聚乙二醇修饰牛胰核糖核酸酶

采用N-羟基珀酰亚胺活化酯法活化单甲氧基聚乙二醇,测定了聚乙二醇（PEG）的活化度为86.2%。以活化的PEG对牛胰核糖核酸酶进行化学修饰;分析了蛋白质被修饰程度。用毛细管电泳法给出了被修饰蛋白的修饰度与修饰蛋白分布的定量结果。比较了被修饰产物对大分子底物(酵母RNA)与小分子底物（2',3'-环磷酸胞嘧啶）的降解活力,其表观酶活力分别保留了52.8%和66.3%。结合毛细管电泳定量分析得到的修正酶活力略低于表观酶活力。     

聚二醇修饰牛胰核糖核酸酶

采用N－羟基珀酰亚胺活化酯法活化单甲氧基聚乙二醇,测定了乙二醇（PEG）的活化度为86．2％。以活化的PEG对牛胰核糖核酸酶进行化学修饰;分析了蛋白质被修饰程度。用毛细管电泳法给出了被修饰蛋白的修饰度与修饰蛋白分布的定量结果。比较了被修饰产物对大分子底物（酵母RNA）与小分子底物（2‘,3‘－环磷酸胞嘧啶）的降解活力,其表观酶活力分别保留了52．8％和66．3％。结合毛细管电泳定量分析得到的修正酶活力略低于表观酶活力。     

重组L-门冬酰胺酶的聚乙二醇化学修饰及修饰后酶的稳定性研究

目的单甲氧基聚乙二醇 (mPEG)化学修饰大肠杆菌重组L 门冬酰胺酶 (L ASP) ,考察经过修饰的酶的稳定性。方法N 羟基琥珀酰亚胺 (NHS)活化酯法活化mPEG ,生成的单甲氧基聚乙二醇琥珀酰琥珀酸亚胺酯 (SS mPEG)按不同摩尔比例与L ASP偶联 ,确定适合的反应时间和反应pH值。通过聚乙二醇化学修饰后的酶 (L ASP PEG) ,酶活力和纯度通过奈氏法和丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS PAGE)检测 ,高效液相色谱检测L ASP PEG相对分子质量并考察了L ASP PEG体外稳定性等。结果SDS PAGE显示mPEG已经偶联到L ASP分子上 ,以两者摩尔比 1 0∶1为最佳 ,反应pH条件为 8.5 ,获得的L ASP PEG平均比活单位为 6 4 .8IU/mg ,相对分子质量为 30 1 80 0 ,体外稳定性高于L ASP。结论此实验确定了mPEG化学修饰L ASP最佳反应条件为 2 5℃反应 30min ,两者投料摩尔比为 1 0∶1 ,获得的L ASP PEG比L ASP稳定性高     

单甲氧基聚乙二醇5000修饰胶原酶的初步研究

为解决胶原酶免疫原性，采用经氯甲酸对硝基苯酯活化的单甲氧基乙二醇来修饰胶原酶。每个酶分子接上４￣５个单甲氧基聚乙二醇分子，可保持原有酶活力的４５％以上。     

聚乙二醇对溶菌酶和粒细胞集落刺激因子的初步化学修饰

目的考察聚乙二醇 (PEG)修饰对溶菌酶和粒细胞集落刺激因子 (G CSF)活性的影响。方法以不同方法活化的PEG修饰溶菌酶 ,通过正交试验和单因素考察确定合适的修饰条件 ;溶菌酶活力测定采用溶壁小球菌法 ,抗原性测定采用试管沉淀法 ;G CSF活性测定以小鼠血浆中中性粒细胞数目增殖情况反映。结果当偶联上一个PEG分子时 ,溶菌酶的活性保留 13% ,抗原性显著减弱 ;G CSF经PEG修饰后对小鼠中性粒细胞数目的增加有显著促进作用 ,且作用时间明显延长。结论PEG修饰对G CSF血循环半衰期的延长有显著作用     

蚯蚓纤溶酶化学修饰的研究

以三聚氰氯为活化剂，采用活化聚乙二醇(PEG)对环毛蚯蚓纤溶酶进行化学修饰，优化了修饰条件，得到了PEG-EFE的加合物(修饰酶)，并研究了PEG-EFE的部分酶学性质。修饰酶的活力为天然酶的85％，结果表明酶的活性中心基本保持不变。对修饰酶的残留氨基测定表明，70％的可滴定氨基参加了反应，且EFE的活性改变较小，可以推测PEG是连接在蛋白质表面上的。     

单甲氧基聚乙二醇修饰L-门冬酰胺酶的研究

用一种单甲氧基聚乙二醇修饰剂修饰L-门冬酰胺酶，初步确定了最佳修饰条件，应用阴离子交换色谱和分子筛色谱分离纯化得到单修饰产物，酶活性回收率在40％以上，修饰产物的稳定性提高，免疫原性显著下降。     

聚乙二醇修饰聚酰胺-胺的合成、表征及其人角膜上皮细胞毒性

目的:研究不同相对分子质量聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰不同代数树枝状大分子聚酰胺-胺(PAM-AM)得到的产物,测定其对人体角膜上皮细胞(HCECs)的毒性。方法:采用硝基苯氯甲酸酯(p-NPC)将单甲氧基聚乙二醇(mPEG,相对分子质量为750,2 000,5 000)活化成PEG碳酸酯,对第4,5代PAMAM大分子进行修饰;目标产物用FT-IR、1H-NMR进行结构表征;采用WST-8法考察PEG修饰对PAMAM的人角膜上皮细胞(HCECs)毒性的影响。结果:PAMAM经较低浓度PEG修饰后,对HCECs的毒性减弱不明显,经较高浓度PEG修饰后,对HCECs减毒明显减弱,不同相对分子质量的PEG修饰对PAMAM的减毒作用无明显差异。结论:经PEG修饰后,可以降低PAMAM对HCECs的毒性,作为新型眼部给药载体具有良好的前景。     

聚乙二醇修饰超氧化物歧化酶的研究

以氰尿酰氯活化单甲氧基聚乙二醇（ＭＰＥＧ Ｍｒ５０００）对猪血Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ进行修饰，制得ＭＰＥＧ２－ＳＯＤ。产物的酶活性保持８２．０％，期半衰期比修饰前延长至７．６倍，在动物脑中的ＳＯＤ活性较高。修饰ＳＯＤ抗炎活性增强，抗原性降低，稳定性提高。     

蚯蚓纤溶酶的药用淀粉化学修饰

用活化的药用淀粉对蚯蚓纤溶酶进行化学修饰 ,并筛选优化了化学修饰条件。其中以 1mg/ml的淀粉二醛对相同体积的酶液 (酶的比活力为 390U/mg蛋白质 ;底物为酪蛋白 )进行修饰 ,于4℃反应 2h ,制备的修饰酶效果最佳。实验结果表明 ,修饰酶的Kmapp(底物为碱性氨基酸的酯 )为 8.6 9× 10 5mg/ml,较原酶降低了近 2倍 ,修饰酶的反应最适 pH值为 8.6 ,原酶为 7.2 ;原酶和修饰酶的反应最适温度均为5 5℃。     

弹性蛋白酶化学修饰的研究

本文用溴化氰活化的右旋糖酐对弹性蛋白酶进行共价修饰,以改变其若干性质,使之更有利于应用。结果表明,修饰酶不仅完全保留了天然酶的活性,而且在耐热性、耐酸性、抗胃蛋白酶水解能力上,都明显地优于天然酶。修饰酶较天然酶稳定,有较高的应用价值。     

Chemical modification of hyaluronidase regulates its inhibition by heparin.

Chemical modification of surface amino groups of bovine testicular hyaluronidase with aldehyde dextran was conducted. It was found that with the increase of modification degree of hyaluronidase amino groups the value of residual enzymatic catalytic activity is decreased rather monotonously. It turned out that the value of inhibition of enzyme activity by heparin considerably depends on modification degree of enzyme. This dependence is of a threshold character. Sharp conformational changes in the enzyme occurring at 70-90% degree of its modification considerably lowers heparin inhibition. The higher the degree of hyaluronidase modification, the weaker its inhibition by heparin. More completely/deeply modified derivatives of hyaluronidase (modification degree 96-100%) are practically not inhibited by heparin. Thus, chemical conjugation of hyaluronidase with aldehyde dextran regulates the value of enzyme inhibition by heparin. Hyaluronidase modification becomes an informative tool to study the mechanism of inhibition of its enzyme activity and an efficient means for the development of new therapeutic preparations improving tissue permeability during cardiovascular injuries.     

Control of pharmaceutical properties of soybean trypsin inhibitor by conjugation with dextran. I: Synthesis and characterization

The Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), a model protein, was conjugated with dextran (Mw, approximately 9900; STI-D), and its physicochemical and biochemical properties were studied to develop a novel delivery system for a protein drug. Conjugation was carried out using periodate oxidation, and cyanogen bromide, carbodiimide, cyanuric chloride, epichlorhydrin, and N-succiniimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) reagent methods. Dextran was conjugated to STI at a molar ratio of 1.5 to 4.6, but the degree of modification, as well as yield and contamination extent of unreacted STI and dextran, varied with the method of synthesis. Gel filtration and electrophoresis confirmed the covalent attachment of dextran to STI but also demonstrated the broad molecular weight distribution of the conjugates. The STI-D conjugate retained satisfactory activity, although the attachment partially reduced its inhibitory activity against trypsin. The periodate oxidation method seemed to be the best for the preparation of STI-D since it gave the conjugate with a high modification ratio (4.6 molecules per STI), high yield (95%), and satisfactory activity recovery (63%). Chemical modification of STI was also carried out with activated polyethylene glycol (PEG) for comparison. The STI-PEG conjugate was obtained in a satisfactory yield (96%) and modification degree (5.8 molecules per STI), but the remaining activity was considerably lower (34%). Thus, conjugation of protein with dextran by the periodate oxidation method is suggested to be preferable for preparing a protein-carrier system without significant diminution of its biological activity.     

Critical role of sulfenic acid formation of thiols in the inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by nitric oxide.

The relationship between possible modifications of the thiol groups of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by nitric oxide (NO) and modified enzyme activity was examined. There are 16 free thiols, including 4 active site thiols, in a tetramer of GAPDH molecule. NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) decreased the number of free thiols with a concomitant inhibition of GAPDH activity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After treatment for 30 min, free thiols were maximally decreased to 8-10 per GAPDH tetramer and enzyme activity was also inhibited to 5-10% of control activity. In the presence of 30 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), these effects were completely blocked. Since similar results were obtained in the case of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment, which is known to oxidize the thiols, these effects of nitric oxide donors were probably due to modification of thiol groups present in a GAPDH molecule. On the other hand, DTT posttreatment after the treatment of GAPDH with SNP, SNAP, or H2O2 did not completely restore the modified thiols and the inhibited enzyme activity. DTT posttreatment after the 30-min-treatment with these agents restored free thiols to 14 in all treatments. In the case of SNAP treatment, all 4 active sites were restored and enzyme activity reached more than 80% of the control activity, but in two other cases one active site remained modified and enzyme activity was restored to about only 20%. Therefore, all 4 free thiols in the active site seem to be very important for full enzyme activity. DTT posttreatment in the presence of sodium arsenite, which is known to reduce sulfenic acid to thiol, almost completely restored both thiol groups and enzyme activity. These findings suggest that nitric oxide inhibits GAPDH activity by modifications of the thiols which are essential for this activity, and that the modification includes formation of sulfenic acid, which is not restored by DTT. S-nitrosylation, which is one type of thiol modification by NO, occurred when GAPDH was treated with SNAP but not SNP. Analysis of thiol modification showed that SNAP preferentially nitrosylated the active site thiols, the nitrosylation of which fully disappeared by DTT posttreatment. It seems that SNAP nitrosylates the active site thiols of GAPDH to prevent these thiols from oxidizing to sulfenic acid.     

Metabolic activation of 2-methylfuran by rat microsomal systems

2-Methylfuran (2-MF), a constituent of cigarette smoke and coffee, causes necrosis of liver, lungs, and kidneys in rodents. 2-MF is metabolically activated by mixed-function oxidases to acetylacrolein, a reactive metabolite that binds covalently to microsomal protein. The hepatic microsomal metabolism of 2-MF to reactive metabolite required the presence of NADPH and oxygen and was dependent on incubation time and substrate concentration. The microsomal metabolism of 2-MF was inducible by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital and was inhibited by piperonyl butoxide and N-octyl imidazole, which indicates that the metabolism of 2-MF may be mediated by cytochrome P-450. Acetylacrolein was a potent inhibitor of mixed-function oxidase and completely inhibited the microsomal metabolism of 2-MF, indicating that 2-MF is a suicide substrate for the enzyme. The sulfhydryl nucleophile cysteine was a better trapping agent of the reactive metabolite of 2-MF than N-acetylcysteine or glutathione. Lysine decreased the covalent binding of 2-MF metabolites, presumably by reacting with the aldehyde group of acetylacrolein. In addition, in the presence of NADPH, 2-MF was bioactivated by both pulmonary and renal cortical microsomes to reactive metabolites that were covalently bound to microsomal proteins.     

Nitroaryl phosphoramides as novel prodrugs for E. coli nitroreductase activation in enzyme prodrug therapy

Cyclic and acyclic nitroaryl phosphoramide mustard analogues were activated by E. coli nitroreductase, an enzyme explored in GDEPT. The more active acyclic 4-nitrobenzyl phosphoramide mustard (7) showed 167 500x selective cytotoxicity toward nitroreductase-expressing V79 cells with an IC(50) as low as 0.4 nM. This is about 100x more active and 27x more selective than CB1954 (1). The superior activity was attributed to its better substrate activity (k(cat)/K(m) 19x better than 1) and/or excellent cytotoxicity of phosphoramide mustard released.     

毛蚶超氧化物歧化酶的纯化、部分性质与修饰

经热变性 硫酸铵分级沉淀,微量铜离子溶液秀析,Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤和DE－52柱层析,从毛蚶中分离纯化铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（Cu,Zn-SOD),并对其是化性质进行分析鉴定,实验结果获得该 比活力为5294．1U／mg,提纯倍数为885．9,该酶对KCNM和H2O2敏感,而suchihashi液对酶活性没影响,对热较稳定,紫外吸收峰城260nm处,聚丙烯酰凝胶电泳蛋白带与活性带相对应,该酶是由2个相同亚基组成的二聚体,分子量为28．8kD,每个亚其含有一原子铜和一原子锌,经右旋糖甙修饰后抗胃蛋白酶水解的能力增强。     

Batch purification of high-purity lysozyme from egg white and characterization of the enzyme modified by PEGylation

PEGylation is one of the most promising and extensively studied strategies for improving the pharmacological properties of proteins as well as their physical and thermal stability. Purified lysozyme obtained from hen egg white by batch mode was modified by PEGylation with methoxypolyethyleneglycol succinimidyl succinato (mPEG-SS, MW 5000). The conjugates produced retained full enzyme activity with the substrate glycol chitosan, independent of degree of enzyme modification, although lysozyme activity with the substrate Micrococcus lysodeikticus was altered according to the degree of modification. The conjugate with a low degree of modification by mPEG-SS retained 67% of its enzyme activity with the M. lysodeikticus substrate. The mPEG-SS was also shown to be a highly reactive polymer. The effects of pH and temperature on PEGylated lysozymes indicated that the conjugate was active over a wide pH range and was stable up to 50°C. This conjugate also showed resistance to proteolytic degradation, remained stable in human serum, and displayed greater antimicrobial activity than native lysozyme against Gram-negative bacteria.