1例重症肌无力术后胆碱能危象的观察与护理

重症肌无力危象是重症肌无力患者因某种原因突然发生的严重呼吸困难,临床上发病率约占肌无力总数的9.8%～26.7%,病情急剧恶化可危及生命.我科于2005年7月收治1例重症肌无力患者,术后引发胆碱能危象,经及时抢救脱离危险,现将抢救护理体会介绍如下.     

重症肌无力危象病人的护理

重症肌无力是一种神经肌肉突触传递障碍的自身免疫性疾病。一旦发生危象．患者即表现为严重的全身性无力和呼吸困难．病情危重．死亡率极高。其治疗和护理比其他疾病要复杂和困难得多，要求也更高一我科1996年6月收治1例典型患者．经抢救、治疗和精心护理．69天后治愈出院。现将护理体会总结如下。1病例介绍患者女性．33岁．因左睑下垂．双下肢无力伴呼吸困难．于1996年6月11日4H由急诊科转入我科。入院前5天．患者因上呼吸道感染；体温39．5℃）．左眼睑突然下垂．双下肢无力．双眼水平复现继而出现右眼胜下垂．四肢无力加重．吞咽困难、…     

重症肌无力危象的抢救与护理

重症肌无力危象是指呼吸肌、延髓肌的无力达到基本生命体征不能维持时的严重危象状态［１］。其死亡率极高,治疗及护理较复杂和困难。我科自１９９１年１月～１９９８年１０月共收治了２３例重症肌无力危象病人,经及时抢救治疗,实施有计划有重点的身心护理,除５例死亡外均治愈出院,现将我们对此病的抢救与护理体会总结如下。１　临床资料本组２３例,男８例,女１５例,年龄１５～４８岁,平均年龄３７７岁。其中１９例施行了气管插管术,１５例施行了气管切开术,并给予机械通气,机械通气时间为６ｈ～１０３天,累计达２７８天１４…     

重症肌无力危象的抢救护理

重症肌无力危象主要表现为呼吸肌严重无力。我院1988年1月~1998年12月共收治重症肌无力（MG）18例,其中有9例重症肌无力危象病人行气管切开,人工呼吸机辅助呼吸,均抢救成功,现将护理体会介绍如下。工临床资料本组9例中,男性4例,女性5例,年龄16~57岁,术前发生肌无力危象2例,术后发生者7例。术后8~12h发生危象者2例,24~48h发生4例,6天后发生者1例,用呼吸机辅助呼吸最短4h,最长反复上机达2周,平均为5天左右,均痊愈出院。2护理2．l严密观察病情变化。术后,因麻醉药物可加重肌无力症状,故要特别注意咽肌与呼吸肌无力的观察护理…     

重症肌无力危象患者的护理

目的探讨重症肌无力危象的有效护理方法。方法对8例患者紧急采取气管插管或气管切开进行机械通气,并加强呼吸道管理,积极预防交叉感染,落实好基础护理,做好心理护理及康复护理等。结果6例痊愈,2例好转。结论及时采取机械通气,改善缺氧症状,是挽救患者生命的关键所在;及时有效的心理护理和不失时机的康复护理是恢复健康和提高未来生活质量的重要手段。     

儿童型重症肌无力并肌无力危象的护理

总结了9例儿童型重症肌无力并肌无力危象的护理。包括饮食护理、基础护理、心理护理、康复护理。认为护理的重点是密切观察病情变化，尽快改善呼吸功能，有效纠正缺氧，加强呼吸道管理，预防窒息和呼吸道感染，胆碱能危象的观察及护理。     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力围术期肌无力危象的护理

胸腺瘤是位于前纵隔内的一种较常见的肿瘤，该类肿瘤的最大的特点是约10％～45％的病例合并重症肌无力。重症肌无力是一种由于神经-肌肉接头处传递障碍所致的自身免疫性疾病，临床主要表现以受累骨骼肌极易疲劳，经休息或服用抗胆碱酯酶药物后部分恢复为特征。早期行胸腺瘤切除可同时治疗重症肌无力，但手术后易发生肌无力危象，即因呼吸肌无力所致的严重呼吸衰竭状态。     

1例重症肌无力危象的护理

重症肌无力是神经肌肉接头间神经传递障碍的一种自身免疫性疾病,而肌无力危象是患者的主要死亡原因。重症肌无力危象是由于呼吸肌麻痹、呼吸无力、气道分泌物聚集而导致的严重缺氧。紧急施行气管切开后实行机械通气辅助呼吸是其重要的抢救手段^[1]。我科2010年9月15日收治1例重症肌无力危象、呼吸停止,26d后而逐渐脱离呼吸机患者。现将护理体会报道如下。     

重症肌无力危象82例护理体会

目的:探讨重症肌无力危象的有效护理方法.方法:对82例重症肌无力危象患者(87次危象)采取紧急气管插管或气管切开进行机械通气,并加强呼吸道管理,积极预防交叉感染,做好基础护理、心理护理.结果:本组抢救成功70例,死亡12例.结论:及时采取机械通气,改善缺氧症状,是挽救重症肌无力危象患者生命的关键,配合有效的心理护理可加快患者康复.     

重症肌无力及其危象的观察与护理

对6例重症肌无力病人的治疗护理及1例重症肌危象病人行气管插管术后的抢救经过进行总结,6例重症肌无力病人痊愈出院,1例重症肌无力危象行气管插管术后经积极治疗及护理,最后痊愈出院.指出对重症肌无力病人使用抗胆碱酯酶药物及糖皮质激素治疗,效果好,而对重症肌无力危象病人早期行气管插管、气管切开术和人工辅助呼吸是治疗成功的关键.     

胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力患者术后肌无力危象的临床分析

目的：探讨胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力（MG）患者行胸腺瘤切除术后,发生肌尢力危象的影响因素及治疗措施。方法：48例胸腺瘤伴MG患者行扩大胸腺切除术,术后是否发生肌无力危象分组。分析肌无力危象与性别、年龄、病史、Osserman分型、胸腺瘤病理类型、Masaoka病理分期及术前用药关系,建立人工气道与机械通气治疗肌无力危象疗效。结果：18例患者于术后（1．69±1．62）d发生肌无力危象,肌无力危象与年龄、性别、Osser—msn分型、病理类型、Masaoka分期及术前用药无关。9例气管切开、6例鼻腔气管插管、3例口腔气管插管．机械通气（12．0±13．88）d,肌无力危象组住院时间明显延长（34．61±23．90d vs 20．33±15．26d,P〈0．05）,10例给予大剂量激素冲击治疗,其中1例发生双侧股骨头坏死,无一例死亡。结论：胸腺瘤伴MG患者术后肌无力危象的发生与胸腺瘤关系不密切,迅速建立人工气道与合理的机械通气策略是救治肌无力危象的关键。     

中西医结合救治10例重症肌无力危象分析

目的：分析中西医结合治疗重症肌无力危象的疗效。方法：１０例重症肌无力危象患者及时经鼻气管插管、呼吸机辅助正压通气，意识不清者，采用控制通气呼吸模式；意识清楚者，采用同步间隙指令呼吸（ＳＩＭＶ）加压力支持通气（ＰＳＶ）。并应用大剂量类固醇激素，对有激素禁忌证者静滴大剂量丙种球蛋白，对感染触发危象或危象后伴发感染者，积极选用抗生素，同时中药治以回阳救逆、扶正纳气、肃肺化痰治疗；同时进行了乙酰胆碱受体抗体、肺功能、食管运动功能等项检测。结果：抢救成功７例，死亡３例，危象病死率３０％。８例检测乙酰胆碱受体抗体平均为４．５２±１．６８，与同期无危象的重症肌无力组（１．１８±１．０２）比较有显著性差异（ｔ＝８．２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。肺功能检测：１０例患者均提示有中至重度肺容量受限。食管运动功能检测９例中８例异常。结论：及时建立呼吸通道给予呼吸机控制呼吸是保证抢救成功的首要步骤；充分关注和及时处置感染和心脏并发症；肌无力危象病死率的高低与危象救治是否及时、并发症的严重程度、呼吸机的掌握与合理使用、激素及其它免疫调节剂的应用以及综合措施的得力与否有关。合理应用中西医结合方法多途径救治重症肌无力危象效果较好     

A randomized and controlled study comparing immunoadsorption and plasma exchange in myasthenic crisis

Myasthenic crisis is the most serious life-threatening event in Myasthenia gravis patients, affecting up to 27% within the first two years after onset of disease. Extracorporeal removal of circulating autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChRAb) by methods of therapeutic apheresis, e.g. plasma exchange (PE) and immunoadsorption (IA) had been demonstrated as effective treatment especially in acute situations of myasthenic crisis. However, controlled data comparing clinical safety and efficacy of both methods in a clinical study were not available. Here the results of a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial are presented, investigating 19 patients with myasthenic crisis, who were randomized to receive either PE (n = 10) or IA (n = 9) in addition to combined drug treatment. Patients received 3 to 5 (mean 3.5 for PE, and 3.4 for IA) treatments over a period of 7 days with a predefined treatment volume of 1.5 l plasma (i.e., 20-25 ml/kg plasma representing 0.5-0.6 patients' plasma volumes). Clinical courses were monitored using disease specific clinical scores. After initiation of IA or PE the mean value of Myasthenia scores decreased equally until Day 14 of the post-treatment phase. Patients from both treatment groups improved to a stable clinical status of Oosterhuis Classes 1 and 2. Substantial reduction of AChRAb was documented after each session of PE or IA. In the treatment period 16 adverse effects (seven serious adverse events, SAE) in the PE and 10 (1 SAE) in the IA group were observed. In conclusion, IA proved to be equally effective compared with PE treatment in patients with myasthenic crisis. Three to five treatment sessions using low plasma volume dosage of 20-25 ml/kg were adequate to improve clinically relevant symptoms significantly in most patients.     

Effect of cholinergic crisis on the potency of different emergency anaesthesia protocols in soman-poisoned rats

Background: In a military or terrorist scenario, combination of organophosphorus compounds (OP) poisoning with physical trauma requiring surgical treatment and thus general anaesthesia are possible. Previous in vitro studies showed an altered potency of relevant anaesthetics during cholinergic crisis. Hence, it is not clear, which anaesthetics are suitable to achieve the necessary stage of surgical anaesthesia in OP poisoning.

Methods: In the present study, different anaesthetic regimens (ketamine-midazolam, propofol-fentanyl, thiopental-fentanyl), relevant in military emergency medicine, were examined in soman-poisoned rats. Clinical signs and cardiovascular variables were recorded continuously. Blood samples for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were drawn. After euthanasia or death of the animals, brain and diaphragm were collected for cholinesterase assays.

Results: Propofol-fentanyl and thiopental-fentanyl resulted in surgical anaesthesia throughout the experiments. With ketamine-midazolam, surgical anaesthesia without respiratory impairment could not be achieved in pilot experiments (no soman challenge) and was therefore not included in the study. Soman-poisoned and control animals required a comparable amount of propofol-fentanyl or thiopental-fentanyl. In combination with atropine, significantly less propofol was needed. Survival rate was higher with thiopental compared to propofol. Atropine improved survival in both groups. Blood and tissue AChE activities were strongly inhibited after soman administration with and without atropine treatment.

Discussion: The current in vivo study did not confirm concerns of altered potency of existing anaesthetic protocols for the application of propofol or thiopental with fentanyl due to soman poisoning. Despite severe cholinergic crisis, sufficient anaesthetic depth could be achieved in all animals.

Conclusion: Further experiments in in vivo models closer to human pharmaco- and toxicokinetics (e.g., swine) are required for confirmation of the initial findings and for improving extrapolation to humans.     

心理护理对重症肌无力危象患者心理状态及预后的影响

目的研究有目的的心理治疗与护理对重症肌无力危象患者的心理状态及预后的影响。方法采用成组病例对照研究方法,选择我院神经内科住院的、脱机（呼吸机）后继续治疗的肌无力危象患者58例,随机分为2组,每组各29例,2组患者药物治疗相同,实验组再联合心理治疗与护理,包括认知疗法、行为疗法等,疗程12周,分别于治疗前和治疗后12周对2组采用症状自评量表、抑郁自评量表及焦虑自评量表进行测评;在治疗前和随访1年后对重症肌无力的临床症状各评1次,观察2组的效果。结果实验组总有效率93.1%,总显效率86.2%;对照组总有效率79.3%,总显效率58.6%,2组总有效率比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,但总显效率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;实验组经心理治疗与护理后SCL-90各因子分（除偏执和精神病性因子外）以及SAS、SDS评分较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论心理治疗与护理对重症肌无力危象患者的预后有一定的疗效。     

心理护理对重症肌无力危象患者心理状态及预后的影响

目的研究有目的的心理治疗与护理对重症肌无力危象患者的心理状态及预后的影响。方法采用成组病例对照研究方法,选择我院神经内科住院的、脱机（呼吸机）后继续治疗的肌无力危象患者58例,随机分为2组,每组各29例,2组患者药物治疗相同,实验组再联合心理治疗与护理,包括认知疗法、行为疗法等,疗程12周,分别于治疗前和治疗后12周对2组采用症状自评量表、抑郁自评量表及焦虑自评量表进行测评;在治疗前和随访1年后对重症肌无力的临床症状各评1次,观察2组的效果。结果实验组总有效率93.1%,总显效率86.2%;对照组总有效率79.3%,总显效率58.6%,2组总有效率比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,但总显效率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;实验组经心理治疗与护理后SCL-90各因子分（除偏执和精神病性因子外）以及SAS、SDS评分较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论心理治疗与护理对重症肌无力危象患者的预后有一定的疗效。     

胸腺瘤切除术后重症肌无力危象的临床分析

目的:探讨胸腺瘤切除术后发生重症肌无力危象的原因及治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析1998～2005年诊治的14例胸腺瘤切除术后发生重症肌无力危象的患者的病例资料。结果:14例患者中1例死亡,其余治愈出院。重症肌无力危象主要发生于术后早期,Osserman临床分型属于Ⅲ型、Masqoka分期属于Ⅱ期、术前准备不充分,服用抗胆碱酯酶药物剂量较大、术前曾发生危象和肺部感染、中度或重度通气功能障碍等是术后发生危象的最常见诱因。结论:重症肌无力危象患者及时气管插管或气管切开,应用呼吸机,预防感染,肾上腺皮质激素冲击治疗,静脉注射大剂量免疫球蛋白等综合抢救措施,可明显缩短病程,显著降低死亡率。     

Immunoglobulins in myasthenia gravis: effect of human lymph IgG 3 and F (ab')2 fragments on a cholinergic receptor preparation from Torpedo marmorata.

Lymph IgG from patients with myasthenia gravis was shown to inhibit the binding of radio-labelled Naja naja siamensis alpha-neurotoxin to membrane fragments from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. This effect could be related to IgG subclass 3 and to the F(ab')2 fragment. These findings confirm the involvement of antibodies of postsynaptic structures in myasthenia gravis.     

Economic crisis and nursing in Spain

zabalegui a. & cabrera e. (2010) Journal of Nursing Management 18 , 505–508
Economic crisis and nursing in Spain Aim The purpose of the present study is to describe the economic context in Spain and its impact on the health care sector and in nursing schools. Background The global economic crisis is affecting nursing in Spain. This study analyses and compares indicators related to health care and nursing schools among European countries. Some new strategies to cope with the challenges arising from the health care crisis are suggested. Key issues Health care costs are increasing as a result of the ageing of the Spanish population, immigration, chronicity of health problems and new medical technology. Nursing education has changed in 2010 from a 3-year diploma programme to a 4-year University degree in Nursing. This change requires new resources involving staff, facilities and equipment, all of which are lacking because of the economic crisis in Spain. Conclusions The worldwide economic crisis has affected Spain more than it has other European Union (EU) countries. This global crisis has an impact on the health care sector as well on nursing schools. Implications for nursing management It is essential for nursing management to develop creative approaches to maintain cost effective patient care. New programmes and technology must be carefully evaluated in terms of cost effectiveness before being implemented. All health care professionals should be well informed and have a solid understanding of this situation.