凝胶法检查甘露醇注射液细菌内毒素的应用

目的 :建立甘露醇注射液细菌内毒素检查的方法(凝胶法 ) ,以控制药品质量 ,减少临床热原反应的发生。方法 :按中国药典检测法 ,系统考察甘露醇注射液对鲎试剂与细菌内毒素凝集反应的干扰。结果 :确定甘露醇注射液细菌内毒限值为 5 0 0EU·L-1,凝胶法最佳检测条件为 :供试品 1∶8稀释 ,鲎试剂灵敏度 (λ) =6EU·L-1;供试品 (冷藏 ) 1∶4稀释 ,鲎试剂灵敏度 (λ) ) =12 5EU·L-1。结论 :应用凝胶法检测甘露醇注射液细菌内毒素 ,结果准确、重现性好。可替代家兔法用于甘露醇注射液的热原检查。     

注射用普鲁卡因细菌内毒素检查法可行性研究

目的：建立普鲁卡因注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法(动态浊度法，凝胶法)，以控制药品质量，减少临床热原反应的发生。方法：按《中国药典》2000版附录中细菌内毒素检测法及细菌内毒素检测法指导原则的规定^[1]，系统考察注射用普鲁卡因对鲎试剂与细菌内毒素凝集反应的干扰，确定用于细菌内毒素动态浊度法和凝胶法的不干扰浓度。结果：将注射用普鲁卡因配制成1％浓度经20倍稀释后可应用动态浊度法定量检测；凝胶法最佳检测条件为：供试品1：20稀释，鲎试剂灵敏度(γ)=0．25EU／ml。结论：应用动态浊度法定量检测普鲁卡因注射液细菌内毒素含量，结果准确；凝胶法可用于日常检测。细菌内毒素检查法可替代家兔法用于普鲁卡因注射液的热原检查。     

动态浊度法定量检测磺达肝癸钠注射液细菌内毒素含量的研究

目的:建立动态浊度法定量检测磺达肝癸钠注射液中细菌内毒素的含量。方法:使用两个厂家的动态浊度法鲎试剂建立细菌内毒素标准曲线,对3批供试品进行干扰试验,分析不同稀释倍数下细菌内毒素的回收率并进行验证,完成供试品溶液中内毒素含量的定量检测。结果:两个厂家鲎试剂的标准曲线均符合标准要求,3批供试品在稀释10、100、800、1 600倍时细菌内毒素回收率均在50%~200%范围内,均无干扰,符合药典要求。结论:采用动态浊度法检测磺达肝癸钠注射液中细菌内毒素含量是可行的。     

凝胶法测定脐带间充质干细胞培养上清中细菌内毒素

目的 探讨凝胶法测定人脐带间充质干细胞培养上清中细菌内毒素的可行性。方法 收集人脐带间充质干细胞培养72 h的上清为供试品。参照《中国药典》2020年版第三部通则1143细菌内毒素检查法中凝胶法的具体要求和步骤对鲎试剂进行灵敏度复核,对供试品进行干扰初筛试验、干扰试验和供试品细菌内毒素的测定。结果 鲎试剂灵敏度测定值为0.125EU/mL,在0.5λ～2.0λ符合规定,可用于后续试验。供试品1、2、4倍稀释对鲎试剂均无干扰;干扰试验验证2倍稀释供试品对细菌内毒素凝胶法检测无干扰作用;采用凝胶法测定2倍稀释供试品的细菌内毒素含量均≤0.5 EU/mL,判定供试品中细菌内毒素含量合格。结论 凝胶法可用于人脐带间充质干细胞培养上清中细菌内毒素的检测。     

动态浊度法定量检测细菌内毒素的含量

目的　建立动态浊度法定量检测细菌内毒素含量的方法。方法　用细菌内毒素检查用水 (BET水 )将细菌内毒素标准品按等比数列 (2～ 10倍 )稀释 ,制备 4～ 6点细菌内毒素标准溶液系列 ,各浓度点取 3管分别与定量鲎试剂(TAL)反应 ,实验数据用最小二乘法回归处理。回归方程为 :lgT =algC +b ,|r|≥ 0 .980。然后再由标准曲线计算出供试品中细菌内毒素的含量值。结果　建立了动态浊度法检测细菌内毒素含量 ,应用于大输液和甘露醇注射液内毒素含量检测 ,同时确定甘露醇注射液细菌内毒素限值为 0 .5EU·ml-1。结论　建立动态浊度法 ,准确可靠、灵敏度高。可应用于药品细菌内毒素含量定量检测 ,还可用于以细菌内毒素检查法取代热原检查的可行性研究     

单硝酸异山梨酯氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的　建立单硝酸异山梨酯氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法　采用凝胶法,通过比较鲎试剂在内毒素水溶液和内毒素供试品溶液中反映的差异程度,进行干扰试验。结果　在有效稀释倍数范围内供试品对细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论　选用标示灵敏度为 0 12 5EU·ml-1的鲎试剂可检测单硝酸异山梨酯氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素。     

动态浊度法定量检测醒脑静注射液中的细菌内毒素

目的：建立动态浊度法测定醒脑静注射液中细菌内毒素含量的方法。方法：依据《中国药典》2020年版四部通则（1143细菌内毒素检查法）中的动态浊度法及其指导原则,分别应用美洲鲎试剂和安度斯鲎试剂,在Pyros Kinetix? Flex（PKF）细菌内毒素定量检测系统上,对醒脑静注射液中的细菌内毒素进行方法开发。通过细菌内毒素标准曲线可靠性试验和干扰预实验确定有效稀释倍数,测定干扰试验的回收率,完成醒脑静注射液细菌内毒素的定量检测。结果：可靠性试验中,LAL标准曲线浓度线性范围为0.001～1.0 EU·mL－1（r=-0.987 7）,标准曲线的回归方程为：lgT=-0.312 3lgC+2.740。TAL标准曲线浓度线性范围为0.01～1.0 EU·mL－1（r=-0.999）,标准曲线的回归方程为：lgT=-0.270lgC+2.830。供试品在稀释比例1：20及以下浓度时对鲎试剂反应无干扰作用;3批供试品的内毒素定量检测结果均低于供试品规定限值。结论：应用Pyros Kinetix? Flex（PKF）细菌内毒素定量检测系统,动态浊度法可用于醒脑静注射液细菌内毒素含量的定量检测。     

动态浊度法检测三种自制注射液中的细菌内毒素

目的:通过考察含糖平衡盐、替硝唑葡萄糖和氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂的干扰作用,探讨以细菌内毒素检查法中的凝胶法取代热原检查法检查含糖平衡盐等3种自制注射液细菌内毒素限值的可行性.方法:采用动态浊度法,用EDS-99细菌内毒素测定仪对含糖平衡盐、替硝唑葡萄糖和氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液进行干扰试验并用凝胶法进行验证.结果:用两个厂家生产的鲎试剂以动态浊度法检测3个不同批号的含糖平衡盐和替硝唑葡萄糖注射液,样品不经稀释,其细菌内毒素回收率均在50%～200%范围内,标准曲线的相关系数绝对值大于0.980,表明含糖平衡盐、替硝唑葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂反应无干扰作用,3批样品同时用凝胶法检查,其结果均为阴性;氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂有干扰,稀释4倍可消除干扰.结论:含糖平衡盐、替硝唑葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂反应无干扰作用,凝胶法可作为生产含糖平衡盐和替硝唑葡萄糖注射液时日常检查其细菌内毒素限值的方法;氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液稀释4倍后可用凝胶法检查.     

葛根素注射液细菌内毒素的测定

目的：研究葛根素注射液进行细菌内毒素检查的干扰情况，建立其细菌内毒素的定性和定量分析法。方法：采用2005年版中国药典凝胶法和动态浊度法检测供试品中的细菌内毒素。结果：供试品稀释50倍（凝胶法）和200倍（动态浊度法）后对细菌内毒素的检查无干扰作用。结论：用凝胶法和动态浊度法测定葛根素注射液中细菌内毒素的含量是可行的。     

多烯紫杉醇注射液细菌内毒素检查方法探讨

目的 :通过试验探讨采用干扰初筛法检测多烯紫杉醇注射液中细菌内毒素方法的可行性。方法 :运用干扰初筛法对供试品进行干扰试验和内毒素限量检查。结果 :选用 0 .12 5EU·ml-1以上灵敏度的鲎试剂可以消除供试品对内毒素检查的干扰 ,并且干扰初筛试验法一步就可以确定出多烯紫杉醇注射液对内毒素检查无干扰的有效稀释范围以及所需的鲎试剂灵敏度范围。结论 :采用干扰初筛法检查多烯紫杉醇注射液中细菌内毒素不但可以大大减少通常内毒素检查中的工作量 ,而且切实可行。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.