重复经颅磁刺激在不完全性脊髓损伤运动功能康复中的应用进展

<正>脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是因各种原因引起的脊髓结构、功能的损害,造成损伤平面以下脊髓功能(运动、感觉及反射功能)的障碍。虽然近些年SCI的诊断、治疗取得了一定的进展,但是脊髓损伤的高致残率严重影响患者的生存质量[1],给患者和家属带来身心上的巨大痛苦,给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担。目前,脊髓损伤患者在接受早期的手术和药物治疗后,运动功能的恢复主要依赖于传统的     

脊髓损伤后脑源性神经营养因子神经生物学效应的研究进展

脊髓损伤可导致不同程度的躯体及自主神经功能障碍,严重影响患者的生活质量。本文介绍脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)对脊髓损伤后的功能恢复促进作用及神经生物学效应,包括神经保护、神经可塑性、神经炎症过程调节等;以及BDNF在脊髓损伤后的不良影响,如导致神经病理性疼痛和痉挛状态等。     

脊髓损伤神经源性肠道功能障碍康复干预进展

正神经源性肠道功能障碍(neurogenic bowel dysfunction,NBD)是由于肠道失去神经支配,造成肠道感觉和运动功能减退,缺乏胃结肠反射,最后导致排便障碍~([1])。神经源性肠道功能障碍是脊髓损伤的重要并发症之一,临床表现为慢性腹胀、便秘、大便失禁等,研究显示,脊髓损伤患者上述问题的发生率分别高达38%~([2]),41%~([3])及76.6%~([4])。随着病程发展,脊髓损伤患者神经源性肠道功能障碍程度会持续加重,严重影响患者的生存质量~([5])。神经源性肠道功能障碍领域康复治疗方法的研究一直是热点问题,然而国内相关文献较少。本文就脊髓损伤神经源性肠道功能障碍的康复治疗进行综述,希望为脊髓损伤临床康复工作者带来新的启发。     

延伸护理对脊髓损伤患者神经源性膀胱训练自我管理的作用

<正>脊髓损伤患者因其自主性神经活动丧失,膀胱逼尿肌收缩功能丧失而造成尿潴留,长期留置导尿管容易造成泌尿系感染,反复的泌尿系统感染引起的肾衰竭是造成脊髓损伤患者死亡的主要原因之一[1-5]。患者在住院期间均能配合治疗,但出院后随着症状的好转易淡忘维护神经源性膀胱功能,继而在行为上懈怠导致神经源性膀胱功能维护不到位。本科对脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱训练成功出院的患者进行延伸护理健康指导,以督     

脊髓损伤水疗康复中国专家共识

<正>脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI)是由于各种原因引起的脊髓结构和功能损害,造成损伤水平以下脊髓神经功能(运动、感觉、括约肌和自主神经功能)的障碍~([1])。脊髓损伤根据致病因素分创伤性和非创伤性两大类,均会造成不同程度的四肢瘫或截瘫,是一种严重致残性损伤,给患者、家庭和社会造成巨大负担~([1-2])。脊髓损伤后几乎累及人体的每一个系统,并发症多,因此,治疗具有复杂、困难、时间长、费用高     

电针不同组穴对兔胸椎SCI后神经传导功能的影响

目的:观察电针不同组穴对T11脊髓损伤后神经传导功能的影响及作用特点.方法:用改良Allen致伤法造成大白兔T11脊髓不完全损伤模型,按不同组穴(A1、A2及A3)进行电针治疗,同时设立对照组(C组)、空白组(D组)作为对照;应用体感诱发电位(SEP)测定神经传导功能;改良Tarlov法评定肌力.结果:T11脊髓损伤后SEP潜伏期变化不明显,波幅降低;损伤后35 min波幅有所恢复,但小于损伤前;第13 d A1-3组基本恢复,C组变化不明显.结论:A1-3各组穴对胸椎脊髓损伤后神经传导功能恢复均有积极作用,其中A3组疗效最佳;第13天SEP峰间波幅变化与肌力改变有明显的相关性.     

植入神经假体对脊髓损伤患者恢复大小便功能的影响

大小便障碍是脊髓损伤后的常见并发症。本文通过对脊髓损伤患者植入神经假体对骶神经的刺激及骶神经后根切除术 ,探讨植入神经假体对脊髓损伤患者恢复大小便功能所起的作用及其社会、经济意义。     

外伤性脊髓损伤患者急性期的护理

外伤性脊髓损伤是指急性外伤性伤害侵及脊髓与神经，造成机体运动、感觉等多器官系统的功能障碍。患者中约1／4是因早期救治不当而使原本可避免脊髓损伤的单纯骨折出现骨折错位而产生脊髓损伤，因此，重视脊髓损伤急性期的治疗和护理，预防及减少脊髓功能丧失及各种并发症对患者的预后有重要意义。我院收治了78例外伤性脊髓损伤患者，现将急性期的护理体会报告如下。     

骶神经磁刺激对脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱治疗作用的meta分析

<正>脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是指由各种原因导致的脊髓结构、功能的损害,全球每年脊髓损伤的发病率为10.4—83人/100万人^[1]。SCI患者常在运动、感觉、反射及括约肌等方面遗留功能障碍^[2]。神经源性膀胱(neurogenic bladder,NB)是SCI最常见的并发症之一,患者副交感神经、交感神经和躯体神经活动之间的协调性丧失,     

延续护理在脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者中的应用及效果观察

目的研究延续护理对脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者生存质量、尿路感染发生率、膀胱功能恢复情况的影响。方法将48例脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱的患者分为两组,随机分组为观察组(n=24)及对照组(n=24),观察组进行每两周一次家庭随访,在饮水指导、间歇导尿、膀胱功能训练、并发症预防等方面给予现场指导,解答疑问;对照组进行定期电话或微信随访。通过收集两组脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱的患者出院半年后的生存质量、尿路感染发生率、膀胱功能恢复情况,对比研究延续护理的应用效果。结果延续护理组患者膀胱恢复情况优于普通护理组,并发症较普通护理组发生少,生活质量相对更优。结论延续性护理在脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者中应用效果明显优于普通护理组。     

颈髓损伤患者住院期间并发症分析及护理对策

目的 调查颈髓损伤患者住院期间并发症发生情况.探讨发生原因及护理对策.方法 对305例颈髓损伤患者病例资料进行回顾性分析.结果 颈髓损伤患者并发症多,除压疮、呼吸系统、泌尿系统并发症外,还有低钠血症、循环系统异常、消化系统并发症、高热、深静脉血栓等,且有些并发症的发生率较高;除便秘与下肢深静脉血栓外,并发症的发生与颈髓...     

Characteristics and rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord stab injury

[Purpose] The objective of the study was to compare the incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with spinal cord stab injury to those with the more common spinal cord contusion injury. [Subjects] Of patients hospitalized in China Rehabilitation Research Center from 1994 to 2014, 40 of those having a spinal cord stab injury and 50 with spinal cord contusion were selected. [Methods] The data of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. The cases were evaluated by collecting admission and discharge ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) and ADL (activity of daily living) scores. [Results] After a comprehensive rehabilitation program, ASIA and ADL scores of patients having both spinal cord stab injury and spinal cord contusion significantly increase. However, the increases were noted to be higher in patients having a spinal cord stab injury than those having spinal cord contusion. [Conclusion] Comprehensive rehabilitation is effective both for patients having spinal cord stab injury and those with spinal cord contusion injury. However, the prognosis of patients having spinal cord stab injury is better than that of patients with spinal cord contusion.Key words: Spinal cord injury, Stab injury, Rehabilitation     

老年脊髓损伤患者的临床特点分析

目的 探讨老年脊髓损伤患者的临床特点。方法 收集2013年1月1日至2019年12月31日在本院住院康复治疗的386例老年(≥ 60岁)脊髓损伤患者的临床资料。分析患者的性别、年龄、病因、美国脊髓损伤协会残损分级(AIS)及并发症等临床特点。结果 老年脊髓损伤患者中,男性多为外伤性损伤(71.17%),女性多为非外伤性损伤(56.19%)。平地跌倒是老年男性(28.83%)和女性(24.76%)脊髓损伤患者的首要病因。肿瘤(19.05%)是老年女性脊髓损伤患者最主要的非外伤性病因。颈段(78.46%)是老年外伤性脊髓损伤中最常见的受损部位;胸段(52.14%)是非外伤性脊髓损伤中最常见的受损部位。老年脊髓损伤患者中最常见的AIS为D级(38.08%),其余依次为C级(28.76%)、A级(21.50%)、B级(11.66%)。椎管狭窄(23.31%)在老年脊髓损伤的病因中占重要地位。老年脊髓损伤患者的最常见并发症依次为神经痛、下肢静脉血栓形成及泌尿系感染。结论 平地跌倒是老年脊髓损伤患者的首要病因。随着年龄增长,跌倒在老年脊髓损伤病因中的比例有增高的趋势。采取有效的预防跌倒措施以避免脊髓损伤对老年人非常重要。     

老年人创伤性脊髓损伤研究进展

老年人创伤性脊髓损伤的发病率和人群占比逐年升高,在发达国家已是脊髓损伤的主要受累人群。跌倒是最主要的受伤原因,椎管狭窄发生率增加、脊柱生物力学改变和过伸损伤可能是轻微创伤造成该人群脊髓损伤的发生机制。老年人创伤性脊髓损伤通常要接受早期手术治疗,当存在复杂的并发症、病情不稳定或脊髓损伤较轻,且不伴有明显骨折脱位时,可考虑非手术治疗和积极的康复,但具体手术指征、手术时机等还有争议。与年轻人相比,大部分老年患者表现为颈髓不全损伤,通过治疗和康复有望恢复更好的肢体功能,但生活自理能力恢复差,要监测脊髓损伤康复期间的功能变化并据此调整训练时长和强度等。     

Spinal cord preservation in thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair

Spinal cord injury (SCI) stands as one of the most dreadful complications of thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. Despite the less invasive nature and recent technical advancements of endovascular aortic repair, SCI still remains a significant danger in endovascular approaches. However, as our understanding of the collateral network of spinal cord vasculature has grown, it has become evident that the incidence of paraplegia and paraparesis in conjunction with endovascular procedures can be minimized through the use of many of the same strategies that have proven successful in reducing SCI associated with open surgical repair. This article highlights important aspects of spinal cord protection, which have been derived from the authors' clinical and experimental experience.     

Neurological complications in adult spinal deformity surgery

The number of surgeries performed for adult spinal deformity (ASD) has been increasing due to an aging population, longer life expectancy, and studies supporting an improvement in health-related quality of life scores after operative intervention. However, medical and surgical complication rates remain high, and neurological complications such as spinal cord injury and motor deficits can be especially debilitating to patients. Several independent factors potentially influence the likelihood of neurological complications including surgical approach (anterior, lateral, or posterior), use of osteotomies, thoracic hyperkyphosis, spinal region, patient characteristics, and revision surgery status. The majority of ASD surgeries are performed by a posterior approach to the thoracic and/or lumbar spine, but anterior and lateral approaches are commonly performed and are associated with unique neural complications such as femoral nerve palsy and lumbar plexus injuries. Spinal morphology, such as that of hyperkyphosis, has been reported to be a risk factor for complications in addition to three-column osteotomies, which are often utilized to correct large deformities. Additionally, revision surgeries are common in ASD and these patients are at an increased risk of procedure-related complications and nervous system injury. Patient selection, surgical technique, and use of intraoperative neuromonitoring may reduce the incidence of complications and optimize outcomes.     

护患沟通在颈椎骨折脱位不伴脊髓损伤患者中的应用

目的:探讨护患沟通在颈椎骨折脱位不伴脊髓损伤患者护理中的应用。方法:对17例颈椎骨折脱位不伴脊髓损伤患者,给予人文关怀、专业知识宣教、围手术期心理辅导及术后康复指导。结果:17例患者均能接受医疗护理措施,提高配合度,未出现任何并发症,好转出院。结论:加强颈椎骨折脱位不伴脊髓损伤患者护患沟通是保证获得和维持良好治疗效果的有利措施和重要因素。     

Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain: “Back to the Origins”

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used in the treatment of chronic pain for more than 40 years. The most common indication for SCS in the USA is failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Interestingly, the first two spinal cord stimulators ever implanted were in patients suffering from bronchogenic carcinoma and pelvic cancer, respectively. While cancer accounts for millions of deaths each year in the USA, pain is often the first sign of malignancy. An increasing number of people suffer from cancer-related pain each year and many receive suboptimal relief. Given the demonstrated value of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of neuropathic pain, spinal cord stimulation should be considered "earlier" as an adjunct to the treatment of cancer-related pain. In addition, with the improving survival rates associated with advances in cancer treatment, spinal cord stimulation may help reduce the risk of development of chronic neuropathic pain in survivors.     

创伤性脊髓损伤患者术后肢体功能康复训练方案的构建与应用

目的通过文献回顾和Delphi法以循证医学为基础构建标准化、创伤性脊髓损伤患者术后肢体功能康复训练方案。方法运用Delphi专家咨询法构建创伤性脊髓损伤患者术后肢体功能康复训练方案。2011年6-12月,选取上海市两所三级综合性医院骨脊柱科和骨创伤科住院的患者113例为研究对象,根据其住院单双号将其分为对照组和肢体功能康复训练方案组(简称方案组),比较两组患者肢体功能康复知识掌握程度和并发症的发生率。结果在肢体主动和被动锻炼的方法、疼痛的汇报和缓解方法、出院后各种并发症预防方法与重要性等方面,方案组患者掌握程度明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。在关节活动范围(range of motion,ROM)缩小、便秘和腹胀等并发症的发生率上,方案组患者优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论实施创伤性脊髓损伤患者术后肢体功能康复训练方案能提高脊髓损伤患者对肢体功能康复知识的认知水平,并且明显减少术后并发症的发生,促进了患者肢体功能的康复,提高了患者的生活质量。