在丙型肝炎早期诊断上无显著性差异,但HCV-cAg检测在临床的应用前景上具有更大的优势,故可在临床推广HCV-Ab和HCV-cAg联合检测,有条件者可联合检测HCV-Ab、HCV-cAg和HCV-RNA。     

Detection of antibodies to hepatits C virus in dialysis patients

Dialysis patients are at risk for infection by a variety of blood-borne agents trasmitted within dialysis units.The development of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening test prompted many studies on the prevalence of anti-HCV among dialysis patients.The authors have evaluated the prevalence of anti-HCV in 405 hemodialysis patients both by Elisa screening and 4-RIBA test system with a follow-up of two years.The study showed a difference in the incidence of antibodies to HCV by year. In 1990, 15.2% were positive with an increase to 20.8% in 1991. There was an increase of 5% in dialysis patients and only 1.9% in the personnel working in the dialysis ward.Another control group of volunteers did not show any positivity. In addition, the correlations of the antibodies against HCV with markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and history of transfusion were evaluated.These findings suggest that the patients found to be positive should be dialyzed on separate machines and special precautions must be undertaken to reduce the risk of transmission.     

河北省某献血村村民丙型肝炎病毒流行状况调查及危险因素分析

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)主要经血液传播。在我国《献血法》颁布之前的20世纪80—90年代初,农村地区非法卖血现象十分普遍,多地献血人群因此引起严重的血源性HCV感染。     

Infection by hepatitis B and C virus in non-intravenous drug using female prostitutes in Spain

We have studied the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) serologic markers in female blood donors and in female prostitutes and the relationship of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and of antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) with the presence of treponemal antibodies (FTA-ABS) in non-intravenous drug using female prostitutes. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was found in 1.0% of the female blood donors, anti-HBc in 15.6% and anti-HCV in 0.7%. In the prostitutes, the prevalence of HBsAg was 6.1%, anti-HBc was positive in 29.0% and anti-HCV in 8.8%. No significant statistical association between the prevalence of anti-HBc or anti-HCV and the age of prostitutes (p = 0.9111 and p = 0.8254 respectively) or the length of time as prostitutes (p = 0.3583 and p = 0.5770) was found. FTA-ABS positive prostitutes had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HCV than FTA-ABS negative prostitutes (p < 0.001). No statistical association was found between anti-HBc antibodies and positive FTA-ABS prostitutes (p = 0.336).Corresponding author.     

山西省某既往有偿献血地区18～59岁村民丙型肝炎病毒感染的横断面研究

目的估计山西省某农村既往有偿献血地区18～59岁村民丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染的流行率并分析HCV感染的可能危险因素。方法选择山西省某县12个村庄随机抽取660名18～59岁村民开展以社区为基础的横断面研究。采用标准化问卷收集研究对象的人口学、医疗史、危险行为等信息，采集7ml静脉血用于检测HCV感染。结果该既往有偿献血地区18～59岁村民总的HCV感染率为8．2％，献血人群HCV感染率为27．7％。多因素logistic回归分析提示，曾经献过血（调整OR=14．28，95％CI：6．83～29．87）和输过血（调整OR=8．66，95％CI：2．31～32．47）是该地村民感染HCV的主要危险因素。对献血亚人群分析发现，曾经献过血浆（调整OR=8．56，95％CI：2．87～25．54）是献血者感染HCV的最主要危险因素；1994年及以后停止献血的村民感染HCV的危险性较1994年之前停止献血的低（调整OR=0．32，95％CI：0．11～0．93）；女性献血者感染HCV的危险性较男性为低（调整OR=0．28，95％CI：0．10～0．83）。结论该献血地区HCV流行水平较高，既往有偿献血（浆）是该地区HCV流行的最主要原因。应采取有效措施预防该地区居民HCV的二代传播及为阳性患者提供治疗刻不容缓。     

乙型肝炎病毒C基因多态性及其蛋白特性分析

目的 调查中学生人群乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)C基因多态性及其乙型肝炎病毒C蛋白(HBc)特性变化,为了解乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(HBcAg)变异提供理论依据.方法 采用HBV-C基因特异性引物对23份义乌地区大学生HBV携带者(血清学检测为大三阳患者)血清标本进行PCR扩增鉴定,并取21份PCR检测阳性产物直接测序;进一步用Vector NTI 8.0和DNA Star软件分析HBV-C基因多态性及HBc蛋白特性的变化.结果 23份标本中,HBV-C DNA阳性率91.30％;与标准基因序列(Gen Bank X01587)比较,HBV-C基因同源性为93.3％～95.1％;分别形成54种突变模式,其中一处由于核苷酸的改变,翻译的氨基酸也发生了相应的改变,此处氨基酸序列的第130处脯氨酸(P)突变为苏氨酸(T),其余标本均为同义突变;但突变处编码蛋白在亲水性、表面可及性及抗原性与标准株相比较无明显变化.结论 义乌市大学生HBV携带者HBV-C基因序列有一定程度的变异.     

Prevalence of hepatitis virus infections in Albanian refugees

A sample of 393 Albanian refugees, including both children and adults, was tested for serological HAV, HBV, HDV and HCV markers. A high prevalence of infection with both the hepatitis A and B viruses was found, while HDV and HCV infections were uncommon. The overall prevalence of anti-HAV was 96%; it was very high in children 0-10 years, suggesting that HAV infection is largely acquired during childhood and that poor ambiental conditions influence the spreading of this viral infection.One or more serological markers of HBV infection were found in 295 Albanians (75%), confirming the endemic nature of this virus in the Albanian community. The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 19%, and the carrier rate was higher in males than in females. The high HBsAg prevalence among children suggests that HBV infection is usually acquired in early childhood.The serological data obtained in the Albanian sample examined clearly indicate the urgent need for measures to reduce the incidence of HAV and HBV infections and to avoid the further spread of HDV and HCV infections.Finally, the high prevalence of type B hepatitis indicates the necessity of vaccination against HBV for all risk groups and for all children at birth.     

IL-2-330基因多态性与慢性乙型肝炎病毒和/或丙型肝炎病毒感染及不同临床转归的关系

目的 研究乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和/或丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染及其不同临床转归者IL-2基因多态性(SNP).方法 对河北省赵县某农村HBV和/或HCV感染者及对照共277人采集空腹静脉血.用ELISA检测抗-HBV、抗-HCV生物标志物,筛出HBV重叠HCV感染79例、单纯HBV感染69例、HCV感染55例和对照74例.用RT-nPCR检测HCVRNA,BeckmanLX-20全自动生化仪检测肝功能丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT),RFLP-PCR技术检测IL-2-330 SNP,分析IL-2-T330G SNP与HBV和/或HCV感染、不同临床转归、ALT和HCVRNA表达的关系.结果 (1)不同感染类型即单纯HBV、HCV感染和重叠感染者IL-2-330 TT频率明显高于对照,-330 GG频率明显低于对照(χ2=14.24,P=0.03),OR值(95%CI)分别是7.14(2.13～23.81)、3.46(1.17～10.02)、2.93(1.15～7.46),各感染类型间差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.09,P=0.72);各感染组-330T频率明显升高,-330G频率明显降低(χ2=12.33,P=0.01),OR值(95%CI)分别是2.26(1.39～3.69)、1.82(1.09～3.03)、1.73(1.10～2.73)倍.(2)不同临床转归即轻型、中重型肝炎和肝硬化组IL-2-330 TT频率明显高于对照组、-330 GG频率明显低于对照组(χ2=13.52,P=0.04),OR值(95%CI)分别是3.33(1.75～6.32)、3.31(1.75～6.26)、11.23(3.09～40.76).不同临床转归组-330T频率明显升高,-330 G频率明显降低(χ2=12.32,P=0.01);OR值(95%CI)分别是1.86(1.32～2.63)、1.71(1.27～2.31)、2.77(1.57～4.89)倍.(3)IL-2-330基因型和等位基因频率与HCV的病毒复制无统计关联(χ2=0.83,P=0.66;χ2=0.20,P=0.66),与ALT水平亦无统计关联(χ2=1.10,P=0.58;χ2=0.08,P=0.78).结论 IL-2-330 T/G SNP与HBV和/或HCV感染者慢性化及不同临床转归有一定关联,IL-2-330TT/T能增加HBV和/或HCV感染及其临床转归的危险,-330 GG/G则减低其感染和临床转归风险.     

肿瘤患者肝炎病毒感染分析

目的以2070例肿瘤患者为研究对象,分析其乙型肝炎(HBV)及丙型肝炎(HCV)感染率,研究HBV及HCV感染与恶性肿瘤的关系。方法采用回顾性分析方法,按肿瘤类别、年龄和性别进行分组,对检测结果进行统计分析。结果肝癌的HBV、HCV及混合感染的感染率最高,分别为82.87%、6.71%和4.86%;45～55岁年龄段HBV及HCV单项感染率最高,为22.26%、3.71%;而55～65岁年龄段HBV及HCV混合感染率最高,为2.91%;肝癌及胃癌HBV和HCV单项感染率男性高于女性,而肺癌及结肠癌HBV及HCV单项感染率男性低于女性,肝癌及结肠癌的HBV及HCV混合感染率男性高于女性,肺癌及胃癌则男性低于女性。结论肝癌的HBV、HCV及混合感染的感染率最高;在HBV及HCV单项感染情况下,45～55岁年龄段感染率最高并且男性高于女性。     

Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus infection

The role of sexual transmission in the diffusion of HCV infection, was studied through the seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in the heterosexual habitual partners of 83 anti-HCV positive subjects. The index cases were represented by 10 dialysed subjects, 31 patients with chronic liver disease and 42 healthy carriers. Seroprevalence of anti-HCV positivity reported in partners was 8.43%, with a higher rate in cohabitants of patients with chronic liver disease (16.12% vs 4.76% of carriers); no case was found among partners of dialysed subjects. Laboratory and ultrasonograph signs of chronic hepatitis were reported in 3 cases (3.61%). Control on 70% of the cohabitants' relatives, was negative for HCV infections. These data suggest a possible sexual transmission of HCV infection, even if its prevalence resulted modest, undoubtedly lower than in other disease sexually transmitted.     

江苏某地区既往有偿献血人群HCV感染状况及相关因素研究

目的 探索江苏某地区既往有偿献血人群HCV感染的流行状况,分析与HCV感染转归及HCV RNA载量相关的因素。方法 对该地区50岁以上人群开展横断面研究,采用问卷方式收集研究对象信息,并对其进行肝脏B超检查及相关指标检查。应用EpiData和Stata软件对数据进行录入及统计学分析。结果 该地区1601名50岁以上人群中HCV感染率为22.55%,516名既往有偿献血人群HCV感染率为61.05%。多元逐步回归显示, ALT及AST与HCV感染转归之间存在相关性,OR值分别为1.38(95%CI:1.18~1.62)及1.30(95%CI:1.10~1.54)。FPG与HCV RNA病毒载量之间存在相关性(OR=1.17,95%CI:1.01~1.35)。结论 该地区HCV感染率较高,临床上ALT、AST以及FPG的检测结果与HCV的感染转归风险及病毒活动能力之间存在关联。     

山西有偿献血地区某村HBV、HCV、HIV感染现状分析

目的了解山西省农村有偿献血地区HBV、HCV、HIV感染状况及有偿献血对其分布的影响.方法对某村的946名20～65岁居民进行调查,采用ELISA法分别检测血清中HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb、anti-HCV和HIV抗体.结果HIV抗体全为阴性,HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb、anti-HCV的阳性率分别为5.3%、54.5%、2.5%、22.5%、1.7%;其中有偿献血人员108名,相应的阳性率分别为0.9%、63.9%、0.9%、18.5%、4.6%,从未有偿献血人员838名,相应的阳性率分别为5.8%、53.3%、2.7%、23.0%、1.3%.与未有偿献血的研究对象相比,曾经有偿献血的研究对象HBsAg、HBsAb和anti-HCV的阳性率差异有显著性.结论该村未发现HIV感染者,HBV、HCV感染与其他地区无明显不同,有偿献血人员HCV感染率较高.