滤泡辅助性T细胞及其与自身免疫性疾病关系的研究进展

滤泡辅助性T(Tfh)细胞是一类新的CD4+T细胞亚群,主要功能是辅助B细胞参与体液免疫。与其他亚群的CD4+T细胞如Th1、Th2和Th17细胞相比,对于Tfh细胞的发育过程及其功能的了解还不是很清楚;此外,对于人体中Tfh细胞的发育以及与自身免疫性疾病的关系也不是很清楚。然而,近几年来通过对系统性红斑狼疮小鼠模型以及患有系统性自身免疫性疾病的患者的研究表明Tfh细胞对致病性自身抗体的产生发挥着重要调控作用。本文主要综述了Tfh细胞的发育、功能以及Tfh细胞异常与自身免疫性疾病的关系。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞参与结缔组织病的发病机制

滤泡辅助性T(T follicular helper,Tfh)细胞是CD4+T淋巴细胞的一个子集,定位于淋巴滤泡,具有辅助B细胞的功能.它参与生发中心(germinal center,GC)的形成和B细胞的发育并调控其功能.Tf h细胞发育和功能障碍可导致免疫系统紊乱,引起多种结缔组织病发生.明确Tf h细胞参与结缔组...     

滤泡辅助性T细胞和滤泡调节性T细胞与自身免疫病

自身抗体作为自身免疫性风湿病的标志已被用于临床诊断数十年,而自身抗体产生的免疫学机制直到滤泡辅助性T细胞(T follicular helper,T_FHcells)和滤泡调节性T细胞(T follicular regulatory,T_FRcells)的发现才逐渐被阐明。在生发中心反应及体液免疫记忆形成过程中,T_FH细胞辅助抗体的亲和力成熟,而T_FR细胞则抑制T_FH介导的抗体反应。自身免疫性风湿性疾病患者的T_FH细胞数量增加且功能活跃,T_FR细胞的数量降低且功能低下,T_FH细胞和T_FR细胞之间的平衡发生异常。因此,深入研究T_FH和T_FR细胞发育及功能的分子机制,可为疾病治疗寻找新的靶标。随着对T_FH和T_FR细胞的深入了解,基于恢复T_FH和T_FR细胞间的平衡的策略,...     

滤泡辅助性T细胞在免疫相关性血液病中的研究进展

T细胞亚群异常是导致免疫相关性血液病发病的重要因素,其发病机制与Thl／Th2、Thl7细胞、调节性T细胞（Treg）等辅助性T细胞异常有关。滤泡辅助性T细胞（Tfh）作为新近发现的辅助性T细胞具有辅助B细胞产生抗体的作用,其产生、分化和功能均不同于以往的Thl、Th2和Thl7等CD4＋T细胞。Tfh细胞及其相关分子的数量和／或功能异常在免疫相关性血液病的发病中发挥重要作用,有望成为其新的治疗靶点。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞与相关疾病研究进展

滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)是近几年发现的一种新的T细胞亚群,与Th1细胞、Th2细胞、Th17细胞及调节性T细胞(Tr)相互促进或拮抗,维持免疫系统的正常生理功能,其主要功能是辅助B细胞分化、发育和促进体液免疫应答,当Tfh细胞数量或功能紊乱时可引起自身免疫病、免疫缺陷病、肿瘤或感染性疾病的发生或加重.     

滤泡辅助性T细胞的特征及其在自身免疫病和免疫缺陷病中的意义

淋巴滤泡是T细胞辅助B细胞体液免疫的重要场所,趋化至该部位的滤泡辅助性T细胞具独特的表型、基因型和功能,是一特殊的CD4+T细胞群体。该类细胞的异常可能与某些自身免疫病和免疫缺陷病相关。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞在原发性干燥综合征中的研究进展

滤泡辅助性T细胞(follicular helper T cell, Tfh)是辅助B细胞的主要CD4⁺T细胞亚群,其特点是表达转录因子B细胞淋巴瘤6(B-cell lymphoma 6,Bcl-6)以及趋化因子受体5(C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5,CXCR5)、诱导性共刺激分子(inducible co-stimulator, ICOS)、PD-1等表面分子和产生细胞因子IL-21。Tfh的分化是一个多步骤、多因素参与的过程。原发性干燥综合征(primary Sj?gren’s syndrome, pSS)是一种以外分泌腺局灶性淋巴细胞浸润为特点的全身性自身免疫性疾病。越来越多的研究表明,Tfh参与pSS的发病过程,是pSS的潜在生物标志物,一些治疗pSS的药物可影响Tfh从而缓解病情。该文对近年来Tfh在pSS中的研究进展进行综述。     

实验性免疫性不育雄性小鼠滤泡辅助性T细胞相关细胞因子水平分析

目的:检测实验性免疫性不育小鼠滤泡辅助性T(Tfh)细胞相关细胞因子IL-4、IL-12、IL-17、IL-21水平,探讨滤泡辅助性T细胞在免疫性不育发病中的作用.方法:采用同种小鼠精子及完全弗氏佐剂免疫BALB/c雄性小鼠,获得免疫性不育动物模型,同时设立正常对照组给予0.9％的生理盐水.流式细胞术检测免疫性不育小鼠...     

滤泡辅助性T细胞形成中的调控分子及其调控机制

滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)属于CD4+T细胞,定位于淋巴滤泡并具有协助激活B细胞和调节体液免疫应答的作用.Tfh的分化依赖于复杂的信号调节网络,虽然其分化机制尚不清楚,但随着对肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族、信号转导淋巴细胞激活分子(SLAM)、程序性死亡因子-1(PD-1)、白细胞介素(IL)、可诱导性协同刺激分子(ICOS)以及ASCL等调控分子的研究,Tfh形成机制的复杂网络逐渐被认识.因而研究Tfh形成中的调控分子及其机制可为深入研究Tfh提供新的思路.     

滤泡辅助性T细胞的研究进展

滤泡辅助性T细胞（Tfh）是最近发现的CD4^＋辅助性T淋巴细胞亚群,其作用是辅助B细胞的抗体产生.其发生、分化和功能均独立于以往的Th1、Th2和Th17细胞,是体液免疫反应的关键.转录因子Bcl-6和Blimp-1在Tfh细胞的分化中起着关键的、相互拮抗的作用,调节趋化因子受体、表面分子和细胞因子等表达,这些因子对Tfh细胞募集和B细胞辅助功能非常重要.     

滤泡型辅助性T淋巴细胞与慢性乙型肝炎

滤泡型辅助性T淋巴细胞是一类新的效应性CD4+T细胞亚型,分布于淋巴滤泡GC内,其分化需要BCL-6的介导,对免疫球蛋的形成至关重要。幼稚Tfh细胞可以分泌大量的IL-21,后者作为自分泌生长因子促进自身的功能活动。由于Tfh细胞及其分泌的IL-21参与B细胞的分化,成熟,以及抗体的型别转换,因此,进一步研究Tfh与IL-21的功能及其调控机制在慢性乙型乙肝血清学转换中的作用是具有重要意义的。     

Increased CD4+CXCR5+T follicular helper cells in diabetic nephropathy

Background: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are known to regulate humoral immune response. In this study we examined the correlation of different subsets of peripheral blood Tfh cells in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: A total of 23 DN patients and 15 healthy controls (HC) were investigated for various subsets of Tfh cells by flow cytometry. The molecules ICOS⁺, PD-1⁺, CD28⁺, CD154⁺, IL-21⁺, IFN-γ⁺, IL-4⁺, IL-17⁺ Tfh cells were examined. The subsets of B cells were investigated by flow cytometry. The levels of 24?h urinary protein and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated. A potential correlation between the number of different subsets of Tfh cells, B cells and DN, was assessed. Results: The circulating CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺, PD-1⁺CD154⁺, PD-1⁺CD28⁺, PD-1⁺IL-21⁺, PD-1⁺IL-4⁺, PD-1⁺-IL-17⁺-Tfh cell counts, CD38⁺CD19⁺, CD38⁺CD19⁺CD40⁺ B cells and plasma levels of IL-21 were significantly increased in DN patients (p?+CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺ Tfh cell counts negatively correlated with eGFR; Tfh cell counts positively correlated with 24?h urinary protein concentration in DN patients. Post-treatment, there was a significant reduction in the CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺ Tfh cell counts and its subsets, with a corresponding decrease in plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-17A (p?Conclusion: An increased number of CD4⁺CXCR5⁺PD-1⁺ Tfh cells were observed in DN patients, which may be new targets for intervention in DN.     

Understanding the development and function of T follicular helper cells

A fundamental function of T helper (Th) cells is to regulate B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin class switching, especially in the germinal centers. Th1 and Th2 lineages of CD4⁺ T cells have long been considered to play an essential role in helping B cells by promoting the production immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG1/IgE, respectively. Recently, it has become clear that a subset CD4⁺ T cells, named T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, is critical to B-cell response induction. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the regulation of Tfh cell differentiation, the relationship of Tfh cells to other CD4⁺ T-cell lineages, and the role of Tfh cells in health and disease.     

Primary germinal center-resident T follicular helper cells are a physiologically distinct subset of CXCR5hiPD-1hi T follicular helper cells

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Development of Tbet- and CD11c-expressing B cells in a viral infection requires T follicular helper cells outside of germinal centers

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T follicular regulatory cells

Pathogen exposure elicits production of high-affinity antibodies stimulated by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the germinal center reaction. Tfh cells provide both costimulation and stimulatory cytokines to B cells to facilitate affinity maturation, class switch recombination, and plasma cell differentiation within the germinal center. Under normal circumstances, the germinal center reaction results in antibodies that precisely target foreign pathogens while limiting autoimmunity and excessive inflammation. In order to have this degree of control, the immune system ensures Tfh-mediated B-cell help is regulated locally in the germinal center. The recently identified T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cell subset can migrate to the germinal center and inhibit Tfh-mediated B-cell activation and antibody production. Although many aspects of Tfr cell biology are still unclear, recent data have begun to delineate the specialized roles of Tfr cells in controlling the germinal center reaction. Here we discuss the current understanding of Tfr-cell differentiation and function and how this knowledge is providing new insights into the dynamic regulation of germinal centers, and suggesting more efficacious vaccine strategies and ways to treat antibody-mediated diseases.     

Shared and distinct roles of T peripheral helper and T follicular helper cells in human diseases

The interactions of CD4⁺ T cells and B cells are fundamental for the generation of protective antibody responses, as well as for the development of harmful autoimmune diseases. Recent studies of human tissues and blood samples have established a new subset of CD4⁺ B helper T cells named peripheral helper T (Tph) cells. Unlike T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which interact with B cells within lymphoid organs, Tph cells provide help to B cells within inflamed tissues. Tph cells share many B helper-associated functions with Tfh cells and induce B cell differentiation toward antibody-producing cells. The differentiation mechanism is also partly shared between Tph and Tfh cells in humans, and both Tfh and Tph cells can be found within the same tissues, including cancer tissues. However, Tph cells display features distinct from those of Tfh cells, such as the expression of chemokine receptors associated with Tph cell localization within inflamed tissues and a low Bcl-6/Blimp1 ratio. Unlike that of Tfh cells, current evidence shows that the target of Tph cells is limited to memory B cells. In this review, we first summarize recent findings on human Tph cells and discuss how Tph and Tfh cells play shared and distinct roles in human diseases.     

Thyroid cancer metastasis is associated with an overabundance of defective follicular helper T cells

Metastatic thyroid cancers are more difficult to treat and have a significantly worse prognosis than localized thyroid cancers. Previous studies have shown that follicular helper T cells (Tfh) may participate in antitumor immune responses. Here, we investigated the characteristics of Tfh cells in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) at various severities, including patients with localized disease, cervical metastasis, and distant metastasis. In circulating CD4 T cells, the proportion of CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ Tfh-like cells was significantly higher in patients with distant metastasis than in healthy controls, patients with local disease, and patients with cervical metastasis. Also, the expression of Tfh cell-associated surface molecules, such as PD-1, ICOS, and BTLA, tended to be higher in patients with cervical and distant metastasis than in healthy controls. However, the expression of secreted molecules, such as IL-10, IL-21, and CXCL13, was significantly lower in patients with distant metastasis than in healthy controls and patients with local disease. Additionally, circulating Tfh-like cells from patients with distant metastasis were less capable of supporting B-cell growth and IgM secretion. We also examined the CD4⁺CXCR5⁺ Tfh-like cells in tumor samples. Tumor-infiltrating Tfh-like cells were highly enriched in the pulmonary metastasis compared to the local tumor and the cervical metastasis. However, tumor-infiltrating Tfh-like cells from pulmonary metastasis displayed higher PD-1, TIM-3, and lower IL-21 expression than those from the local tumor. Together, this study identified that the metastasis of DTC patients was associated with an overabundance of defective Tfh cells.