多巴反应性肌张力障碍患儿临床特征及基因突变分析（附6例报告）

目的　分析多巴反应性肌张力障碍（DRD）患儿临床及基因突变特点。方法　收集2016年8月至2019年3月于上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心神经内科就诊的6例DRD患儿临床表现、实验室检查及治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果　6例患儿中男2例,女4例,就诊年龄1岁1月龄至11岁5月龄。首发症状多为下肢活动障碍,病情呈进行性进展,就诊时主要症状存在足内翻（3例）、姿势异常（4例）、不自主运动（3例）、痉挛性斜颈（1例）、癫痫样发作（1例）、智力及生长发育落后（1例）;5例具有晨轻暮重特点。6例均行基因检测,5例检测到GCH1基因突变［4例为新发突变,分别为c.131C＞G（p.Ala44Gly）、c.325T＞C（p.Tyr109His）、c.225C＞G（p.Tyr75*）与c.5dupA（p.Lys3Glufs*62）］,1例为TH基因c.698G＞A（p.Arg233His）和c.971_982dup的复合杂合突变,其中c.971_982dup为新发突变。6例均给予美多芭治疗,除1例效果不明显外,其余5例症状均明显好转。3例患儿治疗中出现兴奋、双下肢抖动表现,2例调整药物剂量后症状消失。结论　绝大多数DRD表现为晨轻暮重的肢体活动障碍和（或）步态异常,其临床表型与基因型之间尚无确切对应关系。新发现的4个GCH1突变和1个TH突变丰富了DRD基因突变谱。     

多巴反应性肌张力不全临床研究

目的　研究多巴反应性肌张力不全 (DRD)的临床特点 ,以提高对本病的诊治水平。方法　收集我院一家系 3例及全国报告的所有DRD病例共 5 0例 ,对其临床资料进行综合分析。结果　男 12例 ,女 38例。有阳性家族史 19例。发病年龄 3个月～ 4 5岁 ,其中 <16岁 4 5例。首发症状为步态异常 4 6例。主要表现为下肢运动障碍 5 0例 ,肢体震颤 2 5例 ,构音不清 11例。 33例症状呈晨轻暮重。腱反射亢进 4 1例 ,四肢肌张力增高35例 ,病理征阳性 17例。头颅CT或MRI正常。 5 0例采用小剂量多巴制剂治疗 ,均获显著疗效。结论　DRD诊断主要依据其临床特点 :1.儿童期发病的步态异常 ;2 .伴或不伴帕金森病表现 ;3.症状晨轻暮重 ;4 .小剂量多巴制剂疗效明显。对DRD患者早期治疗 ,预后良好     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍一家系四氢生物蝶呤代谢与基因研究

目的　探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍 (DRD)其四氢生物蝶呤 (BH4)代谢及基因突变与临床表型关系。方法　对DRD的一家系 4人进行苯丙氨酸 (Phe)和BH4负荷试验、尿蝶呤谱分析 ,对所有成员进行三磷酸鸟苷环化水解酶 1基因 (GCH1)检测。结果　 3例DRD患儿及母亲平均血Phe浓度、Phe与酪氨酸比值 (Phe/Tyr)在Phe负荷试验 3～ 4h明显高于正常对照组 ,负荷 2h尿生物蝶呤水平上升低于对照组 ;3例患儿服用BH4后上述结果恢复正常。除父亲未检测到基因突变外 ,所有成员GCH1突变类型为IVS5 +3insT。 2例有症状者小剂量左旋多巴 (5 0～ 6 0mg/d)治疗有效。结论　DRD者BH4代谢有不同程度异常 ,临床表型差异较大 ,对原因不明的肌张力障碍者可做DRD的筛查。     

多巴反应性肌张力不全9例诊断和治疗分析

目的　总结多巴反应性肌张力不全 (DRD)的临床特征。方法　对 9例DRD患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果　男 2例 ,女 7例 ,其中 2例为同一家系的姐妹。发病年龄 9个月至 8岁 ,平均 4 4岁。首发症状为步态异常 8例 ,肢体僵硬、活动减少 1例 ,伴肢体震颤 2例。就诊时主要症状 :9例均有下肢运动障碍 ,足尖行走 5例 ,震颤 4例 ,肢体僵硬、活动困难 3例 ,构音不清 1例 ,斜颈 1例。 6例症状有晨轻暮重特点。体检 :8例肢体肌张力呈铅管样或齿轮样增高 ,以双下肢为著。姿势性震颤 4例 ,马蹄内翻足 4例 ,双下肢腱反射亢进 2例 ,巴彬斯基征阳性 2例 ,踝阵挛阳性 1例。头颅CT、MRI及血清铜蓝蛋白均正常。 9例用左旋多巴制剂治疗均有显著疗效 ,8例症状消失 ,步态异常完全恢复正常。结论　诊断主要依据儿童期以步态异常为首发症状、症状有晨轻暮重特点、小剂量多巴制剂有显著疗效的临床特征。早期治疗效果好     

软骨发育不全与软骨发育低下家系的FGFR3基因突变分析

目的了解临床诊断为软骨发育异常类疾病患儿及其家系成员的成纤维细胞生长因子受体3(FGFR3)基因突变情况。方法应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和DNA测序技术分析7例患儿及其家系成员的FGFR3基因突变热点分布区域第10外显子以及第13外显子的序列。结果 4例患儿存在FGFR3基因第10外显子c.1138GA(p.Gly380Arg)杂合突变,确诊为软骨发育不全(ACH),其父母未见突变。1例症状较轻微的患儿及其有同样表型的母亲存在FGFR3基因第13外显子c.1620CA(p.Asn540Lys)杂合突变,确诊为软骨发育低下(HCH)。2例患儿未发现以上两个位点的突变。结论检测FGFR3基因第10、第13外显子可诊断大部分ACH或HCH病例,但少数患儿尚有必要检测FGFR3基因其他区域及其他相关基因以明确诊断。     

GCH1基因变异致儿童多巴反应性肌张力障碍21例临床和遗传学分析

目的　总结GCH1基因变异致儿童多巴反应性肌张力障碍（DRD）临床和遗传学特征,以提高对疾病的认识,正确诊治改变预后。方法　回顾性分析2011年5月至2020年1月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院神经内科确诊的21例GCH1基因变异致DRD患儿的临床表现、治疗及基因突变谱,并随访。结果　女17例,男4例;起病年龄0～8岁。首次就诊时病程0.1～7.6年。起病诱因：感染后起病1例,无诱因起病20例。临床表现：经典型18例,非经典型3例;首发症状为尖足行走伴下肢僵硬18例、运动发育落后或倒退伴肢体软弱3例、眼睑下垂2例、震颤3例;部分逐渐出现躯干僵硬3例、上肢僵硬9例、肢体活动减少5例、面部表情减少3例、震颤7例、尖足行走19例、马蹄内翻足9例、眼睑下垂3例、动眼危象1例、流涎3例、吞咽困难2例、构音障碍2例、出汗多4例、睡眠增多2例、情绪淡漠1例。症状呈波动性,晨轻暮重18例,感染加重7例,疲劳加重20例。左侧肢体受累严重12例,右侧肢体受累严重3例。下肢受累严重18例,无上下肢受累优势3例。起病前运动发育落后4例,智力发育落后1例。家族史阳性3例。所有患儿均给予左旋多巴治疗后症状消失或明显缓解,2例出现异动症副反应。截止2020年1月随访,1例失访,20例随访年龄11月龄至16岁7月龄,随访时疗程0.1～8.6年,随访时16例症状基本消失,4例症状明显缓解。本组共发现21种不同的GCH1基因变异,其中10种未见文献报道的新变异（c.304A＞T,c.257C＞T,c.277A＞T,c.478A＞T,c.481C＞T,exon 1 duplication,exon 2+3 deletion,c.726_727insC,c.51delG,c.151_166del）。结论　GCH1基因变异致儿童DRD是一种可治疗的先天遗传代谢病,婴儿及儿童期均可起病,可早至新生儿起病,临床表现以经典型为主,误诊率高,经典型亦可出现非经典型表现,需加强早期识别。DRD患者需注意GCH1基因非编码区变异及大片段缺失重复变异的筛查。     

X-连锁无丙种球蛋白血症患儿临床表型和基因诊断分析

目的分析3例X-连锁无丙种球蛋白血症(X-linked agammaglobulinemia,XLA)的临床表型特点及Bruton’s酪氨酸激酶(BTK)基因变异情况,以提高临床医师对XLA的认识。方法收集本组3例XLA患儿外周静脉血,测定其血清Ig水平和淋巴细胞亚群表达情况,采用RT-PCR和测序的方法分析患儿及母亲BTK基因变异情况,并总结其临床特征。结果在临床特征方面3例均为男性患儿,诊断XLA时的年龄分别为4岁、12岁6个月和2岁2个月,平均诊断年龄6岁3个月。3例患儿临床均表现为反复感染,如患中耳炎、鼻窦炎、反复全身脓疱疹、脓胸、细菌性关节炎、细菌性脑膜炎等,3例诊断时均表现为营养、生长发育较差,周围淋巴组织发育不良,扁桃体和淋巴结很小或难以查及;实验室检查血清Ig和循环B淋巴细胞明显降低;在基因诊断方面3例均发现存在BTK基因突变,例1为外显子9的949位G缺失,例2为外显子17的错义突变,例3为外显子15的错义突变,对例2、例3患儿母亲进行BTK基因分析,发现均为携带者,存在相同的基因突变。结论本组3例中国贵州籍XLA患儿诊断时年龄较大,临床主要表现为不同部位的反复化脓性细菌感染,在临床表现基础上通过BTK基因分析有助于XLA患儿的进一步明确诊断,并且有利于发现携带者和进行遗传咨询。     

X连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良89例临床特征及基因型/表型关系

目的研究X连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良（X—ALD）患者的临床特征、基因突变模式及基因型／临床表型关系。方法对89例X—ALD患者的病例资料进行综合分析。应用PCR扩增和DNA直接测序方法对其中53例进行ABCD1基因突变分析。结果89例患者中,儿童脑型60例（发病年龄2-10岁,平均6．5岁,占67．4％）,青少年脑型18例（发病年龄11～19岁,平均12岁,占20．2％）,肾上腺脊髓神经病型7例（发病年龄6～39．5岁,平均23岁,占7．0％）,单纯艾迪生病2例,无症状者2例。临床表型以儿童脑型最常见。首发症状以视力、听力下降最常见。在53例患者中发现45种不同类型的ABCD1基因突变,以错义突变为主。国外突变“热点”即外显子5的突变1415delAG不是中国人群的突变热点。同样突变可以导致截然不同的临床表型,即使同一家系也存在不同临床表型的患者。同样表型也可以由截然不同的基因突变所致。结论中国X-ALD患者的表型分布、首发症状、基因突变模式等方面与国外报道不完全相同。基因型和临床表型无明确相关性。     

酪氨酸羟化酶基因变异致多巴反应性肌张力障碍患儿临床及遗传特点分析

目的探讨酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)基因变异致多巴反应性肌张力障碍(DRD)患儿的临床和遗传学特征。方法回顾分析2017年1月至2022年8月郑州大学第三附属医院儿童康复科收治的9例TH基因变异致DRD患儿的一般情况、临床表现、实验室检查、基因检测结果及随访资料。结果 9例TH基因变异致DRD患儿中男3例、女6例, 确诊年龄为12.0(8.0, 15.0)月龄。8例重型患儿首发症状为运动发育落后或发育倒退, 临床表现包括运动发育落后8例, 躯干肌张力低下8例, 四肢肌张力低下7例, 运动减少6例, 面部表情少4例, 震颤3例, 四肢肌张力障碍3例, 晨轻暮重2例, 上睑下垂2例, 四肢肌张力增高1例, 多涎1例。1例极重型患儿首发症状为运动发育落后, 临床表现包括明显运动发育落后、躯干肌张力低下、频繁动眼危象、肌张力障碍持续状态、运动减少、面部表情少、睡眠明显减少。9例患儿基因检测共发现11个TH基因变异, 包括5个错义变异、3个剪切位点变异、2个无义变异、1个插入变异, 其中2个变异[c.941C>A(p.T314K)、c.316₃17insCGT(p.F106d...     

DeSanto-Shinawi脑病的临床特征和WAC基因突变谱分析北大核心CSCD

目的总结报道中国第2例DeSanto-Shinawi脑病(DESSH)患儿的临床特点和致病的WAC基因突变谱。方法采用回顾性分析对1例先后在湖北医药学院附属襄阳市第一人民医院和武汉科技大学附属天佑医院就诊和定期随访的DESSH患儿进行临床特征和生长发育评估,分析所有WAC突变所致DESSH的临床表型与基因突变谱关系。结果患儿,女,定期随访至1岁3个月,生长发育、智能发育迟缓,四肢肌张力减低,面容特殊,头小。全外显子测序发现一种新发WAC基因致病突变(c.1090dupA,p.Arg364Lysfs*14)。纳入已报道的29个家系31例DESSH患者进行分析,发现导致DESSH发病的WAC基因突变均为无义突变或移码突变,25例(88.6%)为WAC基因新发突变,6例(19.4%)为生殖腺嵌合遗传。所有突变均导致位于WAC蛋白C末端的卷曲螺旋区(CC)缺失,仅35.5%的患者同时有WW结构域缺失。结论本例为新发WAC基因移码突变引起,患儿发病较早且较严重。DESSH以特殊面容、全面发育落后和癫痫性脑病为特点,WAC基因导致WAC蛋白的CC缺失是致病关键,基因型与表现型间缺乏明确对应关系。     

Fluctuating dystonia responsive to levodopa.

Four cases of hereditary progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation were studied. All were sporadic; three of them mimicked spastic diplegia; and the fourth showed some similarity to torsion dystonia. Emotional or cognitive disturbance, or both, was seen in three. The correct diagnosis was suggested by fluctuating signs and symptoms, which worsened towards evening, but this was reached only after many years of handicap, hospital admissions, and invasive diagnostic procedures. Typically there was a prompt, pronounced, and sustained response to moderate doses of levodopa. Sleep recordings were obtained in three patients and showed increased body movements during rapid eye movement sleep. Several close relatives had periods of increased leg movements during sleep. It is suggested that hereditary dystonia responsive to levodopa should be considered as the diagnosis in children with fluctuating signs of motor disability syndromes, simulating torsion dystonia or spastic diplegia. Polysomnographic studies may be helpful in diagnosis and may also detect early or subclinical cases.     

儿童多巴反应性肌张力障碍的临床与康复进展

多巴反应性肌张力障碍（DRD）是一种由多巴胺合成通路的遗传缺陷引起的选择性黑质纹状体多巴胺缺乏综合征,以明显昼夜波动的进行性肌张力障碍、左旋多巴治疗反应良好为特征,占儿童和青少年原发性肌张力障碍的5%～10%。近年来不典型致病基因及症状常有报道,患者临床表型常更严重,归类定义为DRD附加症（DRDplus）。该病临床表型和遗传学特点复杂,极易误诊、漏诊甚至导致严重功能障碍。文章重点从疾病的病因与发病机制、临床表现、实验室及其他辅助检查、诊断与鉴别诊断、康复评定与治疗、预后等方面研究进展进行综述,以提高对疾病的认识、实现及时诊断并给予特异性治疗,改善功能障碍及预后。     

A novel SGCE gene mutation causing myoclonus dystonia in a family with an unusual phenotype

Background: Myoclonus dystonia is an autosomal dominant dystonia‐plus syndrome, characterized by symptom variability within families. Most often is the myoclonus the most debilitating symptom, and many patients report myoclonus reduction after alcohol intake. In several families, mutations in the SGCE gene have been identified. Method: We report of a three‐generation family with myoclonus dystonia displaying a varied phenotype and maternal imprinting. Additionally, this family displays some unusual clinical presentations including alcohol‐induced dystonia in an adult man, which will be discussed. Results: A novel mutation c.386T>C [p.I129T] was found within exon 3 of the SGCE gene in all three affected family members. In addition, two additional mutations [c.305G>A and IVS3+15G>A], judged to be polymorphisms in the SGCE gene, were found in two affected and one healthy family member. Conclusions: This report presents a novel mutation in the SGCE gene causing myoclonus dystonia and extends the phenotype of myoclonus dystonia to also include alcohol‐induced dystonia.     

GTP cyclohydrolase 1-deficient dopa-responsive hereditary dystonia

GTP cyclohydrolase 1-deficient dopa- responsive dystonia is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the guanosine triphospate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1 gene (GTP-CH1) with incomplete penetrance. This gene is involved in the synthesis of dopamine. It is the dystonia with clinically significant response to levodopa within the group of neurotransmitter inborn errors. We report a case of seven years old female. Her initial symptoms were gait difficulties caused by right foot dystonia with aggravation of symptoms toward the evening. The laboratory studies and neuroimaging were normal. A therapeutic trial with levodopa was started with a dramatic response to low doses. Concentrations of total neopterin (NP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were reduced. Mutation analysis of the gene GCH1 confirmed the disease (p.W96X, nucleotide change c. 287G>A). After one year of levodopa therapy, we obtained maximum benefit with levodopa/decarboxylase inhibitor with absence of adverse effects.     

Growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-r) gene mutation in Indian children with familial isolated growth hormone deficiency: a study from western India

BACKGROUND: Various mutations of the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) gene have been recently described to cause familial isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency (FIGHD), with the GHRH-R nonsense mutation E72X reported in patients with FIGHD from South Asia. The molecular genetic basis of FIGHD in Indian children is not known. Objective: To look for the GHRH-R E72X non-sense mutation in our patients with FIGHD and describe its clinical phenotype. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A total of 31 patients from 22 families diagnosed 4-20 years previously, 20 patients with familial IGHD-IB from 11 families and 11 patients with non-familial isolated GH deficiency (NFIGHD) (phenotypes IGHD-IB in eight patients and -IA in three) were included. Twenty-eight of 31 patients with IGHD-IB came from two states of Western India, 27 of them Hindus from 18 families (three consanguineous) and one from an inbred Moslem kindred. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the patients (71%) (18 FIGHD and four NFIGHD) had a homozygous G-->T transversion in exon 3, with this GHRH-R gene mutation E72X in 90% (18/20) of patients with FIGHD, 36% (4/11) of NFIGHD, altogether 78% (22/28) with phenotype IB. One parent pair with IGHD had homozygous E72X mutation, the rest were heterozygous carriers. Two siblings with IGHD due to homozygous E72X mutation were also heterozygous carriers for GH-1 gene 6.7 kb deletion, inherited from their mother, heterozygous for both GH-1 and GHRH-R mutations. Initial chronological age was 10.89 +/- 3.69 years, bone age 6.4 +/- 3.4 years, and mean height SDS was -5.83 +/- 1.41. The clinical phenotype, with sharp features, lean habitus, lack of frontal bossing or hypoglycemia, was characteristic. The mean peak GH was 1.25 +/- 0.75 ng/ml, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 below -2 SDS with no response to GHRH in those tested. MRI (n = 10) showed pituitary hypoplasia, mean vertical height 2.61 +/- 0.76 mm. Among the other 7/11 NFIGHD patients, four with phenotype IB were negative for genotypes tested in this study; of three patients with phenotype IA, two had the GH-1 gene 6.7 kb deletion, and one was a compound heterozygote with 6.7 and 7.6 kb deletions. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with FIGHD from different communities belonged to non-consanguineous Hindu families from Western India. The GHRH-R gene E72X mutation was found in 71% of this series, in 90% of FIGHD, 36% of NFIGHD, and in 78% with phenotype IB. The characteristic phenotype helped in suspecting this mutation. GHRH-R gene mutations may be the most reasonable candidate for IGHD-IB with the E72X mutation predominating in the Indian subcontinent. More extensive studies need to be undertaken.     

Distal arthrogryposis: clinical and genetic findings

Aim: Distal arthrogryposis is characterized by congenital contractures predominantly in hands and feet. Mutations in sarcomeric protein genes are involved in several types of distal arthrogryposis. Our aim is to describe clinical and molecular genetic findings in individuals with distal arthrogryposis and evaluate the genotype‐phenotype correlation. Method: We investigated 39 patients from 21 families. Clinical history, including neonatal findings, joint involvement and motor function, was documented. Clinical examination was performed including evaluation of muscle strength. Molecular genetic investigations were carried out in 19 index cases. Muscle biopsies from 17 patients were analysed. Results: A pathogenic mutation was found in six families with 19 affected family members with autosomal dominant inheritance and in one child with sporadic occurrence. In three families and in one child with sporadic form, the identified mutation was de novo. Muscle weakness was found in 17 patients. Ambulation was affected in four patients and hand function in 28. Fourteen patients reported pain related to muscle and joint affection. Conclusion: The clinical findings were highly variable between families and also within families. Mutations in the same gene were found in different syndromes suggesting varying clinical penetrance and expression, and different gene mutations were found in the same clinical syndrome demonstrating genetic heterogeneity.     

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??Abstract??Objective??To study the characteristics of mutation of TSC1 gene exan 15 in tuberous sclerosis complex. Methods??Totally 21 children with confirmed clinical manifestations of TSC and 38 parents of the children coming from 21 TSC families were included in the study. In total?? we studied 6 familial cases and 15 sporadic cases. The mutation of exon 15 in TSC1 gene was identified by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography ??DHPLC?? and further confirmed by direct sequencing. Results??After being confirmed by DNA direct sequencing?? mutations were identified in 4/21??19%??patients?? in which there were c.1708~1709delAG??p.Arg570GlyfsX17?? and c.1888~1891delAAAG??p.Lys630GlnfsX22?? two small deletion mutations and one c.1460C > G??p.Ser487Cys?? missense mutation. c.1460C > G??p.Ser487Cys?? mutation was reported the second. One family case and three sporadic cases were found. In our study?? the mutation frequency of exon 15 in TSC1 gene was 4/21??19%???? which was higher than other reports. The main clinical characters of the patients with mutation on exon 15 in TSC1 gene were brain and skin impair. We also found that the patients with the same mutation c.1888~1891delAAAG??p.Lys630GlnfsX22?? had different phenotype?? but the patients with different mutations c.1708~1709delAG??p.Arg570GlyfsX17?? and c.1888~1891delAAAG ??p.Lys630GlnfsX22?? nearly had the same phenotype. Conclusion??Totally three TSC1 gene mutations that have never been reported in China are identified.