人胚神经干细胞分离培养与鉴定方法

目的:建立神经干细胞(NSCs)实验室分离、培养方法,为NSCs移植提供细胞源.方法:取4月龄(±15 天)正常孕妇水囊引产胎儿大脑纹状体区组织分离神经干细胞,培养于含碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和B27的无血清培养基;同时利用单细胞克隆技术进行连续传代培养;利用形态学观察和免疫荧光技术检测神经上皮干细胞蛋白Nestin抗原的表达来鉴定神经干细胞.结果:体外培养的干细胞在bFGF和B27培养基中可不断增殖形成细胞球,并出现少量细胞分化.单细胞培养4天即开始分裂,同时伴有个别细胞分化;出现大量神经球一般为15天;分化的细胞在30天开始分解,50天左右基本消失.细胞培养3个月(每月补液1次)仍具有分裂增殖能力.单细胞克隆可连续传代10次,仍具增殖分化能力.液氮冻存6个月的细胞复苏后仍具增殖分化能力.单细胞克隆传代增殖的细胞球经Nestin免疫荧光鉴定,呈阳性结果,证实其胚胎源性.结论:采用bFGF和B27的无血清培养基能促进神经干细胞连续稳定增殖,并有少量分化,细胞体外培养3个月、克隆连续传代10次情况下的细胞仍具有神经干细胞特性.     

不同细胞因子体外诱导神经干细胞向神经细胞分化的研究

目的观察碱性纤维母细胞生长因子、白血病抑制因子、脑源性神经营养因子及不同组合对成年SD大鼠脑神经干细胞在体外分化为神经细胞的作用。方法用含碱性纤维母细胞生长因子（bFGF）、B27的无血清细胞培养技术体外培养成年SD大鼠脑神经干细胞,单细胞克隆后行Nestin免疫细胞化学染色;根据培养液中所加营养因子的不同将单细胞克隆传代细胞分为5组培养：bFGF、LIF、BDNF、bFGF＋LIF、bFGF＋BDNF组,此5组细胞培养1周,进行NSE免疫细胞化学染色,计数阳性细胞比例后进行统计学分析。结果单细胞克隆培养后克隆球细胞表达Nestin;与bFGF组、LIF组、BDNF组相比,bFGF＋BDNF组和bFGF＋LIF组神经干细胞分化为神经细胞的比例较高（P〈0．01）,其中bFGF＋BDNF组神经细胞的比例最高。结论在bFGF培养条件下,BDNF促进成年SD大鼠脑神经干细胞向神经细胞分化的能力高于LIF。     

成年大鼠脑膜原代组织干细胞特性细胞的分离及神经诱导分化研究

目的 分离并检测成年大鼠脑膜组织中具有干细胞特性的细胞亚群,探讨其诱导成神经细胞的能力.方法 自成年大鼠活体分离、剪取脑膜经胰酶消化制成细胞悬液,接种于培养皿,用无血清的特殊培养基培养,动态观察脑膜细胞克隆球的形成及分化过程,并用巢蛋白（Nestin）、表面抗原CD133抗体进行免疫荧光染色,对阳性细胞进行表观遗传学鉴定.分离的脑膜细胞经曲古抑菌素A（TSA）诱导培养基分别诱导分化后检测脑膜细胞向神经细胞分化成熟程度,用免疫印迹法（westen blotting）检测诱导分化后脑膜细胞内成熟神经细胞相关标志性蛋白--高分子量神经丝蛋白（NF-200）、神经元蛋白（BM88）的表达情况.结果 成年大鼠脑膜组织体外培养时不同类型细胞的贴壁时间有差异,具有干细胞特性细胞呈球形,黏着在首先贴壁的扁平基底细胞上分裂形成克隆球,克隆球细胞Nestin、CD133免疫荧光染色阳性.诱导分化后NF-200、BM88有明显表达,表明经诱导分化后脑膜细胞可分化为神经细胞.结论 活体分离成年大鼠脑膜组织部分细胞体外培养具有干细胞特性,并可向神经细胞方向分化.     

SRC-1基因在小鼠神经干细胞分化过程中的变化

目的观察类固醇受体辅助活化因子-1(SRC-1)基因在小鼠神经干细胞(NSCs)体外培养分化过程中表达的变化。方法用机械分离和酶消化法从1~3 d小鼠大脑皮质获取NSCs原代细胞,体外培养获神经球,传代并消化,经血清诱导神经球细胞分化。形态学、细胞免疫荧光实验观察神经球形态、Nestin表达鉴定NSCs;抗体分别标记神经元、星形胶质细胞,检测细胞分化d 3、9的细胞类型。RT-qPCR和免疫印迹法检测细胞分化d 0、3、9 SRC-1基因mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果新生小鼠大脑皮质获取的细胞,体外培养能扩增形成神经球,Nestin阳性表达。NSCs分化d 3主要为神经元,d 9主要为星形胶质细胞。与NSCs分化d 0相比,SRC-1表达在分化d 3明显升高,在分化d 9明显降低。 结论 成功分离并获取新生小鼠皮质NSCs。在NSCs分化中,SRC-1表达量有明显变化,分布依次为神经元>NSCs>星形胶质细胞。     

成年大鼠嗅球神经干细胞的培养和鉴定

目的建立成年大鼠嗅球神经干细胞分离培养和鉴定方法,探索新的成年神经干细胞种子来源。方法用无血清方法分离培养成年大鼠嗅球来源的神经干细胞;用克隆培养、BrdU整合的方法检验培养细胞的干细胞特性;用免疫荧光细胞化学的方法检测BrdU、神经干细胞标记物Nestin和SOX2,分化的细胞标记物Tuj1、GFAP、NG2的表达。结果从成年大鼠嗅球能够分离、培养出具有自我更新、增殖的神经球,构成神经球的细胞呈Nestin和SOX2阳性,它们分化后产生Tuj1阳性的神经元、GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞、NG2阳性的少突胶质细胞。结论成年大鼠嗅球存在神经干细胞,能够在体外进行培养、增殖、分化,是神经干细胞的新的种子来源。     

去分化肌肉干细胞神经分化潜能的探讨

目的探讨去分化肌肉干细胞经条件培养诱导,具有神经干细胞性质并分化为终末神经细胞的潜能。方法依次用神经干细胞增殖及神经细胞分化条件培养基,对去分化肌肉干细胞进行体外诱导,促使其向神经干细胞转变以及向终末神经细胞分化,并通过形态学、免疫细胞化学、RT-PCR等实验手段研究其性质并加以鉴定。结果 (1)去分化肌肉干细胞在神经干细胞增殖条件培养基诱导下,可形成神经球,EdU标记阳性,抗Nestin、Neurofilament-m(NFm)、GFAP、CNPase阳性;Myogenin表达水平下调,而Nestin、Sca-1表达上调;(2)经神经细胞分化条件培养基诱导,神经球细胞可分化为形态学上典型的、抗NFm阳性神经元,以及抗GFAP、CNPase阳性神经胶质细胞。结论去分化肌肉干细胞具有神经系的多分化潜能。     

胚胎大鼠神经干细胞体外分化的激光共聚焦显微镜观察

目的:采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察体外培养胎鼠大脑皮质神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)分化情况。方法:利用无血清培养方法,分离培养胚胎大鼠大脑NSCs,进行体外扩增培养、传代;采用溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(bromodeoxyuridine,BrdU)掺入、双重免疫荧光细胞化学标记方法和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,用神经细胞的特异性抗体(神经元β-微管蛋白、胶质纤维酸性蛋白),鉴定NSCs向神经元与星形胶质细胞分化的情况。结果:从胎鼠大脑皮质及皮质下分离的组织,经原代和传代培养均可形成细胞克隆,并表达神经上皮干细胞蛋白(Nestin)抗原。在血清诱导下,分化后的细胞表达神经元、星形胶质细胞2种神经细胞的特异性抗原,NSCs分化为星形胶质细胞神经元的比例分别为(43.70±8.55)%和(23.00±3.69)%。结论:从胎鼠大脑皮质分离出的细胞可获得呈集落样生长的神经干细胞团,并能表达NSCs的特异性抗原;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜可清晰地观察到培养细胞具有分化为神经元和星形胶质细胞的潜能。     

腺苷促进体外培养神经干细胞增殖作用研究

目的研究腺苷促进体外培养神经干细胞（NSCs）增殖作用。方法取新生小鼠大脑进行神经干细胞原代培养,观察神经球生成情况,特异性蛋白质免疫细胞化学染色和BrdU标记鉴定并判断其增殖能力;将腺苷按0.4,2.0,10.0 μmol•L 13个浓度加入神经干细胞培养基,同时设立溶媒对照组和阳性对照组,通过观察神经球形态、神经球生成数目及 MTT法定量比较,分析不同浓度腺苷对神经干细胞分裂增殖的影响。结果培养物中有大量神经球生成,神经干细胞特异性蛋白质免疫细胞化学染色呈阳性,BrdU标记亦呈阳性反应,所培养的细胞为神经干细胞,具有增殖能力;腺苷中、高浓度组神经球数目、MTT比色结果明显高于溶媒对照组。结论腺苷具有促进NSCs增殖作用。     

新生大鼠海马神经干细胞的分离培养及鉴定

目的：从新生大鼠海马分离培养并鉴定神经干细胞。方法：应用含有碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF)和表皮生长因子（EGF）的无血清条件培养基，采用无底物的悬浮培养法培养神经干细胞，并用免疫细胞化学技术鉴定传代后形成的细胞团。结果：EGF bFGF可能明显地促进神经干细胞分裂增殖，免疫细胞化学检测发现传代后形成的细胞团中的细胞均表达神经上皮干细胞蛋白（Nestin)。结论：我们成功地建立了新生大鼠海马神经干细胞培养模型。     

胎鼠脑神经干细胞的分离、培养和鉴定

目的 研究胎鼠脑皮质神经干细胞(NSCs)的分离、培养及鉴定方法。方法 从孕15d胎鼠的大脑皮层和海马区脑组织中获取NSCs,在含有B27、表皮生长因子(EGF)和碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)的DMEM/F12无血清培养液中培养;传代后用5%胎牛血清培养液诱导NSCs分化。结果 体外分离培养的NSCs在无血清培养液中形成大量的神经球。经3-5代传代的细胞生长稳定。经巢蛋白染色鉴定,大部分为阳性细胞,神经细胞球经胎牛血清培养液贴壁培养后可分化为神经元特异烯醇化酶、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和半乳糖脑苷脂表达阳性的细胞。结论 从孕15d胎鼠大脑皮质和海马组织分离出的NSCs具有自我更新能力和多向分化潜能,其在5%胎牛血清培养液中具有向神经元和神经胶质细胞分化的潜能。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.