早期短程胰岛素强化治疗新诊断2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的:观察短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊的2型糖尿病患者的疗效.方法:将新诊断的2型糖尿病患者70例随机分为两组,治疗组35例予胰岛素强化治疗,对照组35例给予口服降糖药物治疗,比较两组治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG).餐后2 h血糖(2hPG).糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc).空腹胰岛素(FINS).胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β).结果:治疗后两组的血糖均下降,且控制在理想水平,但治疗组血糖达标时间较对照组明显快,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);两组胰岛β细胞功能指数均有改善,但治疗组较对照组改善明显,治疗组FINS.HOMA-β功能指数较对照组升高明显,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:短期胰岛素强化治疗可更快速控制血糖达理想目标,显著改善胰岛β细胞分泌功能,比常规口服降糖药物更具优势.     

初诊2型糖尿病心理性胰岛素抵抗患者的健康教育

目的 提高初诊2型糖尿病心理性胰岛素抵抗患者的健康教育效果.方法 将126例住院初诊2型糖尿病心理性胰岛素抵抗患者按住院时间段分为对照组60例和观察组66例,对照组给予常规糖尿病健康教育,观察组在此基础上针对心理性胰岛素抵抗原因给予强化教育.结果 入院后2周观察组胰岛素知识与注射技能考试成绩显著优于对照组(均P＜0.01),空腹血糖及餐后2h血糖水平显著低于对照组(均P＜0.05).结论 强化心理性胰岛素抵抗相关内容教育有利于初诊2型糖尿病心理性胰岛素抵抗患者掌握胰岛素相关知识,从而有效控制血糖.     

糖尿病APP用于门诊2型糖尿病患者健康管理效果探讨

目的探讨糖尿病APP管理模式对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制以及自我管理的效果。方法将189例门诊初始使用胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组94例与观察组95例,在教会患者胰岛素注射方法的基础上,对照组给予常规健康教育指导,观察组应用糖尿病APP管理,连续3个月后评价效果。结果观察组空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖及糖化血红蛋白改善程度显著优于对照组(均P0.01),自我管理行为能力得分显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对门诊2型糖尿病患者采用糖尿病APP进行健康管理可提高患者自我管理能力,从而较好地控制血糖水平。     

2型糖尿病患者胆道术后的胰岛素强化治疗

目的：探讨胰岛素强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者胆道术后的临床疗效。方法：72例胆道术后合并2型糖尿病患者随机分为强化治疗组和对照组各36例。强化治疗组给予强化胰岛素治疗,使血糖控制在4.4～6.1mmol/L;对照组给予常规胰岛素治疗,使血糖控制在10.0～11.1mmol/L。比较两组空腹血糖（FBG）、炎性指标及预后等。结果：强化治疗组FBG、体温、WBC明显低于对照组,抗生素使用天数、院内感染发生率、重症监护天数及术后并发症明显少于对照组,但低血糖发生率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：糖尿病患者胆道术后强化胰岛素治疗,可降低炎性反应,并减少抗生素用量及重症监护天数,降低术后并发症,但低血糖发生率较高。     

24小时生活指导对初诊2型糖尿病强化治疗效果的影响

目的评价24 h生活指导对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)胰岛素强化治疗患者的干预效果.方法将97例T2DM强化治疗患者随机分为干预组(49例)和对照组(48例).对照组按常规健康教育法进行指导,干预组在此基础上采用24 h生活指导,即对T2DM全程健康护理采用24 h不间断指导.两组强化治疗方法、时间均相同. 结果治疗15 d后,干预组患者糖尿病知识掌握程度及强化治疗配合程度的依从性显著优于对照组(均P<0.05);两组干预前后血糖各指标值差异显著(P<0.05,P<0.01);干预组干预后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2HPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)较对照组显著下降(均P<0.05). 结论对T2DM强化治疗患者采用24 h生活指导,可显著提高患者的依从性,改善和控制血糖.     

胰岛素及降糖药物治疗对2型糖尿病骨密度的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素及降糖药治疗对2型糖尿病患者骨密度的影响。均测量身高、体重,同时分析病程、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、血清C-肽、与2型糖尿病骨质疏松的关系,讨论其影响因素和可能的机制。方法 收集276例2型糖尿病患者,根据其治疗情况分为胰岛素（A）组及降糖药物(B)组,测定上述两组患者骨密度（BMD）、体重指数（BMI）、血清C-肽、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、并按病程结合年龄分组对比。结果 （1）高龄段两组骨质疏松的发病率无统计学差异;（2）早期及长期使用胰岛素治疗组骨密度较降糖药治疗组高（P<0.01）,两组相差显著。（3）骨密度与糖化血红蛋白呈负相关、与空腹胰岛素及血清C-肽呈正相关。结论 胰岛素早期干预能延缓并减低患者的骨质疏松发病率及程度,对于高龄及病程大于15年糖尿病患者,胰岛素与降糖药对其骨质疏松的防治作用无明显差异。糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、血清C-肽对骨质代谢有一定影响。     

低血糖指数食物饮食教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖的影响

目的 观察低血糖指数食物饮食教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖的影响.方法 将90例2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组和观察组各45例.观察组采用低血糖指数食物饮食教育,对照组给予常规饮食教育,两组均随访观察4周.结果 干预后对照组与观察组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖比较,差异有显著性意艾(均P＜0.01).结论 低血糖指数食物饮食教育有助于2型糖尿病患者提高饮食依从性和平稳控制血糖.     

同伴教育对农村2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响

目的探讨同伴教育对农村2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。方法将72例农村2型糖尿病患者随机分成观察组和对照组各36例,对照组进行常规教育,观察组在常规教育的基础上采用同伴教育法。3个月、6个月、1年后对两组糖尿病患者的空腹血糖、早餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白进行比较。结果干预6个月、1年观察组空腹血糖、早餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论同伴教育有助于改善农村2型糖尿病患者血糖控制情况。     

2型糖尿病的早期胰岛素强化和补钾治疗

目的:观察2型糖尿病的早期胰岛素强化和补钾治疗的疗效.方法:对于我院收住院的2型糖尿病患者518例随机分为两组,治疗组(A组)259例胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素(诺和锐R),对照组(B组)259例诺和锐30二或三餐前皮下注射,两组均口服10％氯化钾或静点3‰10％氯化钾10ml.复合磷酸氢钾注射液4ml-8ml+0.9％氯化钠250ml-500ml静点日一次,7d-10d.结果:两组相比第7d血糖,血糖达标所需时间,胰岛素用量,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:两组胰岛素强化和补钾治疗均有修复β细胞,减轻胰岛素抵抗,改善胰岛功能.A组较B组血糖达标所需时间更短,血糖控制更佳,胰岛素用量少.发生低血糖少.值得临床应用推广.     

早期强化式健康教育在空腹血糖异常老年患者护理中的作用分析

目的探讨采用早期强化式健康教育在空腹血糖异常老年患者护理中的作用。方法将笔者所在医院2010年1月～2011年2月收治的空腹血糖异常但非糖尿病的老年患者98例随机分为两组,对照组患者给予一般护理干预,干预组患者给予早期强化式健康教育,比较两组患者干预后血糖水平,并将结果进行统计学分析。结果干预组患者经过笔者所在医院护士的早期强化式健康教育,患者对糖尿病知识的了解程度更好,血糖控制更加平稳,与对照组比较,差异显著（P〈0.05）,差异有统计学意义。结论采用早期强化式健康教育在空腹血糖异常老年患者护理中具有较大的临床价值,有助于更好地控制患者血糖,值得在临床推广使用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.