内镜诊断早期食管癌

目的探讨早期食管癌的特征．方法回顾分析1995／1997间的内镜检查资料．结果3a间共进行内镜检查10035例．检出早期食管癌29例．全部经内镜和病理诊断，其中25例经手术进一步证实．29例中，男16例，女13例，男女之比为1．23：1．年龄范围41岁～87岁．进食噎感2例；进食时胸骨后痛3例；吞咽不畅6例；上腹部不适17例；无任何症状要求作内镜检查1例．内镜诊断：①部位，上段3例，中段18例，下段8例．②镜下形态，隐伏型5例，糜烂型9例，斑块型11例，乳头型4例．③病理，均为鳞癌，其中0期16例，1期13例．④手术25例行食管癌手术，手术后病理诊断同术前，切除淋巴结无1例转移．结论早期食管癌不易发现，需高度重视．     

食管癌的治疗方法和实施原则

食管癌是一世界范围内疾病.我国属食管癌高发区,其中河南林县35岁～64岁男性食管癌的世界人口调整发病率为487.87/10万[1],据统计我国食管癌死亡率也较高,标化年死亡率为14.9/10万～234/10万,每年约有14～15万人死于本病,其中年死亡率超过100/10万以上县市有19个[2],在我国男性患者死亡率仅次于胃癌占恶性肿瘤死亡率第二位,女性患者仅次于胃癌及宫颈癌占第三位[3],因此本病是威胁我国人民生命的重要疾病之一,当前除研究食管癌的预防外,研究其治疗十分重要.     

食管、胃同时性多原发癌的诊断和治疗

同时性多原发癌指在同一个时期发生在一个脏器或不同脏器的2个以上的原发癌．其发生机制可能与细胞突变及机体免疫功能缺陷有关．内镜检查是目前诊断食管、胃同时性多原发癌的主要手段，少数可经X线或手术探查发现，临床上为了减少漏诊，作内镜检查时应尽可能将全程查完多原发癌的诊断标准作者沿用国内学者刘复生提出的4条诊断标准．目前治疗食管、胃同时性多原发癌较困难．主要依癌灶组合及病情而定．到目前为止，手术治疗食管、胃同时性多原发癌仍是主要措施，所以凡是贲门－胃组合或食管下段－贲门组合以及胃自身组合者，应尽可能手术治疗，有条件的食管自身组合的亦可考虑手术治疗，不能一次性手术者视病情而定，可行手术十放疗或化疗，亦可放疗＋手术＋化疗祖国医学中有多种药物能起到治疗癌肿作用，对于不能手术治疗及放疗、化疗的患者尤应一试，有些病例能收到意想不到的效果．总之，食管、胃同时性多原发癌的治疗应采取积极的综合措施治疗，不管患者病情如何，都不应轻易放弃治疗．     

浅谈食管癌的早期诊断

目的当前癌症仍然是严重危害人们生命的重要因素，而消化道恶性肿瘤占35％，其中食管癌占第二位．研究和探讨食管癌的早期诊断方法对挽救患者生命意义重大．方法首先对不同地区，不同特点的高危人群的确立，并采取一定有效的监测手段非常重要，加强重视易诱发癌变因素和临床表现，饮食结构异常，主食肉类，少食碳水化合物和新鲜蔬菜，饮烈性酒、嗜熏制、于硬食物及食贮存过久而易发生发霉变质的奶酪制品，有家族癌变病史，患各种不同食管疾病的患者，均进行必要的检查．结果对于早期癌变不是不能早期发现，掌握食管癌的病因、诱因、病理、发病机制、临床表现及特点，对高危人群有针对性的普查和监测，合理正确的使用上消化道钡透，纤维食管内镜，X线双重对比造影，胃粘膜活检病理，均可对食管癌的早期诊断起重要作用．结论对食管癌的早期诊断是一个综合性的措施，熟练掌握其发病特点，加上高度的责任心和技术水平的不断提高，早期食管癌的诊断阳性率将会大大提高．     

食管癌的外科治疗

外科治疗食管癌已有100多年历史.我国食管癌外科治疗始于1940年,由吴英恺教授首次切除食管癌成功[1],其后经过外科医生们几十年的努力探索和钻研,我国食管癌外科治疗有了多方面的进展.有资料分析[2],到1990年底国内外食管癌和贲门癌手术切除病已逾10万例.几个大组报道[3-5]的手术切除率达80%一93%,手术死亡率为2.3%～5.5%,5年生存率为22%～40%,邵令方et al[6 ]报道早期病例(Ⅰ期)的5年生存率达到90%,以上数字显示我国食管癌手术治疗效果优于同期国外的文献报道[7].     

食管癌的诊断进展

食管癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国每年死于肿瘤的人群中,食管癌约占1/4,仅次于胃癌而居第二位.食管癌好发生于食管中段(约占50%～60%),其次为食管下段(20%～30%),上段最少(10%).食管癌中鳞状上皮癌占90%～95%,腺癌占5%,其余为少见的腺棘癌、未分化癌和癌肉瘤等.近年来西方国家中食管腺癌发生率明显增高,如荷兰每年有900例新食管癌发生,其中腺癌的比例增加了41%[1],可能与反流性食管炎、Barrett食管发病率增加有关. 食管癌早期诊断困难,经内镜诊断的多为中晚期.早期食管癌手术切除后5年生存率可达90%以上,而中晚期患者仅为6%～15%.为提高早期诊断率,当前主要有以下几个方面.     

内镜诊断食管癌109例

1临床资料本组109例，其中男73例，女36例，男女之比约2．01：1年龄36岁~79岁，36岁～49岁16例，50岁~59岁33例，60岁~69岁41例，70岁以上19例．吞咽困难者54例，上腹痛29例，胸骨后病10例。少数仅有咽部异物感（类烟炎症状），背痛、胸骨后痛或上腹部烧灼感，黑便、恶心、呕吐及消瘦，两助下隐癌根据食管癌病变部位分段标准（UICC，1987）．颈段2例，胸上段8例，胸中段56例，胸下段43例．主要表现为“菜花”样隆起、纵行隆起、环形狭窄、溃疡，少数仅表现为粘膜霜斑样改变，充血、糜烂，带蒂息肉鳞状细胞癌99例，腺癌6例，末分化癌4例2讨…     

肝复乐治疗晚期食管癌16例

1对象和方法1．1对象本组16例患者，男10例，女6例，年龄63岁～77岁，平均68岁，皆为晚期食管癌患者，其中中段食管癌8例，下段食管癌6例，上段食管癌2例.全组病例均由病理证实为鳞状细胞癌，10例为食管镜活检取得，3例为手术取检，3例为锁骨上淋巴结活检证实．9例以前曾行体外放射治疗，其中2例在放疗（体外）的基础上又进行腔内放射治疗；3例分别于手术1a，17mo，3a后出现局部复发；4例以前未行任何治疗．6例在作者应用肝复乐治疗之前食管处于完全梗阻状态，10例仅能进少量流质饮食或饮水．治疗前体重为45kg～55kg，平均引．skg1．2方法本…     

我国食管癌放射治疗的进展

众所周知，食管癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤＊一，其死亡率为23．4／10万人．1980年调查，在恶性肿瘤死亡中，仅次于胃癌，排入第二，按性别分时：男性为第二，女性为第三．1996年排列在第四位，我国有些地区，食管癌发病特别高，如河南林县是世界上最高地区，其死亡率比全国平均数高10倍，是美国白人的100倍．食管癌的首选治疗是手术切除，但常常由于病期太晚，或由于内科原因，往往大多数的患者须进行放疗．化疗对食管癌尚无肯定的疗效．中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1958／1986共治疗食管癌9104例，其中单一手术947例（10．4％），术前放疗加手术…     

食管表浅癌的内镜诊断和治疗

食管表浅癌的内镜诊断和治疗杨观瑞，赵立群河南省医学科学研究所郑州４５００５２早期诊断与食管癌病人的治疗和预后密切相关。６０年代末至８０年代初，我国在食管癌高发区进行了大规模的人群普查，发现了许多早期食管癌病例。食管脱落细胞学、病理组织学、Ｘ线和内镜检...     

食管结核的诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨食管结核的临床病理特征、诊断及外科治疗方法。方法分析11例患者的相关临床资料,并分析临床文献。结果男性4例,女性7例;年龄14~62岁,平均47.2岁。症状有吞咽困难和胸骨后疼痛,术前诊断为食管结核2例。误诊9例,分别诊为食管癌7例、食管平滑肌瘤2例。药物治疗2例,手术治疗9例,手术方式包括病灶段食管切除+胃食管吻合术5例、淋巴结切除术2例和胃造瘘术1例,1例术中冰冻切片证实结核而未切除食管,术后无严重并发症发生。11例患者均经病理证实为食管结核,全部治愈,随访1~27年症状均消失,结核无复发。结论食管结核属罕见良性疾病,临床无特异征象,与食管癌和食管良性肿瘤鉴别困难。术前明确诊断后采用药物保守治疗有效,如出现并发症则需外科干预,术后需抗结核治疗12~18月,预后好。     

Neoadjuvant treatment of esophageal cancer

The management of esophageal cancer has been evolving over the past 30 years. In the United States, multimodality treatment combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) prior to surgical resection has come to be accepted by many as the standard of care, although debate about its overall effect on survival still exists, and rightfully so. Despite recent improvements in detection and treatment, the overall survival of patients with esophageal cancer remains lower than most solid tumors, which highlights why further advances are so desperately needed. The aim of this article is to provide a complete review of the history of esophageal cancer treatment with the addition of chemotherapy, RT, and more recently, targeted agents to the surgical management of resectable disease.     

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumors

AIM: To retrospectively evaluate our experience with the diagnosis and surgical resection of esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs).METHODS: Between January 2003 and August 2014, five esophageal GIST cases were admitted to our hospital. In this study, the hospital records, surgery outcomes, tumor recurrence and survival of these patients were retrospectively reviewed.RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 45.6 years(range: 12-62 years). Three patients presented with dysphagia, and one patient presented with chest discomfort. The remaining patient was asymptomatic. Four patients were diagnosed with esophageal GISTs by a preoperative endoscopic biopsy. Three patients underwent esophagectomy, and two patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The mean operating time was 116 min(range: 95-148 min), and the mean blood loss was 176 m L(range: 30-300 m L). All tumors were completely resected. The mean length of postoperative hospital stay was 8.4 d(range: 6-12 d). All patients recovered and were discharged successfully. The median postoperative follow-up duration was 48 mo(range: 29-72 mo). One patient was diagnosed with recurrence, one patient was lost to follow-up, and three patients were asymptomatic and are currently being managed with close radiologic and clinical follow-up.CONCLUSION:Surgery is the standard,effective and successful treatment for esophageal GISTs.Longterm follow-up is required to monitor recurrence and metastasis.     

大肠癌的诊断和治疗

编者按随着人们生活水平的提高和医疗条件的改善,诸多急性传染病均得到了有效的控制.然而,一些与环境因素密切相关的慢性非传染性疾病,如心、脑血管疾病和恶性肿瘤的发病率有了明显上升.大肠癌便是一个突出的例子.欧美和日本等大肠癌高发国家的研究证明,长年的高蛋白、高脂肪和低纤维素饮食习惯是促发大肠癌的重要环境因素(外因),患者遗传上的缺陷,如多种癌相关基因的突变又是大肠癌发病的内在因素.这些相关的内外因素结合在一起可能也是近年我国大肠癌发病率上升的重要原因之一.预防为主是我国一贯的卫生工作方针,也是大肠癌防治工作的重点.纠正不良的饮食习惯,深入研究大肠癌发病的分子机制,从病因上着手防病是大肠癌预防工作的一级预防,而提高早癌和癌前疾病的检出率则是大肠癌的二级预防.众所周知,大肠癌有两个特点:一是有明确的癌前病变(93%的大肠癌来源于腺瘤);二是从癌前病变发展为癌有一较长的过程(平均7 a).我们可以利用这些特点,通过普查发现癌前病变和早期癌,经过内镜的微创治疗,预防大肠癌的发生,提高早癌治愈率.下面几篇论文将围绕大肠癌早诊、早治的问题进行初步讨论,希望能引起同行专家的兴趣,提出更深入的见解.     

食管癌药物治疗的研究进展

食管癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,临床应用手术、化疗及放疗等相结合的综合治疗模式治疗食管癌已成为共识,尽管还没有标准的治疗方案,但术前行新辅助放化疗,再手术(三联治疗),其中术后切缘阳性、淋巴结转移等高危因素者,积极行术后辅助治疗,不能手术者可行根治性放化疗,已成为NCCN指南推荐的综合治疗模式.近年来,临床试验研究证实靶向药物能进一步改善食管癌的预后.如何选择化疗药物、制定合理的治疗模式成为临床研究的热点,本文就食管癌药物治疗的临床研究进展作一综述.     

Endoscopic treatment of squamous cell esophageal cancer

OBJECTIVE: In this article, it was evaluated the role of endoscopic procedures for the management of squamous cell esophageal cancer. DATA SOURCE: Relevant publications cited at PubMed database in the last 10 years were analyzed and compared with the experience developed at the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Division of the Department of Gastroenterology of the University of S?o Paulo School of Medicine. Mucosectomy and advanced tumor tunnelization were the most important developments in that area. DATA SYNTHESIS: Endoscopic mucosal resection of early epidermoid cancer of the esophagus is indicated when the lesion is confined to the epithelium (m1) or to the lamina propria (m2). The described 5-year survival rate after endoscopic mucosal resection of intramucosal epidermoid tumor of the esophagus approaches 95%. Based on the available evidence, it seems reasonable to indicate endoscopic mucosal resection as a first-choice treatment for patients with intramucosal epidermoid esophageal carcinoma. There are a variety of endoscopic palliative methods for dysphagia relief in advanced esophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The choice will vary according to the anatomical features and location of the tumor, patient preferences, local and expertise availability. The technical success rate for placement of metal stents across the malignant stenosis is close to 100%. The rate of long-term palliation of dysphagia approaches 80% which makes expandable metal stents the treatment of choice for palliation of obstructive symptoms caused by advanced squamous cell cancer of the esophagus.     

Diagnosis and endoscopic treatment of esophageal leakage: a systematic review

When esophageal leakage is suspected, diagnostic work-up usually starts with endoscopy followed by CT of the thorax. Clinicians should consider esophageal leakage a clinical emergency as early diagnosis and treatment are associated with improved outcome. Upon diagnosis, acute therapeutic management in a specialized center with appropriate multidisciplinary infrastructure and expertise is indicated as innovative endoscopic treatment options have become reasonable alternatives to invasive surgical interventions. Promising endoscopic treatment options include esophageal stent placement, endoscopic vacuum therapy, and over-the-scope clip placement. In effort to evaluate the current literature, a systematic literature search was performed on studies reporting clinical outcome of patients treated with these endoscopic treatment options for benign esophageal perforations and anastomotic leakage. The systematic search yielded 15 studies (932 patients) discussing stent placement, 14 studies (295 patients) discussing endoscopic vacuum therapy, and 8 studies (41 patients) discussing over-the-scope clip placement. Clinical success was achieved in the majority of all patients. However, the studies predominantly consisted of small single-center retrospective case series. Careful selection of patients is therefore recommended when considering endoscopic therapy for esophageal leakage. Furthermore, clinical tools may aid in predicting patients’ prognosis and selection of patients that could benefit from endoscopic therapy. In the future, randomized studies comparing available endoscopic treatment options are needed to guide treatment choice for patients with esophageal leakage in daily clinical practice.