十二碳二元酸菌种发酵工艺优化

目的 以热带假丝酵母菌为试验菌株,通过发酵工艺优化,提高菌种发酵产酸量。方法 对发酵培养基中碳源和氮源等成分进行优化,同时研究了种龄、发酵培养温度、摇瓶转速、发酵接种量、发酵瓶装量和发酵pH值对发酵产酸量的影响。结果 发酵培养最适碳源为2 g/L蔗糖,最适氮源为3 g/L酵母浸膏,菌体发酵在28℃,200 r/min,25 mL/250 mL装量,以15%接种量条件下培养,发酵pH值调至7.0～7.5时,十二碳二元酸平均产量可达到130 g/L。结论 对发酵培养基碳氮源成分进行优化、发酵工艺进行优化,发酵产酸量提高至130 g/L。同时发酵培养基中添加氯化钠和硫酸镁后,均不利于菌种产酸。     

土曲霉菌株LOV0305033产生洛伐他汀的发酵条件研究

本文通过对土曲霉菌株LOV0305033的碳氮源和发酵参数的研究发现:甘油为最佳碳源,浓度为120g·L-1时洛伐他汀产量最高;大豆粉为最佳氮源,用量为30g·L-1时,产量最高;最佳发酵条件:温度为27℃,起始pH为6.0,接种量为15%,装液量为20%。     

ECO-0501产生菌的发酵条件优化

优化东方拟无枝酸菌(Amycolatopsis orientalis)dA9发酵制备ECO-0501的工艺条件,包括种龄、初始pH、培养温度、碳氮源种类等,并通过正交试验优化发酵培养基的组成。在30℃、种龄3d、接种量8%、发酵4d的条件下,摇瓶发酵单位达115mg/L,比优化前提高了约60%。     

海洋放线菌Streptomyces parvulus OUCMDZ-2554产放线菌素D的发酵条件优化

目的 对海洋放线菌Streptomyces parvulus OUCMDZ-2554产放线菌素D的发酵条件进行优化,提高放线菌素D的产量。方法 对培养基的组成、种龄、接种量、温度、装液量、pH、盐度和发酵时间等条件的研究,通过单因素和正交试验,选择最优发酵条件;并通过波谱分析及其理化性质确定放线菌素D结构。结果 最佳培养基为：K2HPO4 1.5 g、MgSO4 0.5 g、酵母浸膏5 g、可溶性淀粉22.5 g、陈海水1000 mL;最佳发酵条件：装液量150/500 mL（v/v）、种龄4天、接种量5%、盐度3%、起始pH 7.5、发酵温度28℃、摇床（180转每分）发酵12天。结论 以最佳发酵条件发酵,优化后放线菌素D的产量为优化前的3.6倍,达到364 mg/L。     

海洋弧菌B2817合成抗肿瘤活性物质条件的研究

目的为了提高海洋弧菌B2817抗肿瘤活性物质的产量。方法对其发酵条件进行优化,包括对发酵培养基的组成、初始pH值,培养温度,装液量,种龄和接种量等条件的研究。结果发现其最佳培养基为:葡萄糖15g.L-1、甘油5g.L-1,蛋白胨10g.L-1,黄豆粉5g.L-1,未纯化的日晒海盐30g.L-1,pH6.0~6.5。最佳培养条件:29℃,180r.min-1振荡培养;种子液种龄和接种量分别为24h和5%;装液量为150mL(500mL三角瓶中);培养时间为2d。结论在此优化条件下,B2817的生物量为3.0g.L-1,发酵液在稀释400倍后对人肝癌细胞抑制率可达85%。     

何首乌根部分离菌株的鉴定及其培养条件的优化研究

目的 对从何首乌根部土壤筛选出能够缓解何首乌泄下作用的4株菌的培养条件进行优化.方法 4株菌进行单孢子分离后,分别在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)、查氏、麦芽汁培养基上置于28℃的恒温培养箱中培养,逐日观察、记录菌落形态.7～10d后挑取子实体镜检、观察,拍摄菌株菌丝形态,并观察分生孢子.采用正交试验方法,对培养条件进行优化.A为碳源;B为氮源;C为pH;D为温度.结果 这4株菌的编号为FJ001、FJ002、FJ005、FJ006.经形态学鉴定,FJ001为青霉属,FJ002为镰孢菌属,FJ005为根霉属,FJ006为曲霉属.FJ001菌株的最佳培养条件为A1B3C2D3,FJ002菌株的最佳培养条件为A4B1C2D3,FJ005菌株的最佳培养条件为A4B1CD2,FJ006菌株的最佳培养条件为A4B3C2D4.结论 FJ001菌株最佳碳源为大米,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最佳pH为7.0,最佳培养温度为30℃;FJ002菌株最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为土豆,最佳pH为7.0,最佳培养温度为30℃;FJ005菌株最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为大豆、最佳pH为中性偏酸性,最佳培养温度为25℃;FJ006菌株最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最佳pH为7.0,最佳培养温度为35℃.     

姬松茸液体培养工艺条件的研究

研究了各种营养因子对姬松茸深层发酵的影响，确定了合适的碳源，氮源，C／N比，无机盐，生长因子的浓度，在初始pH5.5,250ml摇瓶装液量50ml，接种量15％，温度26℃的培养条件下，姬松茸深层发酵结果最佳，在此基础上进行摇瓶发酵曲线测定，确定了姬松茸适宜发酵周期为108h，发酵液胞外多糖最高可达3.48g/L。     

液态发酵法生产达托霉素的培养条件优化研究

目的 研究液态发酵法生产达托霉素的发酵工艺,提高达托霉素的产量.方法 通过用玫瑰孢链霉菌液态发酵法生产达托霉素的优化实验,对发酵的主要影响因素进行了单因素的试验,并用正交试验对发酵温度、前体量、接种量进行了优化,确定了最佳培养基组成和培养条件.结果 最佳的培养基组成和培养优化条件为:黄豆粉3％、豆粕2％、补前体量50μL、初始pH8.5、接种量0.5％、转速250r/min、装液量80mL/500mL、发酵温度32℃,优化后罐上效价较以前配方提高了近50％.结论 新工艺为达托霉素的工业化大生产打下了良好的基础.     

海洋真菌YS4108抗肿瘤多糖YCP发酵条件的优化

目的寻找优化的摇瓶发酵条件,以提高菌株YS4108抗肿瘤多糖YCP的得率,为工业化发酵生产铺垫。方法采用单因数和正交设计的方法,以YS4108菌丝体得率、粗多糖含量或YCP收获率为指标,优化培养条件和碳源、氮源及无机盐配方。结果该菌最佳摇瓶发酵培养条件为:28℃,初始pH 6.0,120r/min,7 d,1 L摇瓶装液量400 mL;最佳发酵配方为:蔗糖2.5%,玉米粉1%,NaNO30.2%,酵母膏0.2%,KH2PO40.05%,MgSO4.7H2O0.05%,KCl 0.05%,FeSO40.000 1%,人工海水100%。结论该发酵工艺YCP收获率为0.227 2 g/L,为优化前工艺的3.6倍,具有良好的应用前景。     

放射型根瘤菌WSH2601生产辅酶Q10的摇瓶发酵条件

以放射型根瘤菌(Rhizobus radiobacterium，WSH2601)作为辅酶Q10的生产菌株。研究了氮源、碳源、接种量、溶氧、初始pH、发酵温度及添加物等因素对细胞生长与产物辅酶Q10合成的影响。结果表明：玉米浆和酶母膏是较好的氮源。葡萄糖与蔗糖是辅酶Q10发酵的较好的碳源。接种量对辅酶Q10发酵的影响不大．为4％。适宜的初始pH值为7，番茄汁能较好地促进细胞的生长。添加玉料浆、L-甲硫氨酸、番茄汁和异戊醇有利于产辅酶Q10；溶氧对细胞生长与产物辅酶Q10合成的影响较显著．通过正交试验初步确定了发酵条件，碳源为1．5g/d1葡萄糖和2．5g／d1蔗糖混合物。酵母膏0．8g／d1．初始pH值7．每500ml装液量为50ml。最后经综合优化条件，在摇瓶发酵条件下：菌体生长量(以干重计)为13．8g／1，发酵液中辅酶Q10产量达到22．9mg／1，比优化前分别提高34％和53％。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.