蒺藜总皂苷对动脉粥样硬化家兔NF-κB和ICAM-1、TNF-α水平的影响

目的从血管壁组织NF-κB和血清ICAM-1、TNF-α水平等方面,探讨蒺藜总皂苷抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)的作用机制.方法取50只健康雄性日本大耳白兔,随机取10只作为空白对照组,喂普通饲料.其余40只给予高脂饮食喂养4周后,再随机分为4组:模型组10只,继续喂高脂饲料;小剂量治疗组10只,喂高脂饲料和蒺藜总皂苷每只6.3 mg/(kg*d);大剂量治疗组10只,喂高脂饲料和蒺藜总皂苷每只12.6 mg/(kg*d);阳性药物对照组10只,喂高脂饲料和辛伐他汀每只2.35 mg/(kg*d).2周后,测定血脂、血清ICAM-1、TNF-α水平及血管壁组织NF-κB的含量.结果与模型组比较,小剂量、大剂量治疗组、阳性药物对照组ICAM-1、TNF-α浓度水平均降低;模型组NF-κB活化,表达增强,小剂量、大剂量治疗组、阳性药物对照组NF-κB表达的活性较模型组低.结论蒺藜总皂苷能通过减少动脉粥样硬化病灶中NF-κB的激活,降低血清中ICAM-1、TNF-α的含量,发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用.     

蒺藜总皂苷对家兔动脉粥样硬化血管重构的影响

目的观察蒺藜总皂苷对家兔动脉粥样硬化血管重构的影响,从而探讨其对动脉粥样硬化的治疗作用。方法取50只健康雄性日本大耳白兔,随机取10只作为空白对照组,喂以普通饲料,其余40只给予高脂饮食喂养4周后,再随机分为4组:①模型组10只,继续喂以高脂饲料;②小剂量治疗组10只,喂以高脂饲料和蒺藜总皂苷每只6.3mg/(kg·d);③大剂量治疗组10只,喂以高脂饲料和蒺藜总皂苷12.6mg/(kg·d);④阳性药物对照组:喂以高脂饲料和辛伐他汀2.35mg/(kg·d),2周后,测定血脂及形态学检查,利用计算机图像分析系统观察动脉损伤后血管重构相关指标的变化及药物对其影响。结果与模型组比较,大剂量治疗组、阳性药物对照组中膜面积小、管腔狭窄百分比低(P<0.01)。结论蒺藜总皂苷具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用。     

蒺藜总皂苷对家兔高脂血症及主动脉内膜早期粥样硬化病变的影响

目的观察蒺藜总皂苷对高脂血症家兔的血脂及主动脉内膜早期粥样硬化病变的影响,并探讨其对动脉粥样硬化的治疗作用。方法取50只健康雄性日本大耳白兔,随机取10只作为空白对照组,喂普通饲料,其余40只给予高脂饮食喂养4周后,再随机分为4组,每组10只:①模型组继续喂高脂饲料;②小剂量治疗组喂以高脂饲料和蒺藜总皂苷6.3mg/(kg·d);③大剂量治疗组10只,喂高脂饲料和蒺藜总皂苷12.6mg/(kg·d);④阳性药物对照组,喂以高脂饲料和辛伐他汀2.35mg/(kg·d),两周后测定血脂,光镜和电镜下观察主动脉内膜形态变化。结果给药两组血清总胆固醇和三酰甘油明显降低,与模型组相比,有统计学意义(P<0.01)。形态学观察发现:模型组主动脉内膜出现典型粥样硬化病变,给药组主动脉内膜受损程度明显较轻。结论蒺藜总皂苷具有保护主动脉内膜,干预动脉粥样硬化的早期病变发生的作用。     

蒺藜总皂苷对动脉粥样硬化家兔血清炎症标志物水平的影响

目的观察蒺藜总皂苷(GSTT)对动脉粥样硬化家兔血清炎症标志物水平的影响。方法50只健康雄性日本大耳白兔,随机取10只作为正常对照组,喂普通饲料,其余40只给予高脂饮食喂养4周后,再随机分为4组:①模型组10只,继续喂高脂饲料;②小剂量组10只,喂以高脂饲料和GSTT,每只6.3mg/(kg·d)只;③大剂量组10只,喂高脂饲料和GSTT,每只12.6mg/(kg·d);④阳性药物对照组,喂以高脂饲料和辛伐他汀每只2.35mg/(kg·d),2周后,测定血脂及血清炎症标志物C反应蛋白(CRP)、单核细胞趋化因子-1(MCP-1)、血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)水平。结果与模型组比较,GSTT大、小剂量组及阳性药物对照组CRP、VCAM-1水平显著降低(P<0.01),GSTT大剂量组血清MCP-1明显降低,而GSTT小剂量组及阳性对照组对血清MCP-1无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论蒺藜总皂苷具有降低动脉粥样硬化家兔血清炎症标志物水平的作用。     

蒺藜总皂苷对动脉粥样硬化家兔NF-kB和ICAM-1、TNF-α水平的影响

目的从血管壁组织NF-κB和血清ICAM-1、TNF-α水平等方面,探讨蒺藜总皂苷抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)的作用机制。方法取50只健康雄性日本大耳白兔,随机取10只作为空白对照组,喂普通饲料。其余40只给予高脂饮食喂养4周后,再随机分为4组:模型组10只,继续喂高脂饲料;小剂量治疗组10只,喂高脂饲料和蒺藜总皂苷每只6.3mg/(kg·d);大剂量治疗组10只,喂高脂饲料和蒺藜总皂苷每只12.6mg/(kg·d);阳性药物对照组10只,喂高脂饲料和辛伐他汀每只2.35mg/(kg·d)。2周后,测定血脂、血清ICAM-1、TNF-α水平及血管壁组织NF-κB的含量。结果与模型组比较,小剂量、大剂量治疗组、阳性药物对照组ICAM-1、TNF-α浓度水平均降低;模型组NF-κB活化,表达增强,小剂量、大剂量治疗组、阳性药物对照组NF-κB表达的活性较模型组低。结论蒺藜总皂苷能通过减少动脉粥样硬化病灶中NF-κB的激活,降低血清中ICAM-1、TNF-α的含量,发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

氯化镧对高脂血症大鼠脂质过氧化及内皮素1的影响

目的：探讨氯化镧对实验性高脂血症大鼠脂质过氧化和内皮素1（ET-1）的调节作用。方法：50只SD大鼠随机被均分成5组,即对照组、高脂组、低剂量氯化镧组、中剂量氯化镧组、高剂量氯化镧组。对照组大鼠喂普通饲料。高脂组大鼠喂高脂饲料,其余各组大鼠喂高脂饲料并给予不同剂量氯化镧（0．1mg／kg、2mg／kg、40mg／kg）干预。12周后检测大鼠血脂及血浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、总抗氧能力（T-AOC）、一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET）-1的变化。结果：与对照组相比,高脂组血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）水平显著升高．高密度脂蛋白（HDL—C）显著降低,血浆MDA和ET-1水平明显增高,而SOD、T—AOC活性和NO水平明显降低（P〈0．05～〈0．01）。低剂量氯化镧组SOD、T—AOC、NO水平较高脂组显著升高,MDA、ET--1水平较高脂组明显降低（P〈0．05-〈0．01）,中、高剂量组的各项指标与高脂组无显著差异。结论：低剂量氯化镧能明显提高抗氧化能力．抑制脂质过氧化,改善血管内皮细胞功能。     

罗格列酮对果糖饲养大鼠内皮细胞功能的影响

目的　探讨高果糖饲养的SD大鼠机体内皮细胞内分泌功能的变化及其与机体氧自由基代谢之间的关系,以及罗格列酮对它的影响。方法　高果糖饲养SD大鼠4周,随机分为2组:高果糖组:继续喂养高果糖饲料4周;高果糖罗格列酮处理组:喂高果糖和罗格列酮[5 mg/(kg·d),溶于饮水中]4周;8周后大鼠麻醉心脏取空腹血测定血清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、血浆内皮素-1(en dothelin 1,ET 1)、血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、超氧化物岐化酶( superoxide dismutase,SOD)及主动脉一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase, NOS)活性的变化。结果　 ①高果糖组 ET- 1、MDA高于对照组;NO、SOD、NOS活性显著低于对照组。用罗格列酮处理后能显著降低 ET- 1 和MDA,提高NO、SOD和NOS活性水平。②血浆ET的含量与血清SOD含量呈负相关、与血清MDA呈显著正相关;血清 NO 含量与血清 SOD 含量呈显著正相关,与血清 MDA呈显著负相关。结论罗格列酮可提高高果糖饲养的大鼠主动脉NOS活性和机体的抗自由基能力,同时对内皮细胞具有保护作用。     

罗格列酮对果糖饲养大鼠内皮细胞功能的影响

目的探讨高果糖饲养的SD大鼠机体内皮细胞内分泌功能的变化及其与机体氧自由基代谢之间的关系,以及罗格列酮对它的影响.方法 高果糖饲养SD大鼠4周,随机分为2组高果糖组继续喂养高果糖饲料4周;高果糖罗格列酮处理组喂高果糖和罗格列酮[5 mg/(kg·d),溶于饮水中]4周;8周后大鼠麻醉心脏取空腹血测定血清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、血浆内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)、血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物岐化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)及主动脉一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活性的变化.结果 ①高果糖组ET-1、MDA高于对照组;NO、SOD、NOS活性显著低于对照组.用罗格列酮处理后能显著降低ET-1和MDA,提高NO、SOD和NOS活性水平.②血浆ET的含量与血清SOD含量呈负相关、与血清MDA呈显著正相关;血清NO含量与血清SOD含量呈显著正相关,与血清MDA呈显著负相关.结论罗格列酮可提高高果糖饲养的大鼠主动脉NOS活性和机体的抗自由基能力,同时对内皮细胞具有保护作用.     

淫羊藿总黄酮对高脂血症大鼠主动脉血管内皮功能的影响

目的:探讨淫羊藿总黄酮(TFE)对喂养高脂饮食的大鼠主动脉一氧化氮(NO)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的影响以及抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)的可能机制。方法: 将35只SD大鼠随机分为普通饮食组（n=9）和高脂饮食组（n=26）。后者喂以高脂饮食12周后,检测空腹血脂,若已出现高脂血症说明造模成功,再随机分为模型组、小剂量［100 mg/(kg·只)］TFE组及大剂量［200 mg/(kg·只)］TFE组。16周后,检测各组血脂水平,三酰甘油(TG)用TPO-PAP法检测,总胆固醇(TC)用CHOD-PAP法检测,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)用选择性沉淀法检测。主动脉NO水平通过硝酸还原法检测、用精氨酸催化法检测主动脉总NOS(tNOS)、诱导型NOS(iNOS)及构成型NOS(cNOS)（等于tNOS与iNOS之差）的水平。结果: 以高脂饮食喂养12周后,高脂饮食组TG、TC及LDL的水平明显升高(P<0.01)。给药4周后,与模型组比较,TFE组大鼠的血脂谱能明显改善,TC和TG的水平明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。模型组主动脉NO和cNOS的水平显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),TFE组主动脉NO和cNOS的水平显著提高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论: TFE能改善血脂及提高主动脉NO、cNOS的水平。     

活脉饮对实验性兔动脉粥样硬化病变中胶原及内皮功能的影响

目的探讨活脉饮对动脉粥样硬化的治疗作用。方法通过股动脉内皮剥脱术和高胆固醇喂养的方法建立兔动脉粥样硬化模型,观察活脉饮治疗用药后动脉粥样硬化斑块的范围、斑块内胶原含量、血清内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮(NO)的水平,并与单纯高脂组、辛伐他汀组比较。结果活脉饮高剂量组〔12g/(kg.d)〕斑块范围较单纯高脂组明显减小(P<0.01);胶原含量活脉饮高、低剂量组均较单纯高脂组减少(P<0.01,P<0.05),低剂量组胶原含量较辛伐他汀组高(P<0.05);与高脂饮食组相比高活脉饮治疗组NO水平明显增高(P<0.01);各组的ET水平均显著低于高脂饮食组(P<0.01)。结论活脉饮可能对动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展起到抑制作用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.