腹腔镜阑尾切除133例分析

目的:总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)的经验并探讨手术适应证。方法:总结分析LA133例的临床资料。结果:133例中急性单纯性阑尾炎12例,急性化脓性阑尾炎91例,其中急性阑尾炎合并卵巢囊肿1例,黄体破裂出血1例,急性盆腔炎2例,回肠内异物致肠穿孔1例。急性坏疽性阑尾炎15例,坏疽穿孔并急性弥漫性腹膜炎13例,慢性阑尾炎2例,其中合并结石性胆囊炎1例。中转剖腹1例,平均住院时间为4.1d。无切口感染、肠粘连、肠梗阻等并发症发生。结论:行LA时妥善处理阑尾系膜及残端,掌握阑尾移出腹腔的方法,可避免戳孔感染,减少肠粘连、肠梗阻的发生。尤其适合于肥胖、小儿、老年人、育龄妇女及诊断未明的腹膜炎患者,可作为阑尾切除的首选方法。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术1261例报告

目的 :总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术的经验。方法 :回顾分析行腹腔镜阑尾切除术 12 6 1例的临床资料。结果 :12 6 1例中 ,12 4 9例在腹腔镜下完成阑尾切除术 ,2例行阑尾周围脓肿引流术 ,10例为阑尾根部穿孔或腹膜后阑尾中转剖腹手术。 1例术后出血而再手术 ,戳孔感染 4例 ,无因肠瘘、肠粘连、肠梗阻而再手术者。结论 :腹腔镜阑尾切除术要正确处理系膜并将阑尾移出腹腔 ,可降低切口感染、肠粘连、肠梗阻的发生率 ,此术式尤其适用于肥胖 ,小儿及化脓坏疽性阑尾炎患者     

腹腔镜下阑尾切除术153例临床分析

目的总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)的应用经验。方法回顾性分析我院2009年5月至2010年8月期间153例行LA手术患者的临床资料。结果 153例中男74例,女79例;年龄8~76岁,平均32.5岁。其中慢性阑尾炎7例,急性单纯性阑尾炎41例,急性化脓性阑尾炎81例,急性坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎24例。149例在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,4例因阑尾周围组织水肿及粘连明显、镜下解剖不清而中转开腹。手术时间30~90 min,平均51 min。住院时间3~8 d,平均5 d。发生脐部戳孔感染5例。随访1~12个月(平均5个月),无术后出血、腹腔脓肿及粘连性肠梗阻发生。结论 LA创伤小,疤痕小,恢复快,住院时间短,并发症少,安全性高。     

急性阑尾炎患者腹腔镜阑尾切除术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的相关因素分析

目的 探讨急性阑尾炎患者腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)后发生粘连性肠梗阻的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析2015-02—2020-12虞城县人民医院行LA治疗的240例急性阑尾炎患者的临床资料。根据LA后是否发生粘连性肠梗阻分为粘连肠梗阻组(32例)与未粘连肠梗阻组(208例)。收集统计2组患者的基线资料及手术情况,采用单因素和Logistic回归分析研究急性阑尾炎患者LA后发生粘连性肠梗阻的相关因素。结果 单因素分析结果显示,2组患者的病程>24 h、阑尾穿孔、留置腹腔引流管、术后24 h肛门无排气、腹腔残余感染占比差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,病程、病理类型、留置腹腔引流管、术后24 h肛门无排气、腹腔残余感染是LA后发生粘连性肠梗阻的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论 病程、病理类型、留置腹腔引流管、术后24 h肛门无排气、腹腔残余感染是LA后发生粘连性肠梗阻的独立危险因素,因而急性阑尾炎患者需及早就医,术者需提高腹腔镜的专业技能,应用腹腔镜下可对腹腔进行全面探查的优势,对腹腔积液严重的患者实施彻底冲洗,术后采取有...     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术的适应证探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术的适应证。方法:回顾分析2006年6月至2008年6月为165例患者行腹腔镜阑尾切除术的临床资料。结果:术后34例(20.6%)发生并发症,其中穿刺孔感染5例(14.7%),穿刺孔血肿2例(5.9%),穿刺孔硬结7例(20.6%),腹腔出血2例(5.9%),腹腔感染(肠间隙积液)8例(23.5%),腹腔脓肿6例(17.6%),粘连性肠梗阻4例(11.8%),无死亡病例。化脓性阑尾炎、穿孔性阑尾炎、阑尾周围脓肿与急性单纯性阑尾炎相比,穿刺孔感染、腹腔感染、腹腔炎性包块、炎性肠梗阻发生率高(P0.05)。结论:阑尾病理损害程度越重,术后并发症发生率越高。腹腔镜阑尾切除术的适应证包括单纯性阑尾炎、化脓性阑尾炎早期、慢性阑尾炎、肥胖及老年性阑尾炎。术前不能确诊的阑尾炎或弥漫性腹膜炎患者可行腹腔镜探查,以免误诊、漏诊。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术80例体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术（laparoscopic appendectomy,LA）的常见手术技巧.方法回顾分析我院近3年来80例阑尾炎患者行LA的临床资料.结果 76例在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,4例中转开腹,其中阑尾周围脓肿1例,特殊位置阑尾1例,阑尾根部坏疽穿孔1例,系膜血管回缩引起大出血1例,手术时间35～130min,住院时间3～9d,1例戳孔感染经对症处理后痊愈,无术后出血、肠粘连等并发症发生.结论耐心、细致、熟练的腹腔镜外科技术是保证各种阑尾炎一期切除、减少并发症的关键.     

腹腔镜小儿阑尾切除术31例临床分析

目的总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)治疗小儿阑尾炎的疗效。方法采用LA治疗小儿急性阑尾炎31例。结果均顺利完成LA,无腹腔内出血,无肠管、输尿管等副损伤,无中转开腹,术后无粘连性肠梗阻、腹盆腔脓肿及手术切口感染等并发症发生。结论 LA治疗小儿急性阑尾炎具有安全、微创、并发症少及恢复快的优点,值得推广。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术并发症探讨与分析

目的探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)的并发症原因、预防与治疗。方法对648例阑尾炎患者行LA治疗,回顾分析患者的临床资料。结果术后发生并发症122例,发生率18.83%,包括穿刺孔及腹腔内出血、感染和炎性肠梗阻。化脓性、坏疽性阑尾炎、阑尾周围脓肿与慢性阑尾炎、急性单纯性阑尾炎相比并发症发生率明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阑尾病变程度与LA术后并发症发生率呈正相关。术前正确评估阑尾炎病变程度,严格掌握适应证,术中规范技术操作,适时中转开腹是预防LA并发症的关键。术后及早发现和综合治疗LA术后并发症效果良好。     

腹腔镜二孔法与三孔法阑尾切除术的对比研究

目的探讨腹腔镜二孔法与三孔法阑尾切除术的临床应用指征。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜阑尾切除术(Laparoscopic Appendectomy，LA)的临床资料，比较二孔法与三孔法LA的手术时间、戳孔感染率。本组206例完成LA术，其中三孔法148例(9例由二孔法中转)、二孔法58例。结果平均手术时间二孔法显著短于三孔法(P=0．000)。急性单纯性阑尾炎和慢性阑尾炎LA术后戳孔均无感染，急性化脓性阑尾炎戳孔感染率二孔法与三孔法无显著性差异(P=1．000)，急性坏疽性阑尾炎戳孔感染率二孔法显著高于三孔法(P=0．039)。结论LA二孔法具有更加微创、美容的特点，可作为单纯性、化脓性及慢性阑尾炎的首选术式．但对于坏疽性阑尾炎则宜选择三孔法。     

开腹与腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎的疗效对比

目的:探讨开腹阑尾切除术(open appendectomy,OA)与腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)治疗急性阑尾炎的临床疗效。方法:选择2009年2月至2012年11月收治的197例急性阑尾炎患儿,其中91例行LA(观察组),106例行OA(对照组),对比分析两组患儿手术时间、术后肛门排气时间、住院时间、切口感染、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻情况。结果:观察组单纯性阑尾炎及化脓性阑尾炎患儿术后肛门排气时间、住院时间均明显短于对照组(P<0.05),但手术时间明显长于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组坏疽穿孔阑尾炎患儿术后肛门排气时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05),手术时间长于对照组(P<0.05),观察组切口感染、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:单纯性与化脓性阑尾炎患儿行LA可明显缩短住院时间与肛门排气时间;对于坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎患儿,LA可明显缩短肛门排气时间,降低切口感染、腹腔脓肿发生率。临床应合理选择术式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.