阿米洛利预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨阿米洛利预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响.方法 清洁级雄性SD大鼠32只,体重200～250 g,随机分为4组(n=8):对照组(C组)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组)、阿米洛利组(A组)和阿米洛利预先给药组(AL组).C组股静脉输注生理盐水3 ml,ALI组股静脉输注生理盐水1 ml、内毒素6 mg/kg,A组股静脉输注阿米洛利10 mg/kg、生理盐水2 ml,AL组股静脉输注阿米洛利10 mg/kg、内毒素6 mg/kg,输注速率均为0.05 ml/rain,给药间隔均为30 min.于输注内毒素结束后6 h时处死大鼠取肺,观察肺组织病理学,并行病理学评分,称重后计算肺湿干重比,检测髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)的浓度,采用Western blot法检测肺组织钠氢交换体1(NHE1)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)和细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,ALI组和AL组肺组织病理学评分、肺湿干重比、MPO活性、支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和MIP-2浓度、肺组织NHE1、p38MAPK和ERK的表达水平明显升高(P＜0.01),A组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与ALI组比较,AL组肺组织病理学评分、肺湿干重比、MPO活性、支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、TNF-α和MIP-2浓度、肺组织NHE1和ERK的表达水平明显降低(P＜0.01),p38MAPK表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 阿米洛利预先给药可减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤,其机制可能与抑制ERK信号转导通路激活有关.     

Influence of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and acute lung injury during polymicrobial sepsis in rats

BACKGROUND: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a progressive syndrome associated with significant mortality in sepsis patients. Neutrophils are key cells in the inflammatory response that characterizes ALI. This study was designed to explore the effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 (a novel plasma substitute) on pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and associated ALI in a rat sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS: Animals were randomly assigned to six groups [saline control; CLP and saline; CLP and HES (7.5, 15 and 30 ml/kg); and HES control], subjected to CLP and infused with or without HES 130/0.4 4 h after CLP. Six hours later, the pulmonary capillary permeability (PCP), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, lung histological changes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant levels, P-selectin mRNA expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation were measured. RESULTS: Resuscitation with HES 130/0.4 significantly attenuated the CLP-induced increase in PCP, MPO activity, cytokine/chemokine levels, mRNA expression of P-selectin and NF-kappaB activation, all of which are involved in the recruitment of neutrophils. Groups receiving the higher doses of HES 130/0.4 (15 and 30 ml/kg) were more adequately resuscitated. CONCLUSION: HES 130/0.4 can inhibit CLP-induced neutrophil recruitment and subsequent ALI by attenuating cytokines/chemokines, adhesion molecule-mediated inflammation and NF-kappaB activation.     

七氟烷预处理对脂多糖致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的 评价七氟烷预处理对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)所致大鼠急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的影响.方法 72只SD大鼠随机分成6组:NS组、LPS组和七氟烷预处理(S-1 h组、S-6 h组、S-12 h组、S-24 h组).通过气管内滴注LPS建立大鼠ALI模型.大鼠在气道内给予LPS或NS后6 h处死,检测不同时间点七氟烷预处理(2.4%,30 min)对支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中白细胞计数、细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β水平,肺组织髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性,肺血管通透性及肺组织病理学等的影响.结果 与NS组相比,LPS组肺组织损伤程度,BALF白细胞计数以及TNF-α和IL-1β水平,血管通透性和肺组织MPO活性均显著增高(P<0.01).给予LPS前1 h和24 h七氟烷预处理能降低肺组织MPO活性,BALF中IL-1β水平及白细胞计数(P<0.01),而S-6h组和S-12 h组与IPS组相比无明显差别.七氟烷预处理均能够降低肺血管通透性和BALF中TNF-α水平(P<0.01),且以S-1 h和S-24h组为显著(P<0.01).提示七氟烷预处理对LPS所致肺损伤具有早期和延时的保护作用.结论 气道内给予LPS1 h和24 h前七氟烷预处理对LPS致大鼠ALI具有保护作用.     

姜黄素预先给药对内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的作用

目的 研究姜黄素预先给药对内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的作用及其可能机制。方法 48只雄性Wistar大鼠，随机分为4组（n=12），对照组（S组）、姜黄素组（C组）分别静脉注射10％二甲基亚砜（DMSO）2 ml／kg、姜黄素40 mg／kg（溶于DMSO），30 min后静脉注射生理盐水2 ml／kg;内毒素组（L组）、姜黄素预先给药组（C-L组）分别静脉注射10％DMSO 2 ml／kg、姜黄素40 mg／kg，30 min后静脉注射脂多糖（LPS）6 mg／kg。注射LPS后4 h处死动物。每组中6只大鼠在处死前15 min静脉注射伊文思蓝（EB）20mg／kg，用于测定肺组织EB含量，每组的其余大鼠用于测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性和中性粒细胞（PMN）计数及肺组织湿干重比（W／D）、MPO活性、PMN趋化因子-1（CINC-1）mRNA、CINC蛋白表达，并在光镜下观察肺组织病理学改变。结果 与S组比较，L组BALF中MPO、PMN计数和肺组织W／D、EB及MPO、CINC-1 mRNA、CINC蛋白水平升高（P〈0．05或0．01），C组上述指标差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;与L组比较，C-L组上述指标均降低（P〈0．05或0．01）。C-L组肺组织病理学损伤较L组减轻。结论 姜黄素40mg／kg预先给药对内毒素诱导急性肺损伤大鼠肺产生一定的保护作用，与下调肺组织CINC-1的表达进而抑制PMN在肺组织的聚集、激活有关。     

虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

目的 评价虫草多糖预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响.方法 雄性成年SD大鼠40只,体重190～220 g,随机分为5组(n=8):虫草多糖预先给药组(CP1-3,组)采用灌胃法分别给予虫草多糖1、2、3 g/ks,1次/12 h,连续6次,于最后1次给药后2 h时经股静脉注射内毒素5 mg/kg;急性肺损伤组(ALI组)以生理盐水1ml/100 g代替虫草多糖,其余方法同CP组;对照组(C组)以生理盐水1 ml/100 g代替虫草多糖和内毒素,其余方法同CP组.静脉注射内毒索后6 h时处死大鼠,计算肺湿干重比(W/D)、肺渗透指数(PPI);行支气管肺泡灌洗,对支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)行白细胞(WBC)和多形核白细胞(PMN)计数;测定肺组织及BALF肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平,并行肺组织病理学评分.结果 与C组比较,ALI组和CP1～3组肺W/D、PPI、WBC和PMN计数、肺组织病理学评分、肺组织和BALF TNNF-α水平均升高(P<0.05或0.01);与ALI组比较,CP1组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CP2,3组上述指标降低(P<0.05);与CP2组比较,CP3组PMN计数、肺组织病理学评分、肺组织和BALFTNF-α水平降低(P<0.05).结论 虫草多糖预先给药可减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤,且呈剂量依赖性,其机制可能与虫草多糖降低肺组织炎性反应有关.     

The effects of methylene blue on lung injury in septic rats

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the effects of methylene blue (MB) on NO production, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in lung injury during different stages of sepsis in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 20): group C, sham operated; group CMB, sham operated and receiving MB (25 mg/kg, i.p.); group S, sepsis; group SMB, sepsis and receiving MB (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The MB dose was administered after CLP. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 10) which were sacrificed at 9 or 18 h after the surgical procedure. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and MPO activity, total nitrite/nitrate and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the lung tissue were measured. Lung injury was graded from 1 (injury to 25% of the field) to 4 (diffuse injury) by the pathologist. RESULTS: In group SMB, while SOD and CAT increased in both early and late sepsis periods, GSH-PX increased significantly only in the early sepsis period when compared with group S. Increase in lung MPO activity after CLP-induced sepsis was prevented by MB administration. MB significantly decreased to nitrite/nitrate and MDA levels both in early and late sepsis periods when compared with group S (p < 0.05). Group S showed a marked increase in neutrophil infiltration into the interstitial space and thickening of the alveolar septa, whereas the alveolar damage score was lower in the SMB group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MB reduced the MPO activity and lipid peroxidation by both decreasing oxidative stress and NO overproduction in the lungs, which resulted in the attenuation of lung injury after CLP-induced sepsis in rats.     

线粒体靶向抗氧化剂SS-31肽对脓毒血症小鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的观察线粒体靶向抗氧化剂SS-31肽对小鼠脓毒血症引起急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响。方法采用盲肠结扎穿孔法(CLP)建立小鼠脓毒症模型。成年雄性C57BL/6小鼠48只,体重25~32g,随机均分为四组:假手术+溶剂组(A组)、假手术+SS-31肽组(B组)、CLP+溶剂组(C组)及CLP+SS-31肽组(D组)。于术后即刻及5hB、D组腹腔注射SS-31肽5mg/kg,A、C组腹腔注射等容剂量的生理盐水。假手术或CLP 24h后,采用HE染色法进行肺组织学评分,取肺组织检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-10、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、干湿重比(W/D)、活性氧簇(ROS)、ATP水平、核转录因子κB(NF-κB)p65、诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达。结果 C组肺炎症渗出、水肿程度均明显重于A组(P0.05),D组肺组织充血、炎性细胞浸润、肺泡壁水肿明显轻于C组(P0.05);C组肺组织学评分、IL-6浓度、MDA、MPO、W/D、ROS水平、NF-κB p65及iNOS表达明显高于A组,ATP水平明显低于A组(P0.05);D组肺组织学评分、IL-6浓度、MDA、MPO、W/D、ROS水平、NF-κB p65及iNOS表达明显低于C组,ATP水平明显高于C组(P0.05)。A组与B组各项指标差异无统计学意义。四组肺组织TNF-α、IL-10浓度及SOD水平差异无统计学意义。结论 SS-31肽可改善小鼠脓毒血症引起的ALI,这可能是通过抑制脓毒血症的炎性反应和氧化应激实现的。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对大鼠胸部撞击致急性肺损伤及肺组织Toll样受体4表达的影响

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚对大鼠胸部撞击致急性肺损伤及肺组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)表达的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠96只,体重250～300 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为3组(n=32):对照组(C组)只麻醉,不制备模型;肺损伤组(ALI组);盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PHcD组)模型制备后即刻,腹腔注射盐酸戊乙奎醚2 mg/kg.砝码(300g)于95 cm高处自由落体撞击大鼠心前区以制备急性肺损伤模型.于模型制备后2、8、12和24h时取8只大鼠,取动脉血样,测定血清TNF-α浓度.于模型制备后8 h取8只大鼠,取动脉血样,行动脉血气分析,随后处死大鼠,取肺组织观察病理学结果,测定干/湿重比(W/D比)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性和TLR4表达水平.结果 与c组比较,ALI组和PHCD组pH值和PaO2下降,PaCO2、乳酸浓度、肺组织MPO活性、W/D比及TLR4表达和血清TNF-α浓度升高(P＜0.01);与ALI组比较,PHcD组pH值和PaO2升高,PaCO2、乳酸浓度、肺组织MPO活性、W/D比及TLR4表达和血清TNF-α浓度降低(P＜0.05).PHcD组肺组织病理性损伤较ALI组减轻.结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚可减轻大鼠胸部撞击诱发的急性肺损伤,其机制与下调肺组织TLR4表达,降低炎性反应有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHCD) on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by blunt chest trauma and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in the lung tissues in rats.Methods Ninety-six male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 32 each):control group (group C), ALI group and PHCD group. ALI was induced by dropping a 300 g weight onto a precordial protective shield to direct the impact force away from the heart and toward the lungs in anesthetized rats according to the method described by Raghavendran et al. PHCD 2 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally immediately after ALI was induced in group PHCD. Eight rats were selected at 2, 8, 12 and 24 h after ALI was induced, and arterial blood samples were collected for determination of the serum TNF-α concentration. Eight rats were selected at 8 h after ALI was induced, arterial blood samples collected for blood gas analysis and then the rats sacrificed. The lungs were immediately removed for determination of W/D lung weight ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and TLR4 expression, and microscopic examination. Results The pH value and PaO2 were significantly lower, and the PaCO2, lactic acid level, MPO activity, W/D ratio, TLR4 expression and serum TNF-α concentration higher in groups ALI and PHCD than in group C (P ＜ 0.01 ). The pH value and PaO2 were significantly higher, and the PaCO2, lactic acid level, MPO activity, W/D ratio, TLR4 expression and serum TNF-α concentration lower in group PHCD than in group ALI ( P ＜ 0.05). The lung histopathologic damage was significantly ameliorated in PHCD group as compared with ALI group. Conclusion PHCD can protect the lungs against blunt chest trauma-induced ALI, and the down-regulation of TLR4 expression in lung tissues and reduction of inflammatory response are involved in the mechanism.     

七氟醚对感染性休克大鼠全身炎性反应及心肺功能的影响

目的 评价七氟醚对感染性休克大鼠全身炎性反应及心肺功能的影响.方法 清洁级SD大鼠32只,体重250～300 g,月龄8～10月,雌雄各半,随机分为4组(n=8):假手术组(S组)仅开腹,不行盲肠结扎穿孔(CLP);感染性休克组(CLP组)采用CLP法建立感染性休克模型;七氟醚I组(SEV1组)感染性休克后1 h时吸入2.4%七氟醚30 min;七氟醚Ⅱ组(SEV2组)感染性休克后3 h时吸入2.4%七氟醚30 min.于感染性休克后1、3、5 h时记录MAP和HR,并采集动脉血样1.5ml,取0.3 ml血样行血气分析,剩余1.2 ml血样检测血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1(IL-1)、丙二醛(MDA)及一氧化氮(NO)的浓度.于感染性休克后5 h时测定心功能,记录心脏左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)和心输出量(CO).心功能测定后处死动物,取肺组织,计算肺湿干重比(W/D),测定伊文氏兰(EB)含量;取心、肺、肝、肾组织,检测NF-κB活性.结果 与s组比较,CLP组、SEV1组和SEV2组MAP降低,HR增快,LVEDD、LVESD、LVFS、CO、pH值、PaOz和PaCO2降低,肺W/D、EB含量、血浆TNF-α、IL-1、MDA和NO的浓度增加,心、肺、肝、肾组织的NF-κB活性升高(P<0.05).与CLP组和SEV2组比较,SEV1组心、肺、肝、肾组织的NF-κB活性和血浆TNF-α、IL-1、MDA和NO的浓度降低(P<0.05),其余各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 感染性休克后1 h大鼠吸入2.4%七氟醚30 min可抑制全身炎性反应,但抑制程度较低,不足以改善心肺功能.     

c-Jun氨基末端激酶在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用

目的 评价c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用.方法 雄性成年SD大鼠80只,体重250～300 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组(n=20):对照组(C组)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组)、SP600125组(S组)和二甲基亚砜组(D组).ALI组、S组和D组尾静脉注射LPS 5 mg/kg,C组尾静脉注射等容量生理盐水;S组和D组给予LPS后,分别尾静脉注射JNK抑制剂SP600125 30 mg/kg或二甲基亚砜0.2 ml.于给予LPS后4 h时,各组处死10只大鼠,回收支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)并取肺组织,采用ELISA法检测BALF中TNF-α和IL-1β的浓度,计算肺组织湿重/干重比(W/D比),观察肺组织病理学结果,并进行肺损伤评分.各组其余10只大鼠观察至给予LPS后48 h,记录大鼠生存情况.结果 与C组比较,其余各组BALF中TNF-α和IL-1β的浓度、肺组织W/D比和肺损伤评分升高,生存率降低(P<0.05或0.01);与ALI组比较,S组BALF中TNF-α和IL-1度、肺组织W/D比和肺损伤评分降低,生存率升高(P<0.01),D组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 JNK的活化参与了大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的发生发展.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury ( ALI) in rats.Methods Eighty male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 20 each) : control group (group C) ; ALI group; LPS + SP600125 (JNK inhibitor)group (group S) and LPS+ DMSO (the solvent) group (group DMSO) . ALI was induced by intravenous LPS 5mg/kg. In S and DMSO groups, SP600125 30 mg/kg and DMSO 0.2 ml were injected intravenously after LPS administration respectively. Ten animals were sacrificed by exsanguinafions at 4 h after LPS administration in each group. The broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was colleted. The TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in BALF were measured. The lungs were removed for microscopic examination and determination of W/D lung weight ratio. The other 10 animals in each group were observed for 48 h survival rate. Results Intravenous LPS significantly increased TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in BALF and W/D lung weight ratio, decreased 48 h survival rate and induced histologic damage. Intravenous SP600125 30 mg/kg significantly attenuated the above-mentioned LPS-induced changes. Conclusion Activation of JNK is involved in the development of endotoxin-induced ALI in rats.     

戊乙奎醚预先给药对大鼠急性肺损伤时NF-κB的影响

目的 探讨戊乙奎醚预先给药对大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)时NF-κB的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠35只,体重210～280 g,随机分为5组(n=7):对照组(C组)、ALI组和低、中、高剂量戊乙奎醚组(P1-3组).采用经尾静脉注射内毒素5 mg/kg的方法建立大鼠ALI模型.C组和ALI组经腹腔注射生理盐水0.5 ml,P1～3组分别经腹腔注射戊乙奎醚0.03、0.1和3 mg/kg,30 min后ALI组、P1～3组制备AU模型,C组不制备模型.于静脉注射LPS后4 h时,行血气分析,计算氧合指数;称量肺组织湿重(W)、干重(D),计算W/D;采用比色法测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;采用RT-PCR法测定肺组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)mRNA的表达水平;采用ELISA法测定肺组织TNF-α和IL-1β的含量;采用非放射性EMSA法测定肺组织NF-κB活性;采用免疫组织化学法测定肺组织NF-κB的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,其余各组氧合指数降低,肺组织W/D和MPO活性、TNF-α,IL-1β含量及其相应mRNA表达水平、NF-κB活性和表达水平均升高(P<0.05或0.01);与ALI组比较,P1～3组氧合指数升高,肺组织W/D和MPO活性降低,TNF-α、IL-1β含量及其相应mRNA表达水平降低,NF-κB活性和表达水平降低(P<0.05);P1～3组上述指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 戊乙奎醚预先给药减轻大鼠急性肺损伤的机制可能与抑制NF-κB的活化,下调NF-κB的表达,降低肺组织炎性反应有关.     

二氯甲烷对盲肠结扎穿孔诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的 观察二氯甲烷对盲肠结扎穿孔模型大鼠急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的保护作用.方法 40只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为SHAM组、CLP组、MC组和DSF+MC组4组,每组10只.10 h后右侧颈总动脉放血处死.左肺行支气管肺泡灌洗,灌洗液进行白细胞计数,检测蛋白浓度和TNF-α及IL-10水平;右肺下叶观察大鼠肺组织病理变化,其他肺叶匀浆后检测丙二醛和髓过氧化物(myeloperoxidasedeficieney,MPO).另取40只大鼠随机分组处理同上,手术后分笼,观察其活动、刺激后反应;记录72 h生存率.结果 CLP组大鼠肺部炎症和损伤明显,与CLP组相比,MC组肺泡壁无增厚,肺泡内炎症细胞浸润减少,肺组织内TNF-α降低(55±16vs 164±36,P<0.01),IL-10增高(534.6±187.6 vs 75.2±26.1,P<0.01),丙二醛降低(7.8±1.7vs 30.4±2.2,P<0.01),术后72 h生存率显著增高(80%vs 0%,P<0.01).与MC组相比,MC+DSF组肺泡壁增厚,肺泡内炎症细胞浸润增多;肺组织内TNF-α增高(138±23 vs 55±16,P<0.01),IL-10降低(138.3±26.4vs 534.6±187.6,P<0.01),丙二醛升高(26.5±1.9 vs 7.8±1.7,P<0.05),术后72 h生存率显著增高(80% vs0%,P<0.01).结论 二氯甲烷对盲肠结扎穿孔所致的ALI具有明显的保护作用.     

阻断腹腔淋巴回流减轻重症腹腔感染大鼠急性肺损伤

目的:观察胸导管结扎和引流对重症腹腔感染大鼠急性肺损伤的影响。方法:40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术(SO)组、腹腔感染模型(IAI)组、胸导管结扎(TL)组和胸导管结扎加引流(TLD)组,采用人工胃液联合大肠杆菌腹腔内注射制备大鼠腹腔感染模型,TL组和TLD组分别于制模后2 h行胸导管结扎和胸导管结扎并引流。各组大鼠分别于制模后6h观察肺和回肠组织病理改变和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性变化,取支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)行细胞学分析和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量测定。结果:与模型组比较,TL组和TLD组大鼠肺组织病理损伤减轻,MPO活性降低,BALF的中性粒细胞百分比、TNF-α含量降低(P<0.05)。结论:阻断腹腔淋巴回流能减少腹腔感染大鼠肺组织中性粒细胞浸润和TNF-α释放,从而减轻肺损伤。     

Pioglitazone attenuates lung injury by modulating adipose inflammation

Background

Pioglitazone modulates adipocyte differentiation and enhances adiponectin promoter activity to increase plasma adiponectin levels. We investigated the effects of pioglitazone on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced visceral-adipose-tissue inflammation and lung injury in mice.

Materials and methods

Eight-wk-old male mice were assigned to three groups: (1) a sham-operated control group, (2) a CLP group, and (3) a pioglitazone-treated CLP group. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 7 d. Serum, lung, and visceral adipose tissue were collected 24 h after surgery. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels in peritoneal lavage fluid were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and TNF-α and interleukin 6 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in visceral adipose tissue were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lung tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling method was used to evaluate tissue damage.

Results

TNF-α levels in peritoneal lavage fluid were significantly higher in the CLP group than in the sham group. TNF-α levels in the pioglitazone-treated CLP group were significantly lower than those in the CLP group. TNF-α and interleukin 6 mRNA expression levels of visceral adipose tissue were significantly higher in the CLP group than in the sham group. Pioglitazone treatment decreased the mRNA expression levels of these cytokines compared with the respective values in the CLP group. Histopathologic analysis of lung tissue revealed significantly increased numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling–positive cells in the CLP group compared with the sham group.

Conclusions

Pioglitazone effectively prevents lung injury caused by CLP-induced sepsis by maintaining the anti-inflammatory status of visceral adipose tissue.     

Rho/Rock 信号通路在大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤中的作用

目的评价Rho/Rock信号通路在大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilator-induced lung injury,VILI)中的作用。方法选择健康雄性SD大鼠96只,12~15周龄,体重300~350g,采用随机数字表法将大鼠随机分为四组:空白对照组(C组)、Rho激酶抑制药法舒地尔组(F组)、高潮气量组(H组)和高潮气量+Rho激酶抑制药法舒地尔组(HF组),每组24只。C组和F组不行机械通气,H组和HF组行高潮气量40ml/kg机械通气4h。F组和HF组在机械通气前1h给予腹腔注射法舒地尔10mg/kg。分别于通气前(T0)、通气后4h(T1)、8h(T2)和24h(T3)每组随机取6只大鼠,采集血样,测定血清TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10浓度;采血结束后处死大鼠,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),采用考马斯亮兰法检测BALF总蛋白;测定肺组织湿/干重比(W/D);光镜下行肺组织病理学损伤评分;采用分光光度法检测肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;采用Western blot和RT-PCR法分别检测肺组织RhoA、Rock2蛋白含量和mRNA表达水平。结果与C组比较,T1~T3时H组和HF组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6及IL-10浓度、BALF总蛋白含量、肺组织W/D、病理学损伤评分、MPO活性、RhoA、Rock2蛋白含量和mRNA表达水平明显升高(P0.05);与H组比较,T1~T3时HF组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6浓度、BALF总蛋白含量、肺组织W/D、病理学损伤评分、MPO活性、RhoA、Rock2蛋白含量和mRNA表达水平明显下降,血清IL-10浓度明显升高(P0.05)。结论Rho激酶抑制药法舒地尔可减轻大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤,其机制可能与其抑制Rho/Rock信号通路,降低肺组织内炎性反应有关。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对失血性休克大鼠急性肺损伤时NF-κB活性的影响

目的 探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药对失血性休克大鼠急性肺损伤时NF-κB活性的影响.方法 健康成年Wistar大鼠24只,体重200～250 g,雌雄不限,随机分为3组(n=8):假手术组(S组)、失血性休克致急性肺损伤组(ALI组)和盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药组(P组).S组仅行动、静脉穿刺,不制备急性肺损伤模型;ALI组和P组经右侧颈内动脉穿刺置管监测BP,左侧股动脉置管放血,通过放血和回输血液维持BP 35～45 mm Hg 1 h,然后回输全部失血及等同于失血量的生理盐水,制备急性肺损伤模型;P组于放血前即刻静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚2 mg/kg. 于模型制备成功后6 h,采集右侧股动脉血样行血气分析,采用ELISA法测定右心房血浆TNF-α浓度,计算肺湿干重比,采用免疫组织化学法检测右肺组织NF-κB p65的表达,光镜下观察肺组织病理学.结果 与S组比较,Au组和P组PaO2降低,PaCO2、肺湿干重比、TNF-α浓度升高,NF-κB p65表达上调(P<0.05);与ALI组相比,P组PaO2升高,PaCO2、肺湿干重比、TNF-α浓度降低,NF-κB p65表达下调(P<0.05).病理结果显示:P组肺组织损伤较ALI组明显减轻.结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚预先给药可通过降低肺组织NF-κB的活性抑制炎性反应,从而减轻失血性休克诱发大鼠的急性肺损伤.     

δ阿片受体激动剂对脓毒症大鼠细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨δ阿片受体激动剂对脓毒症大鼠细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠150只,体重154～198g,随机分为3组(n=50):假手术组(S组)仅穿线,不进行盲肠结扎穿孔;脓毒症组(SEP组)采用盲肠结扎穿孔的方法制备脓毒症模型;δ阿片受体激动剂组(DADLE组)于盲肠结扎穿孔后立即腹腔注射δ阿片受体激动剂DALDE 10 ml/kg,浓度为0.5 mg/ml.于盲肠结扎穿孔后4、8、12 h(T1～3)时各组随机取10只大鼠,抽取下腔静脉血样,采用ELISA法检测血清TNF-α和IL-10的浓度,采用流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群变化.记录盲肠结扎穿孔后7 d内大鼠的生存情况.结果 与S组比较,SEP组和DADLE组各时点血清TNF-α和IL-10的浓度、TNF-α/lL-10比值升高,T3时CD4+T细胞水平和CD4+/CD8+降低,CD8+T细胞水平升高(P＜0.05或0.01);与SEP组比较,DADLE组T2.3时血清TNF-α和IL-10的浓度、TNF-α/IL-10比值降低,T3时CD4+T细胞水平和CD4+/CD8+升高,CD8+T细胞水平降低,盲肠结扎穿孔后7 d内大鼠生存率升高(P＜0.05).结论 δ阿片受体激动剂可改善细胞免疫功能,从而减轻炎性反应,有利于脓毒症大鼠的预后.     

MLK3-MKK3/6-p38MAPK信号转导通路在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用

目的 探讨MLK3-MKK3/6-p38MAPK信号转导通路在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的作用.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠78只,体重200～250 g,随机分为4组:对照组(C组,n=6)、急性肺损伤组(ALI组,n=24)、MLK3抑制剂K252a组(MK组,n=24)和p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580组(MS组,n=24).ALI组尾静脉注射内毒素5 mg/kg制备大鼠急性肺损伤模型,C组给予等容量生理盐水,MK组和MS组于注射内毒素前30 min经尾静脉分别注射K252a 75μg/kg、SB203580 10 mg/kg.ALI组、MK组和MS组于注射内毒素后1、3、6、12 h(1-4)时各组随机取6只大鼠,C组于给予生理盐水后即刻处死取肺,采用ELISA法测定支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α浓度,称重后计算肺湿干重比,采用Western b1ot法测定p-MLK3、p-MKK3/6及p-p38MAPK的表达,观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与C组比较,ALI组、MK组和MS组各时点支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α浓度、肺湿干重比、p-MLK3、p-MKK3/6及p-p38MAPK的表达水平升高(P＜0.01);与ALI组比较,MK组上述指标降低,MS组支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α浓度、肺湿干重比、p-p38MAPK表达水平降低(P＜0.05).病理学结果显示:MK组和MS组肺组织损伤较ALI组减轻.结论 MLK3-MKK3/6-p38MAPK信号转导通路在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中起重要作用.     

硫化氢在脓毒症大鼠结肠黏膜损伤中的作用

目的：探讨硫化氢（H2S）在脓毒症大鼠结肠黏膜损伤中的作用.方法：雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组：对照组、脓毒症组、脓毒症＋Naris组、脓毒症＋DL-炔丙基甘氨酸（PAG）组和脓毒症＋氨基-羟乙酸（AOAA）组.除对照组行假手术外,其余各组采用盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）法制作大鼠脓毒症模型,术前30 min分别腹腔注射等量生理盐水、NariS（10 mg/kg）、PAG（50 mg/kg）、AOAA（20 mg/kg）.20 h后处死大鼠,取结肠组织,测定其H2S、肿瘤坏死因子-а（TNF-а）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）含量,髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性和胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶（CSE）mRNA、胱硫醚-β-合成酶（CBS）mRNA表达水平,光学显微镜下观察结肠组织病理学变化.结果：①与对照组相比,脓毒症组结肠组织中H2S、TNF-а、IL-1β浓度增加,MPO活性明显增强（P〈0.01）,CBS mRNA、CSE mRNA表达水平提高（P〈0.01）,其组织结构遭到破坏,炎性细胞浸润增多.②与脓毒症组相比,脓毒症＋NariS组结肠组织中H：S、TNF-а、IL-1β浓度增加,MPO活性增强（P〈0.05）,CBS mRNA、CSE mRNA表达水平降低（P〈0.01）,结肠组织结构破坏加剧,更多炎性细胞浸润.与脓毒症组相比,脓毒症＋PAG组和脓毒症＋AOAA组结肠组织中H2S,TNF-а、IL-1β浓度降低,MPO活性减弱.但脓毒症＋PAG组各指标变化的差异无统计学意义,而脓毒症＋AOAA组各指标的变化差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;两组结肠组织结构破坏减轻.炎性细胞浸润减少.结论：脓毒症时,结肠组织内主要由CBS催化产生H2S,增多的H2S通过增强炎症反应加重结肠黏膜损伤.     

PDTC对急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的:探讨四氢化吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸酯(PDTC)对急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠急性肺损伤的影响。方法:36只成年SD大鼠随机均分为:假手术组,ANP组,PDTC预处理组。ANP模型采用逆行胰胆管注射5%牛磺胆酸钠的方法,PDTC预处理组在造模前l h腹腔注射PDTC(30 mg/kg)。术后6 h处死动物,经支气管肺泡灌洗获取肺泡巨噬细胞(AMs),用流式细胞仪检测AMs凋亡情况,免疫组化和Western blot法测定AMs中NF-κB和CYLD活性水平;检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNF-α和IL-1β含量;同时行肺组织病理学检查和肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平检测。结果:假手术组肺组织未见病理改变,ANP组和PDTC预处理组肺组织均出现充血、水肿、炎性渗出等病理改变,但PDTC预处理组病变程度轻与ANP组;ANP组肺组织的MPO活性,以及BALF的TNF-α,IL-1β含量较假手术组明显升高(均P<0.05),而PDTC预处理组上述指标的升高被明显抑制,与ANP组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);假手术组,ANP组,PDTC预处理组AMs凋亡率分别为(3.47±1.45)%,(1.16±0.31)%,(1.80±0.60)%,各组间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);免疫组化显示,AMs中的NF-κB在假手术组、ANP组、PDTC预处理组分别呈弱阳性、强阳性、中等阳性表达;假手术组,ANP组,PDTC预处理组AMs的NF-κB的相对表达量分别为0.08±0.03,0.18±0.06,0.13±0.04,各组间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),3组CYLD的相对表达量分别为0.32±0.09,0.15±0.05,0.26±0.08,假手术组与ANP组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但与PDTC预处理组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);ANP组,PDTC预处理组AMs中NF-κB与CYLD的表达活性均呈负相关(r=-0.708,r=-0.481,均P<0.05)。结论:PDTC可能通过抑制NF-κB的活化从而诱导ANP大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡,并增强NF-κB负性调控因子CYLD的表达,进而减轻肺损伤。