LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY FOR ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

Sixty-eight cases of acute cholecystitis managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are reviewed. Thirty-two patients were admitted up to 10 days after onset of symptoms and 31 were completed by LC. One patient was referred from intensive care with gangrenous acalculus cholecystitis and was completed by LC but required subsequent laparotomy to control a bleeding omental vessel. Five patients were admitted with recurrent attacks of pain and histology confirmed resolving acute cholecystitis. Thirty patients had LC on routine operating lists, having recently had pain within 10 days of admission. Histology confirmed acute cholecystitis or resolving acute cholecystitis in these patients. All were completed by LC. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a very effective treatment for acute cholecystitis if complete dissection of anatomy can be performed.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in patients with acute cholecystitis versus those with chronic cholecystitis and to determine the optimal timing for LC in patients with acute cholecystitis. METHODS: From January 1991 to July 1998, 796 patients (542 women and 254 men) underwent LC. In 132 patients (67 women and 65 men), acute cholecystitis was confirmed via histopathological examination. These patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 85) had an LC prior to 3 days after the onset of the symptoms of acute cholecystitis, and group 2 (n = 47) had an LC after 3 days. RESULTS: There were no mortalities. The conversion rates were 38.6% in acute cholecystitis and 9.6% in chronic cholecystitis (p<10(-8)). Length of surgery (150.3 min vs. 107.8 min; p<10(-9)), postoperative morbidity (15% vs. 6.6%; p = 0.001), and postoperative length of stay (7.9 days vs. 5 days; p< 10(-9)) were significantly different between LC for acute cholecystitis and elective LC. For acute cholecystitis, we found a statistical difference between the successful group and the conversion group in terms of length of surgery and postoperative stay. The conversion rates in patients operated on before and after 3 days following the onset of symptoms were 27% and 59.5%, respectively (p = 0.0002). There was no statistical difference between early and delayed surgery in terms of operative time and postoperative complications. However, total hospital stay was significantly shorter for group 1. CONCLUSIONS: LC for acute cholecystitis is a safe procedure with a shorter postoperative stay, lower morbidity, and less mortality than open surgery. LC should be carried out as soon as the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is established and preferably before 3 days following the onset of symptoms. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy can reduce both the conversion rate and the total hospital stay as medical and economic benefits.     

Risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallstones; however conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) remains a possibility. Unfortunately, preoperative factors indicating risk of conversion are unclear. Therefore, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with conversion of LC to OC. PATIENTS AND MATERIALS: Records of 564 patients undergoing LC in 1995 and 1996 were reviewed. Patients were assigned to one of two groups: (1) acute cholecystitis defined by the presence of gallstones, fever, leukocyte count >10(4), and inflammation on ultrasound or histology; (2) chronic cholecystitis that included all other symptomatic patients. Demographics, history, and physical, laboratory, and radiology data, operative note, and the pathology report were reviewed. RESULTS: 161 of 564 patients, had acute and 403 patients had chronic cholecystitis; 16 acute cholecystitis patients (10%) were converted from LC to OC and 17 chronic cholecystitis patients (4%) had LC converted to OC. Patients having open conversion were significantly older, had greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and were more likely to be males. LC conversion to OC in acute cholecystitis patients was associated with a greater leukocyte count; in gangrenous cholecystitis patients, 29% had open conversion. CONCLUSIONS: Importantly, these risk factors-older men, presence of cardiovascular disease, male gender, acute cholecystitis, and severe inflammation-are determined preoperatively, permitting the surgeon to better inform patients about the conversion risk from LC to OC. While acute cholecystitis was associated with more than a twofold increased conversion rate, only 10% of these patients could not be completed laparoscopically. Therefore, acute cholecystitis alone should not preclude an attempt at laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在急性胆囊炎中的应用

目的:探讨急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用价值.方法:回顾分析2007年10月至2008年10月为18例急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的临床资料.均于发病72 h内施术,均发热,超过38.0C,无黄疸、上腹部手术史.经积极术前准备后均于3h内行LC.结...     

Acute cholecystitis and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) should be the procedure of choice in treating acute cholecystitis. METHOD: A prospective study was conducted over a 4 1/2-year period. There were 187 patients with acute cholecystitis out of 1020 patients with gallbladder disease who required cholecystectomy. These patients were divided into three groups based on the time interval between the onset of pain and the time patients sought medical attention: Group 1, < 3 days; Group 2, 3 to 7 days; Group 3, > 7 days. All the patients underwent LC after a comprehensive preoperative workup. The parameters analyzed included operating time, hospital stay, and conversion rate. The comparison was made among the various groups and with those who had elective LC. RESULTS: One hundred twenty patients (64.17%) presented for treatment within 3 to 7 days of the onset of an attack. Empyema of the gallbladder was seen in 106 (56.68%) patients and phlegmon of the gallbladder in 42 (22.46%) patients. Group 3 patients had an operative time of 56.2 min as opposed to 18.5 min in Group 1 and 17.5 min in the elective LC group. The conversion rate in Group 3 was 19.5% versus 3.8% in Group 1 and 3.48% in the elective LC group. The complication rate was 7.3% in Group 3, 3.8% in Group 1, and 3.7% in the elective LC group. CONCLUSION: Acute cholecystitis is better managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy, except in the patients presenting with a gallbladder phlegmon later than 7 days after the onset of the attack.     

急性结石性胆囊炎经腹腔镜胆囊切除术68例临床分析

目的探讨急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)患者的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2007-12—2011-12通过LC治疗68例急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果 68例患者中,67例顺利完成LC,其中1例中转剖腹,术后病理证实为肝门部胆管癌,合并结石性、化脓性胆囊炎,2例患者发病72 h后出现胆汁渗漏,经治疗痊愈。2例术后第2天腹腔引流管引流出胆汁样液体,量为200～300 mL,经治疗2周后无液体引出拔出引流管,顺利出院。结论急性结石性胆囊炎明确诊断后,患者应尽早施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术中操作困难者应及时中转开腹。尽量减少或避免急性结石性胆囊炎LC手术并发症的发生,显著减轻患者痛苦。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗老年急性梗阻性胆囊炎的体会

目的:探讨B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流(percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage,PTGD)联合二期腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗老年急性梗阻性胆囊炎的疗效。方法:回顾分析2008年1月至2011年2月为78例老年急性结石性胆囊炎患者行PTGD联合二期LC的临床资料。结果:78例均穿刺置管成功,术后2～3 h腹痛减轻,体温24～48 h降至正常,PTGD管平均留置13.5天,分别于6～48天后行LC。3例中转开腹,无一例因急性梗阻性胆囊炎及相关治疗导致的严重并发症或死亡。结论:PTGD联合二期LC是治疗老年急性梗阻性胆囊炎安全、简便、有效的方法。老年急性梗阻性胆囊炎应尽量避免急诊常规手术,宜先行PTGD,缓解炎症,以免发生胆囊穿孔,待二期择期行LC。     

Is there an optimal time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis?

Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is safe in acute cholecystitis, but the exact timing remains ill-defined. This study evaluated the effect of timing of LC in patients with acute cholecystitis. Methods Prospective data from the hospital registry were reviewed. All patients admitted with acute cholecystitis from June 1994 to January 2004 were included in the cohort. Results Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 1,967 patients during the study period; 80% were women, mean patient age was 44 years (range, 20–73 years). Of the 1,967 LC procedures, 1,675 were successful, and 292 were converted to an open procedure (14%). Mean operating time for LC was 1 h 44 min (SD ± 50 min), versus 3 h 5 min (SD ± 79 min) when converted to an open procedure. Average postoperative length of stay was 1.89 days (± 2.47 days) for the laparoscopic group and 4.3 days (± 2.2 days) for the conversion group. No clinically relevant differences regarding conversion rates, operative times, or postoperative length of stay were found between patients who were operated on within 48 h compared to those patients who were operated on post-admission days 3–7. Conclusions The timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis has no clinically relevant effect on conversion rates, operative times, or length of stay.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎（附238例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）治疗急性胆囊炎及慢性胆囊炎急性发作的疗效。方法2003年5月-2007年11月对238例急性胆囊炎及慢性胆囊炎急性发作施行四孔法LC,腹腔内压力控制在11-13mm Hg,对一些年老体弱的患者,气腹压力控制在10mm Hg。若术中探查发现胆囊三角水肿明显,解剖困难,则逆行切除胆囊;若术中发现胆囊管内结石嵌顿,则尽量将结石挤入胆囊后切除胆囊,为防止胆囊管内结石进入胆总管,术中经胆囊管行胆道造影,除外胆管结石。结果220例LC成功;18例中转开腹：术中出血及解剖困难12例,术中发现胆管结石6例。2例术后出血,经二次手术止血后康复出院。6例术后2-4d发生胆漏,引流量较少,每天50-80ml,采取保守治疗（禁食,静脉补液和静脉用抗生素）后治愈。238例术后随访1-12个月,平均6个月,未出现术后并发症。结论LC治疗急性胆囊炎或慢性胆囊炎急性发作可行且有效,但应选择恰当的手术时机,解剖胆囊三角显露胆囊管是手术的关键,当腹腔镜手术遇困难时,应适时中转开腹手术。     

冲吸钝性解剖法在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨冲吸钝性解剖法在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中的应用价值。方法 2002年9月～2009年4月,110例急性胆囊炎行LC,切断胆囊管前常规行冲吸钝性解剖法暴露肝总管。结果 108例LC成功,2例因为严重的腹腔粘连而中转开腹。手术时间28～120 min,平均52 min。术后住院3～7 d,平均4 d。无胆道损伤、胆漏、术中出血等并发症。93例随访1～72个月,平均25个月,无腹痛、发热、黄疸等症状发生。结论在急性胆囊炎LC术中应用冲吸钝性解剖法能有效防止术中胆道损伤,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎

【摘要】 目的 探讨经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院及佛山市第一人民医院2009年1月至2012年12月82例急性化脓性胆囊炎先行经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流,1个月后再行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果 82例患者均成功接受经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流,患者穿刺术后2~4 h腹痛明显缓解,术后2至3天体温降至正常。1例术后出现胆道大出血,经急诊肝动脉栓塞止血。全部患者于术后一个月行二期腹腔镜胆囊切除术,其中2例中转开腹(2.4%),术后无胆汁漏及胆管损伤等严重并发症发生。 结论 急性化脓性胆囊炎经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流可迅速缓解症状,术后1个月再实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全、可行的,中转开腹率低,手术并发症少。     

Early minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: Recently, techniques using fine-caliber instruments (2 or 3 mm in diameter) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, called minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC), were reported to be superior to conventional LC (CLC, using 5 mm instruments) in postoperative course and cosmetic outcome. However, the use of MLC to date has been largely restricted to uncomplicated situations. Since CLC has been proved to be a safe and efficient technique for acute cholecystitis especially if conducted early, this study tests the feasibility and safety of MLC for acute cholecystitis. METHODS: Sixty-nine consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis were prospectively randomized to minilaparoscopic (n = 38) or conventional laparoscopic (n = 31) cholecystectomy, and the operations were conducted within 2 days of admission whenever possible. Despite different operative techniques, both groups of patients received identical preoperative preparation, evaluation and postoperative care. The two groups were compared for patient characteristics, results of laboratory tests, predictive score for LC difficulties, operative time, operative complications, hospitalization days and need for meperidine injection for wound pain. RESULTS: The conversion rate was 7.9% (3 of 38) for the MLC group and 6.5% (2 of 31) for the CLC group. Nine patients in the MLC group and 7 in the CLC group had concomitant choledocholithiasis and underwent endoscopic stone retrieval before operation. The age, sex, predictive score for LC difficulties, preoperative leukocyte count, length of hospital stay and requirement of intramuscular meperidine injections were similar for both groups of patients, while, the operative times were marginally longer in the MLC group (113.8 +/- 30.8 versus 98.2 +/- 33.2 minutes, P = 0.056). No major complications occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis by MLC are as good as those of CLC if the operation is performed early, with obvious smaller incisions and minimal complications. MLC is a safe and effective procedure for patients with acute cholecystitis, and has an acceptable low conversion rate.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）治疗急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎的可行性和价值。方法2005年1月～2007年12月71例急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎全麻下行四孔法LC,分别处理胆囊动脉和胆囊管,若胆囊管增宽则先结扎再切断,撑开状态下电灼肝床边缘,术后放置肝下引流。结果67例（94.4%）成功完成LC,4例（5.6%）中转开腹（68例病程3d以内,中转开腹2例;3例病程3d以上,中转开腹2例）。无胆管损伤,无死亡。术后住院2～6d,平均3d。71例术后随访半年无手术并发症。结论随着手术熟练程度及手术技巧的提高,LC治疗急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎安全、可行。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in transplant patients

Summary Acute cholecystitis is a serious condition in transplant patients and elective cholecystectomy is generally recommended when gallstones are found. We reviewed the results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in 10 immunosuppressed transplant patients (6 heart, 4 kidney) and compared them to the results of open cholecystectomy performed in 26 transplant patients (14 heart, 11 kidney, 1 kidney/pancreas). The LC group had a 20% incidence of minor complication with no major complications and no deaths. The open-cholecystectomy group experienced 19% minor complications, 23% major complications, and 15% deaths. The average postoperative length of stay for the LC patients was 4.6 days (2 days for the 5 straightforward cases) as compared to 9.1 days after open cholecystectomy (4 days for the 13 straightforward open cases). Oral immunosuppression was stopped prior to operation but could be restarted within 29 hours after operation in the LC patients and 68 h in the open cases. The findings at LC were helpful in assessing whether acute cholecystitis and/or choledocholithiasis was the source of fever, liver-function abnormalities, or pancreatitis in these immunosuppressed transplant patients. We conclude that LC can be performed safely in transplant patients, but that in 10–20% of patients, the operation will be converted to an open procedure. The advantages of LC in these patients are a shorter hospitalization and less delay to resumption of preoperative oral immunotherapy than after open cholecystectomy.     

THE EFFECT OF SCHEDULED REPEAT ENDOSCOPY ON PEPTIC ULCER REBLEEDING—A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

The role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in management of acute cholecystitis remained controversial. Unless contraindicated or refused, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy was offered to patients suffered from acute cholecystitis in our department. Patients data and outcome were collected and analyzed to assess the safety and efficacy of the procedure and to identify predictive factors for conversion. From January 1999 to December 2000, a total of 78 patients with diagnosis of acute cholecystitis were operated. 18 patients had immediate open operation due to previous upper abdominal surgery, or presence of septic shock/peritonitis. Laparoscopic cholecystomy (LC) were successful in 41 (68.3%) of the remaining 60 patients and converted in 19 (31.7%). No mortality was found in the successful or attempted laparoscopic group but 3 patients died in the open group, probably due to poorer premorbid state. The successful LC group had the best outcome in terms of shorter postoperative stay (mean 8.2 days) and less complication rate (7.3%). The only statistically significant predictive factor for conversion are WBC count >19 × 10⁹/L and duration of symptoms of more than 72 hours after onset. Conclusion: Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis is safe and effective when operated within 72 hours of symptom onset before significant sepsis occur.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在急性胆囊炎中的应用

目的评价急性胆囊炎中应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的方法和疗效. 方法回顾分析1998年8月～2003年8月LC治疗急性胆囊炎201例. 结果本组均于入院24 h内行LC.完成LC 192例(95.52%),中转开腹9例.手术时间40～150 min,平均85 min.随访2～12个月,无并发症. 结论急性胆囊炎中应用LC难度大、变异多,但只要严格掌握手术适应证和手术技巧,在基层医院开展LC是可行的.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of 60 cases

From April to August 1990, 60 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients with biliary colic were included, but those who had florid acute cholecystitis, morbid obesity or scars in the upper portion of the abdomen were excluded. Three patients had acute cholecystitis, 56 had chronic cholecystitis and 1 had hydrops of the gallbladder. Nineteen patients had had previous lower abdominal surgery. Five patients did not require analgesia, but the remainder needed parenteral analgesia on an average of 1.7 occasions and enteral analgesia on an average of 1.8 occasions. There were no intraoperative complications, and no patient had the procedure completed by standard surgery. Postoperative hospital stay averaged 2.5 days. The mean follow-up was 39 days. Few postoperative complications were noted: two patients suffered from ileus; two patients had biliary colic postoperatively (one required endoscopic sphincterotomy with stone extraction, and in the other no common-duct stones were seen on retrograde cholangiography); one patient had an intra-abdominal abscess, which was drained percutaneously; and one patient complained of upper abdominal pain that was incisional in origin. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be considered the procedure of choice for elective treatment of uncomplicated symptomatic gallstone disease.     

Gallbladder cancer presenting with acute cholecystitis: a population-based study

BACKGROUND: The role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in acute cholecystitis remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence, clinicopathological characteristics, and outcome of patients with gallbladder cancer presenting with acute cholecystitis. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with gallbladder cancer who presented with acute cholecystitis and were treated at the public hospitals in Hong Kong between 1998 and 2002. RESULTS: Among 2,700 patients with acute cholecystitis managed with cholecystectomy (1,347 open and 1,353 LC), 63 patients (2.3%) were found to have gallbladder cancer. There were 44 women and 19 men with a mean age of 74.7 (+/-12.8) years. Adenocarcinoma (90.5%) was the most common cancer. The overall median survival was 5 months (95% CI = 2.6-7.4). The 5-year survival rate was 20.8%. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 11 patients and was completed successfully in six of them. There was no difference between the LC and open groups in the complication rate, hospital mortality rate, or survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: In the ethnic Chinese population of Hong Kong, the incidence of gallbladder cancer presenting with acute cholecystitis is higher than the same finding in patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. Long-term survival is possible because such patients may be diagnosed at an early stage of the disease.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术时机的选择

目的 :探讨腹腔镜治疗急性胆囊炎的最佳时机。方法 :14 1例急性胆囊炎患者。按照手术时患者的发病时间分为 2组 ,早期手术组 88例 ,起病 72h以内行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC) ;晚期手术组 5 3例 ,起病72h后行LC。结果 :早期手术组 4例发生并发症 (4 5 5 % ) ,5例中转开腹 (5 6 8% )。晚期手术组 12例发生并发症 (2 2 6 4% ) ,9例中转开腹 (16 98% )。对比 2组并发症的发生率及术后恢复时间 ,早期手术组缩短了住院时间 ,节省了医疗费用。并且早期手术组无 1例发生严重并发症。结论 :急性胆囊炎一经诊断明确应立即行LC ,在炎症、粘连坏疽出现前行LC治疗急性胆囊炎是安全有效的     

老年急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的治疗体会(附50例报告)

目的:探讨为老年急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的临床效果。方法:回顾分析2006年10月至2008年10月为50例老年急性胆囊炎患者行LC的临床资料。结果:47例成功施行LC,手术时间35～155min,平均65min,术后1～3d恢复进食,术后住院3～10d,平均6d;腹腔镜下行胆囊造瘘术1例;中转开腹2例,手术成功率94%。1例术后并发肺内感染,经对症治疗后痊愈。无死亡病例及胆漏、出血等术后并发症发生。结论:只要病例选择得当,LC可作为治疗老年急性胆囊炎的理想术式。