Translation of the short version of the Perinatal Grief Scale into Swedish

INTRODUCTION: Women's emotions and grief after miscarriage are influenced not only by the context in which the miscarriage occurred but also by their past experience, the circumstances around the miscarriage and their future prospects. Their emotions therefore express a specific form of grief. Normally the time needed to work through the loss varies. A number of different scales, measuring women's emotions and grief after miscarriage have been published. One instrument that measures the specific grief, such as the grief after miscarriage is the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) that was designed to measure grief after perinatal loss and has good reliability and validity. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to translate the PGS into Swedish and to use the translation in a small pilot study. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The original short version of the PGS was first translated from English into Swedish and then back-translated into English, using different translators. During translation and back-translation, not only the linguistic and grammatical aspects were considered but also cultural differences. The Likert 5-point and a 10-point scale were tested in a pilot study where 12 volunteers anonymously answered the PGS twice. The intra-personal correlations were compared and analysed with weighted kappa-coefficient. FINDINGS: In all, five different versions were tested before the final Swedish version was established. The weighted kappa-coefficient for the volunteers was 0.58, which is regarded as representing good reproducibility. CONCLUSION: The PGS was translated successfully into Swedish and could be used in a Swedish population. As this work is rather time-consuming we therefore wish to publish the Swedish version so that it may be used by other researchers.     

Cross-cultural adaptation of wheelchair skills test (version 4.3) for wheelchair users and caregivers to the Portuguese language (Brazil)

Abstract

Objective: To perform cross-cultural adaptation of the Wheelchair Skills Test of manual wheelchair users and their caregivers into the Brazilian Portuguese language.

Methods: The study was composed of translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, review by an expert committee and pre-test, when the test was applied in the target population. Included were translators, subject specialists and coordinators to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation process, and manual wheelchair users and their caregivers with at least six months of wheelchair experience for the pre-test.

Results: Forty-three people participated in the study, 30 for the pre-test and 13 for the stages that preceded the pre-test. The mean age of manual wheelchair users was 40.2 (±10.7) years and of caregivers was 44.2 (±15.7) years. Of the 47 phrases translated in the first stage, 36 discrepancies were found and resolved. During the analysis by the committee of experts the instrument underwent 13 modifications in order to achieve the best possible equivalence between the original version and the final version and was understandable by the people evaluated. The total pre-test scores of wheelchair users and their caregivers were 66.2 (±24.6) and 88.7 (±14.2), respectively.

Conclusions: This instrument was able to evaluate the abilities of wheelchair users and their caregivers in Brazil, as well as being useful for training in rehabilitation programs.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• The need to use wheelchair (WC) properly has made clinicians and rehabilitation professionals more concerned with assessing and training users' abilities with their WC.

• Cross-cultural adaptation allows for the linguistic modification of the original language of the evaluation tool into a new language and enables the comparison of research results in different countries.

• Immediate use of the instrument for WC users and caregivers in Brazil, both for evaluation and for training, is necessary and may be a means for rehabilitation professionals to improve their evaluations, their treatments and optimize the skills that aim at independence.

     

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire

BACKGROUND: Reports in the literature have identified a need for internationally standardized and reliable measurements to analyse musculoskeletal symptoms. Screening of musculoskeletal disorders may serve as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the work environment. The Nordic general questionnaire is a standardized instrument used to analyse musculoskeletal symptoms in an ergonomic or occupational health context. PURPOSE: To translate and adapt a version of the Nordic general questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluate its reliability. METHOD: The cross-cultural adaptation was performed according to internationally recommended methodology, using the following guidelines: translation; back-translation; committee review; and pretesting. First, the questionnaire was independently translated into Portuguese by two teachers and one doctor, and a consensus version was generated. Second, two other translators performed a back-translation independently from one another. This version was then submitted to a committee, consisting of six specialists in the area of knowledge of the instrument, to evaluate its equivalence to the original instrument. The final version was pretested on 20 subjects randomly selected in an outpatient clinic. Reliability was assessed by a test-retest procedure at 1-day intervals using the Kappa coefficient in a group of 40 subjects. The Kappa agreement values were calculated for each one of the four questions of the questionnaire. The agreement among the same observers was substantial, varying from 0.88 to 1, according to the Kappa values. RESULTS: these demonstrated strong agreement of the instrument, suggesting that the Brazilian version of the "Standardized Nordic Questionnaire" offers substantial reliability.     

Testing a Swedish Version of OCAIRS on Two Different Patient Groups

Occupational Case Analysis Interview and Rating Scale (OCAIRS) is an instrument for assessing occupational performance. Consisting of a semi-structured interview and a rating scale, OCAIRS is based on the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner 1985) and has been translated into Swedish. The rater reliability of the Swedish version (OCAIRS-S) was tested on two different populations: acute psychiatric in-patients and patients suffering from chronic muscular pain. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and the Percentage Agreement methods were used to calculate the strength of agreement between raters. Content validity was tested using the Percentage Agreement method. Research results indicate that the instrument has a reasonable rater reliability. Although the content validity study produced insufficient information, it nevertheless supports the use of OCAIRS-S as a reliable instrument. Further research and development on the instrument is recommended.     

Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence

The validity of studies using translated instruments may be questioned when there is a lack of attention to and/or minimal explanation of the procedures used for determining the equivalence between the primary and secondary language tool. Ensuring equivalence of a translated Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire is an important prerequisite for identifying culturally specific expressions of concepts under investigation and for cross-cultural comparisons. This paper examines the principles and procedures for determining equivalence of translated tools and their application to the development of an equivalent Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Translation and back-translation were used to develop a Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Bilingual university students completed both versions of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Most of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire items had an acceptable Kappa of >0.4. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated moderate to high levels of equivalence for total scores and all scales. Improvement in the translation of some items is needed to further enhance the equivalence of the Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire.     

Cross-cultural adaptation of an intimate partner violence questionnaire

The aim of this study was to describe the translation and the cross-cultural adaptation process of questionnaire about intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV is a serious threat to women's health. There is a need for instruments to measure the results of educational interventions. The Violence Against Women Health Care Provider Survey was found suitable for translation and adaptation to the Swedish cultural context. A five-step process according to Guillemin et al. was followed: (a) translation by independent translators, (b) back translation of each translation independently from each other, (c) committee review with multidisciplinary members produces the final version, and (d) pretesting to ensure equivalence between source and final version, and (e) weighting scores. The Swedish version consisted of the same number of items as the original. The results indicated that the questionnaire can be used in Sweden to measure the effectiveness of IPV training programs.     

Translation and validation of the Chinese-Cantonese version of the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale

BackgroundEffective self-care is important in the management of dysmenorrhea. Yet measures of adolescents’ capabilities or self-care agency to exercise self-care to cope with dysmenorrhea are limited in the Chinese population.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to translate the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale (ESCAS) from English into Chinese-Cantonese, and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the Chinese adolescent girls with dysmenorrhea.MethodsThis study consisted of three phases. In phase 1, the ESCAS was translated into Chinese-Cantonese using Brislin's (1986) translation and back-translation method, the semantic equivalence and content validity were assessed. In phase 2, a cross-over design was used to assess the translation adequacy of the Chinese-Cantonese version. In phase 3, the psychometric properties of the Chinese-Cantonese version were tested with a convenience sample of 477 adolescent girls recruited from three secondary schools. The reliability was assessed by internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis.ResultsThe semantic equivalence and content validity index of the Chinese-Cantonese version of ESCAS was satisfactory. Results also indicated that the Chinese-Cantonese version had a high level of equivalence with the original English version and demonstrated a high internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the presence of four factors supporting the conceptual dimension of the original instrument.ConclusionThe current study provides initial psychometric properties of the Chinese-Cantonese version of the ESCAS and supports it as a reliable and valid instrument to measure self-care agency in adolescent girls with dysmenorrhea. It provides health care professionals with a useful tool to assess the extent to which adolescent girls take action towards their problem of dysmenorrhea.     

Measuring organizational attributes in primary care: a validation study in Germany

Objective Models for the structured delivery of care rely on organizational attributes of practice teams. The Survey of Organizational Attributes for Primary Care (SOAPC) is known to be a valid instrument to measure this aspect in the primary care setting. The aim of this study was to determine the validity of a translated and culturally adapted German version of the SOAPC. Methods The SOAPC was translated and culturally adapted according to established standards. The external validity of the German SOAPC was assessed using the German version of the Warr‐Cook‐Wall scale. A total of 200 practices randomly selected from a conference database were asked to participate in the validation study. Practice, clinicians and staff characteristics were determined via short‐form questionnaires. We used standardized statistical procedures to reveal the psychometric properties of the SOAPC. Results A total of 54 practice teams participated by returning 297 completed questionnaires (297/425, response rate 69.8%). All four domains of the SOAPC (communication, decision making, stress/chaos, history of change) could be approved by factor analysis. Internal consistency is underlined by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or higher in all categories. We show strong correlation with the Warr‐Cook‐Wall scale in all corresponding categories indexing high external validity. Conclusions The German SOAPC is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of organizational attributes of practice teams as the providers of quality of care. Moreover, the tool makes it possible to map the state of implementation of quality management and practice organization. The availability of the German SOAPC encourages further research on this topic in German‐speaking countries.     

The mobility scale for lower limb amputees: The SIGAM/WAP mobility scale

Purpose. To translate the SIGAM mobility scale into the Dutch language and to test and validate its properties in everyday practice.

Method. The SIGAM mobility scale as published by Ryall et al. was translated into the Dutch language with the local used verbs for prosthetic use. The translated Dutch text was reviewed by several authors and a panel of professionals. The retranslation by a native speaker was reviewed by the original author who suggested modifications. The Dutch trial version of the mobility scale was presented to a panel of prosthetic users and therapists who advised slight modifications for better understanding of the questionnaire. IN training sessions prosthetic teams across The Netherlands were trained in the use of the translated SIGAM/WAP mobility scale.

Results. During the translation there were problems with slang words and the use of specific words in the care of amputee patients. The instruction of team members and the test scoring of the questionnaire and the algorithm showed no difficulties. There was good to perfect agreement between scores in case training sessions with perfect inter observer reliability.

Conclusions. With this instrument we have a specific measurement tool in the English and Dutch language to measure mobility in lower limb amputees.     

Translation and validation of the Japanese version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire version A

Severe antenatal fear of childbirth causes adverse effects on emotional well‐being during the postpartum period. The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire is widely used to measure fear of childbirth among women before (version A) and after (version B) delivery. In this study, the original Swedish version was translated into Japanese, and its validity and reliability were examined among healthy, pregnant Japanese women. The Japanese‐translated version presented a multidimensional structure with four factors: fear, lack of positive anticipation, isolation, and riskiness. Exhibiting concurrent/convergent validity, the Japanese version correlated with other psychological measures at expected levels. The Cronbach's α (0.90) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (0.86, P < 0.001) were high. In conclusion, the results provide support for the Japanese version to be considered a valid and reliable measure of prenatal fear of childbirth among pregnant Japanese women.     

Acceptance of Ostomy Surgery

The main purpose of this pilot study was instrument development, focused on personal adjustment following ostomy surgery. Two instruments were used: a translated and revised version of the Acceptance of Disability Scale, Modified (ADM), and Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence (SOC) questionnaire. A sample of 26 patients enrolled consecutively at the Ostomy Care Centre at a Swedish hospital were included in the study. A Cronbach's coefficient alpha of 0.95 was obtained for the ADM Scale, Swedish version, which is consistent with the results of similar studies. A significant difference between the ADM scores and type of ostomy surgery indicated that persons with a continent ostomy had a greater acceptance of ostomy surgery than had subjects with conventional ostomy surgery. A close correlation between ADM and SOC was obtained, indicating that persons who accept ostomy surgery will also have a good sense of coherence. The result of this pilot study indicates that further research using both measures may be useful in order to identify which factors are of relevance for nursing practice.     

A Turkish language equivalence of the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale

This article is about the pilot test of a Turkish version of the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale (ESCA) using a randomized convenience sample of 119 bilingual Turkish adolescents. The instrument was translated into Turkish, back translated, and pilot tested to linguistic equivalence. Bilingual participants were randomly assigned to four groups. Each participant was administered both the English and the Turkish versions of the scale but in different order at 5-week intervals. The results show that the Turkish version of the ESCA was linguistically equal to the English form. Test-retest correlations were acceptably high (r = .80 to .90). Internal consistency of the total scale of the ESCA was adequate, with an alpha coefficient of .89 for the Turkish version and .88 for the English version. Further research in the development of this translated form would need to demonstrate its applicability and generalizability to monolingual Turkish adolescents.     

Cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) short forms for outpatients in rehabilitation

Background

The Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care was developed to evaluate the limitations of activities of adult individuals with different health conditions.

In Process Citation

Introduction: The Rehabilitation Network of Ottawa-Carleton (RENOC) recommends that its institutions use the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS). Since RENOC serves both Francophone and Anglophone clients, the LEFS needed to be translated to assess the Francophone clientele.Objective: To create a French-Canadian version of the LEFS, with the proposed title "échelle fonctionnelle des membres inférieurs" (éFMI), and to examine its content validity.Methodology: A modified version of Vallerand's (1989) cross-validation technique for questionnaires was used to validate the equivalence of the French version of the LEFS. First, a parallel reverse translation of the LEFS was completed. Second, a committee of experts examined the two drafts and created a first experimental version of the éFMI. Third, this version was evaluated by a second committee of experts. Following the comments received, a second experimental version was created. Fourth, 35 rehabilitation professionals evaluated the second experimental version of the éFMI on a scale of ambiguity and proposed final changes.Results: On the final version of the éFMI, the statements demonstrated a relatively low average level of ambiguity, ranging between 1 and 2.54.Conclusion: The rigorous four-step process followed in this study produced a French-Canadian version of the LEFS with demonstrated content validity.     

A Spanish version of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire

Although Spanish is a major world language and increasingly common in North America, most instruments that measure quality of life (QOL) are written in English, limiting researchers' ability to assess QOL in patients who speak only Spanish. In this article, we present a Spanish version of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (MQOL), a validated instrument found particularly relevant for patients with life-threatening illness. A translation/back-translation method, supplemented with review by a committee composed of lay persons and clinicians speaking Puerto Rican, Dominican, Mexican, Salvadoran, Ecuadorian, and Colombian Spanish, was used to achieve conceptual equivalence with the English version. Our initial review demonstrated face validity for the Spanish version of the MQOL. However, further testing is required to fully determine its psychometric properties and to provide a version that has been validated in use.     

Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale

Interprofessional education (IPE) is widely accepted worldwide, as a key part of training for health professionals and critical to an effective, patient-centred healthcare system. Several tools have been developed to evaluate IPE programmes and interventions globally. Many of the widely-used tools have been successfully adapted to suit specific cohorts and different languages; the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS), however, has not yet been translated and validated for use in Sweden. The aim of this study was to translate the IEPS into Swedish and validate the psychometric properties of this new version. The 12-item IEPS underwent translation into Swedish and back-translation into English by suitable independent translators to ensure items retained their meaning. The new Swedish version was completed by 164 medical and nursing, occupational therapy and physiotherapy students on clinical placements in Stockholm. Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) and Oblique Oblimin Rotation confirmed a three-factor structure, that explained 77.4% of variance. The new 10-item Swedish version IEPS displayed good internal consistency with an overall Cronbach’s alpha of a = .88 and subscale values of .89, .88 and .66. The exclusion of two-items limits the transferability of this scale; however, the factor makeup was very similar to the original 12-item English version. It is suspected that minor differences were due to unavoidable deviations in meaning following translation (i.e. certain English words have no equivalent in Swedish). Nevertheless, the results imply that the Swedish version of the IEPS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing students’ perceptions and attitudes towards IPE within the Swedish health education system.     

Translation of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire into Swedish,and validity and reliability in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the Leicester Cough Questionnaire into Swedish and to test the validity and reliability of the Swedish version, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Methods: The original Leicester Cough Questionnaire was translated into Swedish by a method, which followed an established forward-backward procedure, including cross-cultural adaptation and pretest. To test the validity of the final version of Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Swedish, the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire and the COPD Assessment Test were used (n?=112) and to test reliability, the questionnaire was repeated (n?=?86).

Results: The Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Swedish showed proof of construct validity and proof of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient 0.97). All domains and total scores had good-excellent test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient 2,1?>?0.94). The standard error of measurement, (standard error of measurement percent), for the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Swedish was 0.84 (5.15%). The smallest real difference, (smallest real difference percent), derived from cross sectional standard error of measurement was 2.33 (14.25%). The Bland–Altman plot indicated no systemic change in the mean.

Conclusion: The Leicester Cough Questionnaire in Swedish is a valid and reliable instrument to measure health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and can be used in clinical settings.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The Leicester Cough Questionnaire, has been translated into Swedish, following an established forward-backward procedure, including cross-cultural adaptation

• The Swedish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire, is a valid, reliable instrument for measuring health-related quality of life regarding cough in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• The Swedish version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire is easy to administer and can be used in clinical and rehabilitation settings and for research purposes

• The absolute reliability presented at group and individual levels to indicate a real improvement is an advantage to assist when interpreting a clinically relevant difference

     

Translation of the multidimensional health locus of control scales for users of American sign language

ABSTRACT This paper describes the translation of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales into American Sign Language (ASL). Translation is an essential first step toward validating the instrument for use in the Deaf community, a commonly overlooked minority community. This translated MHLC/ASL can be utilized by public health nurses researching the Deaf community to create and evaluate targeted health interventions. It can be used in clinical settings to guide the context of the provider-patient dialogue. The MHLC was translated using focus groups, following recommended procedures. 5 bilingual participants translated the MHLC into ASL; 5 others back-translated the ASL version into English. Both focus groups identified and addressed language and cultural problems before the final ASL version of the MHLC was permanently captured by motion picture photography for consistent administration. Nine of the 24 items were directly translatable into ASL. The remaining items required further discussion to achieve cultural equivalence with ASL expressions. The MHLC/ASL is now ready for validation within the Deaf community.     

Metric equivalence assessment in cross-cultural research: using an example of the Center for Epidemiological Studies--Depression Scale

Metric equivalence is a quantitative way to assess cross-cultural equivalences of translated instruments by examining the patterns of psychometric properties based on cross-cultural data derived from both versions of the instrument. Metric equivalence checks at item and instrument levels can be used as a valuable tool to refine cross-cultural instruments. Korean and English versions of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) were administered to 154 Korean Americans and 151 Anglo Americans to illustrate approaches to assessing their metric equivalence. Inter-item and item-total correlations, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, and factor analysis were used for metric equivalence checks. The alpha coefficient for the Korean-American sample was 0.85 and 0.92 for the Anglo American sample. Although all items of the CES-D surpassed the desirable minimum of 0.30 in the Anglo American sample, four items did not meet the standard in the Korean American sample. Differences in average inter-item correlations were also noted between the two groups (0.25 for Korean Americans and 0.37 for Anglo Americans). Factor analysis identified two factors for both groups, and factor loadings showed similar patterns and congruence coefficients. Results of the item analysis procedures suggest the possibility of bias in certain items that may influence the sensitivity of the Korean version of the CES-D. These item biases also provide a possible explanation for the alpha differences. Although factor loadings showed similar patterns for the Korean and English versions of the CES-D, factorial similarity alone is not sufficient for testing the universality of the structure underlying an instrument.