对比增强经颅多普勒对隐源性缺血性卒中和先兆性偏头痛患者与右向左分流不同分流量相关性的研究

目的 对隐源性缺血性卒中和先兆性偏头痛患者的右向左分流阳性率及分流量进行对比分析,研究二者之间右向左分流的特征及可能的发病机制.方法 连续入组48例隐源性缺血性卒中患者、42例先兆性偏头痛患者、33例健康志愿者做为对照组,使用对比增强经颅多普勒诊断右向左分流,并根据分流量进行分级,对3组的右向左分流阳性率和不同分级进行...     

中国偏头痛患者右向左分流阳性率及分流类型——一项全国多中心研究

背景 偏头痛与右向左分流（right-to-left shunt,RLS）的关系尚有争议。本研究旨在明确中国偏头痛 患者右向左分流的阳性率、分流类型以及分流量大小,分析偏头痛与右向左分流的关系。 方法 该研究为多中心-病例对照研究（北美临床研究注册号NCT0242569)。由中国9家分中心共同完 成,连续纳入2015年6月-2016年8月就诊于分中心且符合据第三版国际头痛疾病分类-β测试版（The International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd Edition Beta Version,ICHD-3β）诊断偏头痛的患 者（18～65周岁）,为偏头痛组。偏头痛组共纳入931例（女性695例）,其中先兆偏头痛240例（女性174 例）,无先兆偏头痛691例（女性521例）。健康对照组共282例。 结果 先兆偏头痛组RLS阳性率和大量分流比例高于无先兆偏头痛组（63.7% vs 39.9%,P＜0.001; 32.1% vs 16.5%,P＜0.001）,两组中量和小量分流比例无差异（P =0.141;P =0.061）。无先兆偏头痛 组RLS阳性率和大量分流比例高于对照组（39.9% vs 29.4%,P＜0.001;16.5% vs 6.4%,P＜0.001）, 两组间中量和小量分流的比例无差异。 结论 偏头痛患者（包括有先兆和无先兆偏头痛患者）,右向左分流阳性率高于正常对照组,且以大 量右向左分流为主,中至小量右向左分流及分流的类型与对照组相比无差异。右向左分流,特别是大 量的右向左分流,可能与偏头痛有关。     

Magnitude of right-to-left shunt as the only determinant of stroke in a pair of identical twins

Abstract. Right-to-left shunt due to patent foramen ovale is a well-established risk factor for stroke in the young. The magnitude of shunt seems to be correlated to the risk of stroke in individuals. We report the cases of two 51-year-old identical twins, with similar risk factors for ischemic stroke, in which the sibling with a large and permanent shunt suffered a left hemispheric stroke and the other, with a small and latent shunt, was asymptomatic. In a three-year follow-up, the siblings were both asymptomatic, and the dimensions of shunts were unchanged. Our cases stress the importance of quantifying right-to-left shunt in order to stratify the risk of stroke in individuals, and suggest a role of heredity in patency of foramen ovale.     

Silent brain embolism during transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale: a transcranial Doppler study

Abstract The aim of this report is to quantify the amount of spontaneous microembolism detected in brain vessels by transcranial Doppler (TCD) during transcatheter closure of right-to-left shunt (RLS). We examined 29 patients who had had a stroke or a transient ischaemic attack (17 females and 12 males; mean age 45±15 years). They all underwent TCD monitoring during the procedure and microembolic signals (MES) were recorded. Detection of MES was distributed as follows: during femoral catheterisation in 8 patients (25%), during atrial catheterisation in 5 patients (17%), during transeptal crossing in 14 patients (48%), during left disc opening in 28 patients (96%) and during right disc opening in 7 patients (24%). The highest rates of MES were observed during left disc opening and less during transeptal crossing with an average count of 31 (range 3–135) and 3 (range 1–18) respectively. Brain embolism occurs throughout the procedure after femoral catheterisation for PFO closure. Our results indicate that the majority of MES reached the brain during the opening of the left disc in the left atrium: 28/29 patients exhibited MES with an average of 31 (3–135), thus supporting the notion that gas embolism accounted for the findings.     

对比增强经颅多普勒超声对偏头痛与右向左分流相关性的福建地区单中心研究

目的观察偏头痛患者右向左分流(right-to-left shunt,RLS)的发生率,分析偏头痛与右向左分流的相关性。方法入选116例确诊为偏头痛的患者为病例组,75例健康志愿者为对照组,应用对比增强经颅多普勒超声(contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler,c-TCD)诊断RLS并对分流量进行分级,分析两组的阳性率,进行统计分析。结果病例组中,RLS的阳性率为50.9%(59/116),其中,Ⅰ级分流35例(30.2%),Ⅱ级分流3例(2.6%),Ⅲ级分流7例(6.0%),Ⅳ级分流14例(12.1%)。对照组中,RLS的阳性率为30.6%(23/75),其中,Ⅰ级分流18例(24.0%),Ⅱ级分流1例(1.3%),Ⅲ级分流0例(0%),Ⅳ级分流4例(5.3%)。两组RLS总阳性率的比较,病例组的RLS总阳性率高于对照组,统计学有显著差异(P=0.006,χ~2=7.583);病例组的大量分流率显著高于对照组(P=0.011,χ~2=6.530),但两组的小量分流率比较无统计学差异(P=0.273,χ~2=1.199)。结论偏头痛与右向左分流存在相关,大量分流可能是偏头痛的病因,应引起临床重点关注。     

TCD发泡试验对西宁地区无先兆性偏头痛与右向左分流的相关性研究

目的 探究经颅多普勒(TCD)发泡试验对地处中高海拔的西宁地区无先兆性偏头痛患者右向左分流(RLS)发生率的检测作用.方法 选取2018年11月至2020年7月西宁市第一人民医院收治的偏头痛患者273例(观察组),同期健康体检者200例(对照组),均进行TCD发泡试验,观察RLS的发生率.结果 观察组RLS阳性107例...     

Anger and impulsiveness in migraine patients with and without aura

ABSTRACT

Background and purpose: Migraine is a common primary headache disorder triggered by internal or external stimuli. Impulsitivity and anger are associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the anger and impulsivity in migraine patients with or without aura.

Methods: A total of 55 patients aged between 18 and 55, who were diagnosed with episodic migraine (31 with aura and 24 without aura) and 40 healthy controls were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study.

Migraine diagnosis and classification were based on criteria from the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Multidimensional Anger Scale and Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 were administered to the patient and control groups.

Results:Migraine patients with aura, migraine patients without aura and control groups were compared, anger symptoms were significantly higher in migraine patients with aura (p < 0.001), but between these groups there was no significant difference in terms of impulsivity (p = 0.711).

Conclusions: It was found that anger symptoms were more common in migraine patients with aura compared to migraine patients without aura and control group, but in impulsitivity there was no difference between groups.

Further studies in future investigating the relation between migraine with aura and anger may pave the way for different and more specified treatment approach.     

偏头痛患者伴发心脏卵圆孔未闭脑血管反应性研究

目的探讨心脏卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)与偏头痛的相关性,以及偏头痛伴发PFO患者的脑血管反应性差异。方法利用经颅多普勒超声声学造影(contrast transcranial Doppler,cTCD)及经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)屏气实验检查,对照分析西安交通大学第一附属医院神经内科2013-03-2013-10 62例偏头痛患者与43例正常志愿者,伴发PFO结果和脑血管反应性。结果偏头痛组PFO阳性率明显高于正常对照组(51.61%vs 27.91%,P=0.015),PFO阳性的偏头痛患者头痛侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)屏气指数(breath holding index,BHI)值明显低于PFO阴性患者(0.82±0.58vs 1.34±0.72,P=0.013)。结果偏头痛与PFO共患率高,偏头痛伴发PFO患者头痛侧脑血管反应性降低。     

Effect of body positioning during transcranial Doppler detection of right-to-left shunts

We adopted an expanded transcranial Doppler (TCD) protocol to evaluate if additional injections of agitated saline in different positions would improve shunt detection or grading. We report the safety and feasibility of this expanded contrast TCD protocol. Patients with ischemic stroke were evaluated. The standard protocol for RLS detection was followed and expanded after the initial injection in the supine position to the right lateral decubitus, upright sitting, and sitting with right lateral leaning. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and any subjective complaints were noted. Changes in body position and additional agitated saline injections were tolerated. Right-to-left shunt (RLS) was detected in 35% of patients ( n  = 55). If the initial supine testing was negative, all subsequent positions/injections were also negative for RLS. However, if the supine injection was positive for RLS, the change in body positions increased the microbubble ( μ B) count in eight of 19 (42%) RLS-positive patients. The mean μ B count in RLS-positive patients was 20 (95% CI: 9–32). The use of three additional body positions increased the μ B count to 73 (95% CI: 13–132). The highest μ B yield was achieved in the upright sitting position. Our findings support the safety and feasibility of the expanded TCD protocol. If the initial supine Valsalva-aided contrast TCD test is negative, there may be no need to study the patient in additional positions. However, if μ B are detected in the supine position, additional testing for RLS in alternative positions may be found to be worthwhile.     

经颅多普勒增强实验结合经食管超声鉴别肺动静脉瘘与卵圆孔未闭所致隐源性卒中的研究

目的 探讨经颅多普勒增强实验（contrast transcranial Doppler,cTCD）结合经食管超声（transesophageal echocardiography,TEE）对于鉴别肺动静脉瘘（pulmonary arteriovenous fistula,PAVF）与卵圆孔未闭 （patent foramen ovale,PFO）所致隐源性卒中的意义。 方法 收集4例隐源性卒中患者（PAVF组2例,PFO组2例）的临床资料,行cTCD、TEE检查,比较两组的 检查结果差异。 结果 PAVF组cTCD结果显示患者平静呼吸时即见雨帘样栓子信号,Valsalva动作（Valsalva maneuver, VM）后栓子数量变化不明显;TEE彩色多普勒（color Doppler flow image,CDFI）未见异常,右心声学造 影VM后5个心动周期左房内肺静脉开口处见大量微泡。PFO组cTCD结果显示,一例平静呼吸时可见4 个栓子,VM后雨帘样栓子信号,VM作用消失后第40个心动周期有2个栓子信号。一例平静呼吸时无 栓子信号,VM后可见>50个栓子信号,VM作用消失后无栓子信号。TEECDFI示原发隔继发隔间裂隙左 向右过隔血流,右心声学造影VM后2～3个心动周期卵圆孔附近的左心房内见数个微气泡。 结论 cTCD结合TEE鉴别诊断PFO和PAVF敏感性高,易于操作。二者主要鉴别点在于cTCD平静呼吸时 是否出现大量栓子及是否受VM影响。     

Familial migraine with and without aura: clinical characteristics and co-occurrence

Migraine with aura (MwA) and migraine without aura (MwoA) are the two common forms of migraine. Many migraine patients suffer from both kinds of attacks. In a questionnaire-based study using the current International Headache Society (IHS) criteria we determined the clinical characteristics and occurrence of MwA + MwoA in 1000 migraine patients belonging to 210 Finnish migraine families. Nine hundred and six patients were able to indicate whether they suffered from MwA (but not MwoA), migraine aura without headache (migraine equivalent) (but not MwA) or MwA and MwoA. Of these patients, 3.2% had experienced MwoA, 11.1% MwA, 40.6% MwA + MwoA, 23.5% MwoA and 20.3% MwA-like symptoms not meeting the IHS criteria. The high prevalence of MwA attacks in the families studied supports the belief that aura has a strong hereditary component. The MwA + MwoA patients had significantly more severe attacks, more typical headache and more prodromal symptoms than the MwA and MwoA subjects. Therefore, it is possible that there is a continuum with pure MwA at the neural and pure MwoA at the headache end of the spectrum, and MwA + MwoA lying in between the two. The MwA + MwoA patients would thus be liable to both types of migraine, making their attacks more characteristic and more severe. This would also explain why the co-occurrence of MwA and MwoA is more common in the clinic compared with population based epidemiological studies. These findings have consequences for future research on liability genes for migraine.     

Abnormal visual processing in migraine with aura: a study of steady-state visual evoked potentials

BACKGROUND: Although a number of studies reported different interictal findings between migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO), the pathophysiology of the visual aura in migraine remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the visual processing in patients who experience MA between attacks using steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs). METHODS: SSVEPs to high (98%) and low (29%) contrast black and white checkerboard gratings with two spatial frequencies (0.5 and 2.0 cpd) at 5 and 10 Hz (10 and 20 reversal/s) were recorded binocularly from 10 patients with MA, 10 patients with MO between attacks and 20 healthy controls (HC). The SSVEPs were Fourier analyzed to obtain the amplitude and phase of the second (2F) and fourth (4F) harmonic response. RESULTS: In the amplitude of 2F, at 0.5 cpd, there was significant increased amplitude in both MA and MO in comparison to HC at 5 Hz in high and low contrast. However, no significant differences were detected at 2.0 cpd in both 5 and 10 Hz in high and low contrast. In the amplitude of 4F, at 2.0 cpd, there was significant increased amplitude in MA in comparison to MO and HC at 10 Hz in high contrast. However, there were no significant differences at 0.5 cpd at both 5 and 10 Hz in high and low contrast. There were no significant phase differences between MA, MO, and HC. CONCLUSION: The high amplitude of the SSVEPs suggests that interictally migraine patients have abnormal excitability in the primary visual cortex, and this change in excitability may exist, at least partially, in the visual association cortex in MA.     

The genetics of migraine

Clinical, pathophysiological and genetic studies indicate that migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA) are distinct entities. Compared with the general population, first degree relatives of probands with MO have a two-fold increased risk of MO. The mode of inheritance is most likely multifactorial inheritance without generational difference, but genetic heterogeneity can not be excluded. Compared with the general population, first degree relatives of probands with MA have a four-fold increased risk of MA. The mode of inheritance is most likely multifactorial inheritance without generational differences. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal dominant subtype of MA. A gene for FHM maps to chromosome 19. Some families with FHM do not link to this locus, indicating genetic heterogeneity of FHM. The gene for FHM is soon to be cloned. Loci for the more common types of migraine MO; and MA will problably be identified in the near future.     

天容穴治疗偏头痛前后脑动脉血流速度和脑电地形图对称性变化的研究

目的 :探讨天容穴治疗无先兆偏头痛 (MWO)的神经生理机制。方法 :36例 MWO病人发作期和天容穴注射 12 .5 mg强地松龙后 30分钟 ,观察脑动脉平均血流速度 (MFV)和脑电地形图 (BEAM)对称性的变化。结果 :MFV下降占 5 2 .77%(19/36 ) ,增加占 2 5 %(9/36 ) ,不对称改变占 6 9.44 %(2 5 /36 )。不对称的脑血流速度天容穴治疗 30分钟后转化为正常 (P<0 .0 1) ,但不能影响脑电地形图的不对称性。平均血流速度和脑电地形图的不对称性没有一致对应关系 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论 :天容穴治疗 MWO可以双相调节脑动脉血流速度和脑功能。     

Is the CACNA1A gene involved in familial migraine with aura?

The discovery of mutations in the neural calcium channel (CACNA1A) gene in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), variant of migraine with aura, led to the suggestion that this gene might be involved in familial migraine with aura (FMA). We investigated whether the mutations in FHM are present in FMA patients, analyzing genomic DNA by PCR, single stranded conformation polymorphism, sequencing and restriction enzyme. No mutations were found. A known polymorphism (5682–14C>T) was found in exon 36. These findings suggest that the mutations found in FHM and the other known mutations of the CACNA1A gene are not the genetic basis of FMA. Genetic alterations in FMA patients may be localized on chromosome 19 but not in the CACNA1A exons we investigated. Received: 25 January 2002 / Accepted in revised form: 25 February 2002