南京地区52家医院2014～2016年糖皮质激素用药情况分析

摘 要 目的：了解2014～2016年糖皮质激素类药物在南京52家医院中的应用情况,评估其现状和趋势。方法：利用Stata软件对南京市52家医院应用糖皮质激素类药物的销售金额、用量、用药频度（DDDs）等进行统计分析。结果：2014～2016年糖皮质激素类药物销售金额逐年上升,年增长率分别为11.6%和9.7%。连续3年销售金额排名前10位的短效糖皮质激素约占60%,中效糖皮质激素约占22%。所有药物中吸入剂销售金额最多,其次为注射剂、片剂和乳膏剂。醋酸泼尼松片、地塞米松磷酸钠注射液和甲泼尼龙片DDDs连续3年居首位,与2014年相比地塞米松磷酸钠注射液和甲泼尼龙片DDDs分别下降5.9%和6.3%。结论：糖皮质激素类药物在南京地区医院应用广泛,其中金额占比较大的是短效吸入用糖皮质激素,临床最常用的是醋酸泼尼松片,长效地塞米松使用下降,临床选择中效口服制剂时更倾向于选择醋酸泼尼松片。     

北京市85家二、三级公立医院心血管类原研药与仿制药利用分析

摘 要 目的：以心血管类药物为例,分析原研药和仿制药在公立医院的销售量、销售价格和销售金额,为促进仿制药的使用提供证据支持和提出政策建议。方法：从国家食品药品监督管理总局南方医药经济研究所医药数据库及北京市医药阳光采购综合管理平台提取数据,选择其中包含的北京市全部公立医院（共计85家二级和三级医院）的11种心血管类药物,分析2015年每种药物的原研药和仿制药销售量占比、销售金额占比、价格比和仿制药替代原研药的潜在费用节省率。结果：11种目标心血管类药物原研药与仿制药的平均销售金额占比分别为81.07%和18.93%;平均销售量占比分别为74.68%和25.32%;价格比在1.01~5.77之间,价格比平均值为2.09,中位数为1.61;仿制药替代原研药潜在可节省费用总计4.10亿元,费用节省率达59.21%。结论：11种目标心血管类药物的仿制药2015年在北京市二、三级公立医院中占有的市场份额很少。在公立医院中以质量和疗效有保障的仿制药替代原研药将节约大量药品费用。建议加快仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价,增强公众对仿制药质量和疗效的信心,以便尽快建立仿制药替代制度,通过医保支付配套政策鼓励仿制药的采购、处方和使用,以节省医药费用支出     

2010～2012年南京地区34家医院抗抑郁药利用情况调查

摘 要 目的:了解南京地区抗抑郁药应用的情况及趋势。方法： 采用回顾性调查方法,对南京地区34家医院2010~2012年抗抑郁药的主要品种、销售金额、用量和生产厂家等情况进行统计分析。结果：3年中南京地区抗抑郁药的销售金额逐年上升,选择性5 羟色胺再摄取抑制药占销售金额比重最大,购药金额构成比例为70.62%、68.72%、69.07%。选择性5 羟色胺再摄取抑制药各年的用药频度（DDDs）构成比较高,分别为72.25%,70.74%,71.72%。2012年DDDs居于前3位的分别是帕罗西丁、舍曲林和文拉法辛。结论：抗抑郁药在临床治疗中发挥越来越重要的作用,南京地区使用抗抑郁药的结构和层次相对合理,基本符合我国目前抗抑郁药的发展现状。     

盐城地区医疗机构基本药物合理使用情况分析

摘 要 目的：对盐城地区21家综合医疗机构的基本药物合理使用情况进行回顾性分析,以促进基本药物的合理使用。方法：随机抽取盐城地区21家综合医疗机构2015年10月～2016年9月的住院病历,对基本药物的种类、名称、剂型、用法用量、金额等进行调查,并依据药品说明书、诊疗指南等对基本药物的合理使用情况进行评价分析。 结果：共抽取一、二、三级医疗机构住院病历217,761,570份,其基本药物使用率分别为100.0%,97.1%,96.8%。各级医疗机构单个病例平均基本药物使用种数为（8.2±4.0）,（6.8±3.9）,（6.5±4.1）种,基本药物金额占药品金额比例分别为（92.9±20.9）%,（28.0±29.6）%,（19.7±21.5）%。一级医疗机构中药制剂类和头孢菌素类抗菌药物使用率较高;二级医疗机构中药制剂类和水、电解质平衡调节药使用率较高;三级医疗机构肾上腺皮质激素类药物和胃肠解痉药及胃动力药使用率较高。基本药物不合理使用问题主要体现在头孢菌素类药物、中药制剂类等药物用法用量不适宜方面。结论：盐城地区基本药物使用中仍存在一些问题,合理用药水平尚需提高。     

我院重点监控药品监管前后合理用药指标变化

摘 要 目的：加强监管医院重点监控的药品,在新医改形势下降低药品费用,提升临床用药管理水平。方法：通过制定医院重点监控药品目录、药师监控全方位覆盖、结合医保每日点评、三级培训、厂家约谈、停药公示、目录优化调整、信息化管控、绩效考核等措施建立重点监控药品合理使用长效管理体系,并对我院建立重点监控药品监管前（2017年5月）与监管后（2018年5月）药占比、重点监控药品占比、基本药物使用比例、重点监控药品不合理用药比例、销售金额前10位药品排序进行统计分析。结果：与监管前比较,监管后我院药占比从45.52%降至32.46%,降幅为28.69%;重点监控药品占比的降幅为37.03%,不合理用药比例的降幅为41.35%;抗菌药物使用强度的降幅为11.6%;基本药物使用比例的增幅为6.64%;人均住院用药品种数量从8.17种降至6.96种,降幅为14.81%;销售金额前10位药品中出现了临床治疗指南推荐的治疗用药。结论：医院应结合院内用药特点、当地重点监控药品监管办法及医保政策从停药、针对性的医师处方权限制、信息化监管、重点监控药品目录调整、合理用药点评及培训等环节进行相应监管,从而促进重点监控药品的监控管理,降低药占比,提高合理用药水平。     

某中心皮肤科外用制剂利用情况调查

摘 要 目的：了解皮肤科外用制剂的使用情况和剂型结构。方法：对该中心2010～2011年皮肤科外用制剂品种、数量和金额数据进行分析。结果：乳膏剂、贴剂、溶液剂3个剂型用量占皮肤科外用制剂总用量的91.32%,其用药金额占皮肤科外用制剂总用药金额的83.07%;用量排序前10位的品种用量占皮肤科外用制剂总用量的86.38%;用药金额排序前10位的品种用药金额占皮肤科外用制剂总用药金额的90.17%;皮肤科外用制剂以含激素类、激素+抗菌药、抗真菌类3类为主体,占皮肤科外用制剂总用量的86.47%。结论：该中心皮肤科外用制剂剂型多样,应用范围广,基本满足皮肤病患者的用药需求。     

我院外科病房质子泵抑制药使用调查

摘 要 目的:了解质子泵抑制药在外科病房的使用情况并评价其用药合理性。方法：通过医院HIS系统统计我院外科住院患者2014年7～12月质子泵抑制药的使用情况,包括品种、数量、金额等,并计算各品种用药频度（DDDs）、限定日费用（DDC）等,同时按10%比例随机抽取病历进行合理性点评,并分析与用药趋势的相关性。结果：6个月中使用频度、金额均排第一的是注射用兰索拉唑;467 份使用质子泵抑制药的外科病历中,以预防溃疡为目的的占80.9%,其中无指征用药占比61.7%;给药途径、用法用量和用药疗程不合理的比例分别为60.9%、20.1%和18.4%,且用药频度、金额排序靠前的品种出现不合理用药的比例越多。结论：外科使用质子泵抑制药随意性较大,存在不合理使用现象,有必要制定使用规范,加强监督管理,促进合理用药。     

972例阿片类药物不良反应/事件的回顾性研究

摘 要 目的：研究阿片类药物所致不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）发生的特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2007年1月～2018年6月湖北省药品（医疗器械）不良反应监测中心收集的972例阿片类药物所致ADR/ADE,从患者性别、年龄、ADR/ADE发生时间、给药途径、临床表现及转归等方面进行统计分析。结果：972例ADR/ADE报告的患者男女比例为1 ∶1.20;51～70岁患者构成比较高;ADR/ADE主要发生在用药后24 h以内（66.46%）;主要临床表现为胃肠系统损害（38.96%）、中枢及外周神经系统损害（21.87%）、皮肤及其附件损害（10.46%）、全身性损害（9.23%）、呼吸系统损害（4.51%）,其中严重ADR/ADE构成比为10.49%。阿片类药物所致ADR/ADE的给药途径以静脉注射（34.57%）和口服给药（32.51%）为主。结论：阿片类药物可引起严重ADR/ADE,临床用药时需加强监测,提高用药安全性。     

2014~2016年杭州地区11家医院肺癌患者铂类药物的应用分析

摘 要 目的：分析2014~2016年杭州地区11家医院肺癌患者使用铂类药物的情况,为铂类药物的临床合理应用提供依据。方法: 抽取杭州地区11家医院肺癌患者2014~2016年每年40天铂类药物的医嘱数据,分析不同种类铂类药物的使用金额、用药频度（DDDs）、限定日费用（DDC）及药物利用指数（DUI）等指标。结果: 2014~2016年铂类药物的销售总金额呈下降趋势,与2014年相比,2016年铂类药物的销售总金额下降了6.64%,使用金额最高的是卡铂,其次是顺铂和奈达铂;DDDs居首位的是顺铂,卡铂和奈达铂分别排在第二、三位;铂类药物的DDC值与DDDs相反,顺铂的DDC最低,DDC较低的还有卡铂和奈达铂;奈达铂的DUI稍低于1（0.84~0.89）,其他4种铂类药物的DUI接近1。结论: 杭州地区11家医院2014~2016年肺癌患者铂类药物的使用金额稍有下降,安全有效、DDC较低的铂类药物在临床使用中占优势。     

肾上腺素联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗儿童急性喉炎疗效观察

摘 要 目的： 对比肾上腺素联合布地奈德雾化吸入与地塞米松雾化吸入治疗儿童急性喉炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法: 68例急性喉炎患儿随机分成两组,均给予常规综合治疗,在此基础上,对照组30例予地塞米松雾化吸入;观察组38例予肾上腺素联合布地奈德雾化吸入。观察两组患儿治疗12,24,72 h临床效果、临床症状体征消失时间及药品不良反应。结果: 观察组患儿治疗12,24,72 h后临床效果均显著优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗72 h,观察组治愈率为71.05%,明显高于对照组的56.67%(P<0.05)。观察组临床症状体征消失时间均显著早于对照组(P<0.05);两组患儿均未见明显药品不良反应。结论: 肾上腺素联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗儿童急性喉炎临床效果优于地塞米松雾化吸入,能迅速改善患儿临床症状体征,且安全性好,值得临床推广应用。     

Interactions among the cannabinoids in the antagonism of the abdominal constriction response in the mouse

The ability of ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), 11-OH THC and 8,11-diOH THC to antagonise the abdominal constriction response in the mouse induced by formic acid, phenylquinone, 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) and bradykinin was tested. THC was an effective antagonist against all nociceptive agents with an ED₅₀ in all cases between 1.0 and 2.6 mg/kg. CBN, while also effective against all nociceptive agents, was less potent than THC, with an ED₅₀ range between 46.2 and 112.5 mg/kg. CBD in doses as high as 200 mg/kg was without effect. Using PGE₁ as the nociceptive agent, 11-OH THC was equipotent to THC while 8,11-diOH THC was inactive. Naloxone, while able to antagonise the antinociceptive effect of morphine against formic acid-induced writhing, did not reverse the antinociceptive effects of THC. There were no pharmacological interactions between THC, CBD and CBN.     

女性医务人员健康状况的研究

目的探讨女性医务人员健康状况的特点。方法对2877例医院工作人员健康查体资料进行统计学分析。结果①女性医务人员中,41.0%的人员患有不同类型的疾病,略高于男性患病率（36.8%）,二者差异有统计学意义（P=0.029）;②女性医务人员高脂血症为31.9%（212/665）,低于男性（65.9%,274/416）;③脂肪肝患病率女性（32.6%,181/556）,亦低于男性（45.9%,151/329）;④女性相关疾病中,乳腺疾病和子宫肌瘤的患病率分别为4.8%和3.4%;而宫颈糜烂为20.2%;⑤女性医务人员高血糖为11.0%（77/702）,高血压为4.6%（56/1229）。结论女性医务人员中妇科与乳腺疾病是健康体检的重点,代谢性疾病也应加以关注。     

人文关怀在手术室护理中的应用

目的探讨在手术室护理中人文关怀的作用。方法将2012年5月至2012年11月200例手术患者随机分为两组,对照组100例,采取术前、术中常规护理,观察组100例,在对照组的基础上给予患者人文关怀,对比两组护理满意度及疗效。结果对照组各项指标满意度低于实验组(P<0.05),与对照组比较,实验组的住院时间明显缩短,痛苦小,并发症发生率低,P<0.05,差异均有统计学意义。结论 "以人为本"的人文关怀理念应用于手术室中,可充分提高护理质量及患者的满意度。     

Role of the liver in the disposition of intravenous nitroglycerin in the rat

Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the main site of nitroglycerin (NTG) elimination when the drug is systematically infused. To examine this hypothesis, we measured the apparent systemic clearance (Cls) of nitroglycerin in anesthesized rats receiving a constant intravenous infusion at a dose of 100 micrograms per kg per min. Animals were divided into shunt and sham groups; the former had undergone a portal vein ligation 10 days prior to the study, while the latter was subjected to a sham operation. On the study day, half of the animals of each group also received probenecid at 200 mg/kg, i.v., a drug previously reported to inhibit organic nitrate ester reductase (ONER) activity in rat liver. Arterial NTG samples were obtained at 41, 43 and 45 min of infusion in all four experimental groups; Cls was 439 +/- 32 ml per kg per min (mean +/- S.E.) in sham, 460 +/- 44 in sham and probenecid, 477 +/- 39 in shunt, and 461 +/- 34 in shunt and probenecid animals. During NTG infusion, hepatic blood flow (measured with a constant infusion of indocyanine green) was decreased markedly in shunted rats as was liver/body weight, indicating hepatic atrophy. The specific activity of hepatic ONER was similar in all four groups. In spite of marked differences in hepatic blood flow and hepatic mass, the Cls was similar in all four groups. The liver does not appear to be a major site for the elimination of systemic nitroglycerin as hitherto assumed.     

Adenosine mechanisms in the regulation of breathing in the rat

The central respiratory effects of various adenosine (A) analogues were studied in halothane-anesthetized rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the A analogues (2-Cla, L-PIA, CHA and NECA) reduced minute ventilation (VE) due to decreases in respiratory frequency (f) as well as tidal volume (VT). Dose-dependent effects were seen after i.c.v. L-PIA in both normal and vagotomized rats. Analysis of the A-induced changes using the occluded breath technique revealed an increase in expiratory time (TE) as well as a decrease in inspiratory drive. NECA, a relatively specific A2 agonist seemed to be somewhat more potent in eliciting respiratory depression than a relatively specific A1 agonist like L-PIA. Pretreatment with the methylxanthine theophylline completely antagonized the respiratory depression induced by L-PIA. It is concluded that central A receptors are involved in the central regulation of breathing and that A interacts with the respiratory control system mainly by decreasing inspiratory neural drive and prolonging expiratory time.     

Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia in the neonate

Jaundice is a common cause for diagnostic works-up and therapeutic intervention in neonates. This is motivated by the risk for severe neurological sequelae (kernicterus). The mainstays of treatment for the past decades have been exchange transfusion and phototherapy. Exchange transfusion is now becoming rare due to immune prophylaxis in Rhesus-negative women, and treatment of sensitised infants with intravenous immunoglobulin. Several different pharmacological approaches have been studied as far as the treatment of neonatal jaundice. Of these, the focus of attention in recent years has been on the haem oxygenase inhibitors (metal meso- and protoporphyrins). These are effective inhibitors of bilirubin production and have been shown to significantly reduce peak serum bilirubin levels in several clinical trials, both when used prophylactically and therapeutically. However, questions remain regarding long-term safety, as well as the advisability of whole-scale inhibition of bilirubin production. Nevertheless, in selected infants with a high risk of severe jaundice, the use of haem oxygenase inhibitors may be acceptable. Pharmacotherapy in jaundiced infants is fraught with risks, as many drugs may increase the entry of bilirubin into the brain and presumably, the risk for neurotoxicity. Both the displacement of bilirubin from its albumin binding and interference with the function of phosphoglycoprotein in the blood–brain barrier are documented mechanisms in this respect.     

Serotonin in the control of the sleep-like states in frogs

It has been established that brain serotonin (5-HT) is involved in the control of behavioral phenomena in amphibians. The transition of frogs from active wakefulness to sleep-like states was accompanied by alteration of brain 5-HT metabolism, i.e., in sleep-like state with plastic muscle tone 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) level was reduced and in sleep-like state with rigid muscle tone both brain 5-HIAA and 5-HT were decreased. An experimental decrease of brain 5-HT level by inhibition of its biosynthesis by p-chlorophenylalanine (200 mg/kg) induced the sleep-like state of catatonic type, i.e., the state which was characterized by lowered brain 5-HT.     

Piracetam in the treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly

Reisberg, B., S.H. Ferris, M.K. Schneck, J. Corwin, P. Mir, E. Friedman, K.A. Sherman, M. McCarthy, and R.T. Bartus : Piracetam in the treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Drug Dev. Res. 2: 475–480, 1982. Piracetam (Nootropil, 2-oxopyrrolidone acetamide) has been extensively investigated for the treatment of cognitive impairment. Initial studies on normal subjects and patients with mild or moderate cognitive decline have been somewhat encoruaging. Accordingly, we conducted a further evaluation of the effects of piracetam in the treatment of elderly outpatients 60 to 85 years of age with mild to moderate memory impairment consistent with a diagnosis of Primary Degenerative Dementia (PDD). In our first study, we examined the effects of piracetam in 20 patients. All patients received 7.2 g of piracetam and placebo for 4 weeks in accordance with a double-blind, randomized treatment order, crossover design with 1-week washout periods prior to each crossover period. Hence, the total study period for each patient was 10 weeks (1-4-1-4). An analysis of 43 psychometric measures revealed significant improvement (P < 0.05) in only three measures, all favoring the treatment condition. Recent findings support a rationale for examining the effects of piracetam in conjunction with cholinergic precursors in patients with cognitive decline. In our second study we conducted a 1-week open trial of 1.6 g of piracetam t.i.d. in conjunction with 3 g of choline cholride t.i.d. in 15 patients. Four patients were rated as clinically improved. These “responders” were all subjects with moderate cognitive impairment. The responders showed much higher RBC choline levels than the nonresponders, both at baseline and during treatment. We conclude that the present evidence indicates that the effects of piracetam treatment alone in elderly outpatients with mild to moderate congnitive decline are subtle and not of proven clinical significance. However, studies of longer duration and of piracetam in combination with other agents may eventually show genuine clinical utility.     

上海市社区卫生服务中心医务人员伦理学知识调查及建议

目的:调查上海社区卫生服务中心医务人员的伦理学知识认知情况.方法:采取分层抽样方式,于2016年6—8月对上海市245家社区卫生服务中心的7552名医务人员进行问卷调查.结果:医务人员对伦理学知识非常了解、基本了解、了解很少和完全不了解的人数分别为536人(7.1%)、5411人(71.7%)、1536人(20.3%)和69人(0.9%).不同岗位、职称、学历的医务人员之间存在着明显的伦理学知识认知差距.结论:上海社区卫生服务中心医务人员的伦理学知识了解程度仍有待提高,需加强伦理学知识的学习和应用.