完美主义在依恋和抑郁间的中介效应研究

目的:探讨完美主义在依恋与抑郁之间的中介效应。方法:采用成人亲密关系经历量表中文修订版、近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版和Beck抑郁问卷对500名大学生集体施测,用SPSS12.0和Lisrel 8.70进行数据分析。结果:完美主义的消极维度部分中介了依恋焦虑和抑郁间的关系、完全中介了依恋回避和抑郁间的关系,完美主义的积极维度与依恋焦虑、依恋回避和抑郁都不相关。结论:依恋焦虑和依恋回避促进了完美主义消极维度的形成,进而加重个体的抑郁。     

自尊在完美主义和抑郁间的中介效应研究

目的:在考虑完美主义的积极成分对消极成分与抑郁间关系调节效应的情况下,探讨自尊在完美主义的消极成分与抑郁间的中介效应。方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版、自尊量表和Beck抑郁问卷对488名大学生进行集体施测,用SPSS 12.0和Lisrel 8.70进行数据分析。结果:在整合模型中高标准调节了差异和抑郁间的关系,自尊部分中介了差异和抑郁间的关系。结论:在控制了高标准对差异和抑郁间关系的调节效应的情况下,自尊仍然部分中介差异和抑郁间的关系。     

回避应对在完美主义和抑郁间的中介效应研究

目的:在考虑完美主义的积极成分的调节效应的情况下,探讨回避应对在完美主义的消极成分和抑郁间的中介效应.方法:采用近乎完美量表中文修订版、应付方式问卷和Beck抑郁问卷对454名大学生进行集体施测.结果:在整合模型中高标准调节了差异和回避应对的关系,回避应对部分中介了差异和抑郁间的关系.结论:在控制了高标准对差异和回避应对的调节效应后,回避应对仍然部分中介了差异和抑郁间的关系.     

完美主义、应激和抑郁的关系研究

目的:探究完美主义、应激和抑郁间的关系。方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版、中国大学生应激量表和Beck抑郁问卷对454名大学生集体施测,用SPSS19.0和Lisrel 8.70进行数据分析。结果:在整合模型中,差异完全中介了主要生活事件和抑郁的关系,日常生活琐事部分中介了差异和抑郁的关系。结论:研究整合了素质-应激模型和应激生成模型,发现主要生活事件和完美主义对个体出现抑郁症状有显著影响,而日常生活琐事对抑郁症状的迁延有重要作用。     

日常生活琐事在完美主义与抑郁之间的中介效应研究

目的:在考虑完美主义的积极成分对消极成分和抑郁间关系调节效应的情况下,探讨人际琐事和成就琐事在完美主义的消极成分和抑郁间的中介效应.方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版、大学生应激源量表和Beck抑郁问卷对454名大学生分两次进行集体施测,测试间隔7周.用SPSS19.0和Lisrel8.70进行数据分析.结果:在整合模型中高标准调节了差异和琐事间的关系,人际琐事和成就琐事部分中介了差异和抑郁间的关系.高标准直接预测了成就琐事,而没有直接预测人际琐事.结论:高标准与成就琐事相互作用从而预测抑郁,虽然差异与抑郁存在相关,但并未发现支持其作为特殊易感性因素的证据.     

大学生完美主义现状及其对孤独感的影响-自尊的中介作用

目的探讨大学生完美主义现状及其与孤独感的关系。方法采用孤独感、自尊(RSES)、中文Frost多维完美主义(CFMPS)问卷为研究工具对275名大学生进行了统一问卷施测。结果 1全体大学生完美主义总体平均得分为80.741分,处于中等水平;2在完美主义的个人标准维度上,存在性别,以及是否独生子女的差异:男生得分显著高于女生(t=2.086,P0.05),独生子女得分显著高于非独生子女(t=2.048,P0.05);3大学生完美主义量表中的"担心错误"维度(Beta=5.686,P0.001)和"行动疑虑"维度(Beta=0.127,P0.05)能显著预测孤独感;自尊在"担心错误"维度起部分中介作用,在"行动疑虑"维度起完全中介作用。结论大学生完美主义能预测孤独感,自尊在其中起部分中介作用。     

大学生非适应完美主义与父母不良教养方式的关系——自我价值感权变性的中介效应

目的:探讨大学生的自我价值感权变性对非适应性完美主义和父母不良教养方式的中介作用。方法:选取在校大学生265名[男生66人,女生197人,性别信息缺失2人;平均年龄19.9岁],采用近乎完美量表中文修订版(APS-R)中的不一致维度、父母权威问卷(PAQ)中的父母专制型和放任型分量表、自我价值感权变性量表(CSWS)测量非适应性完美主义、父母不良教养方式和自我价值感权变性。结果:男生CSWS的他人认同、竞争、学业表现、家庭支持4个维度得分均低于女生,而PAQ的父母专制、父母放任得分高于女生(P0.05或P0.01)。CSWS道德和神灵庇佑得分在父母专制与非适应完美主义关系中有部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例依次为14.4%和28.7%;CSWS神灵庇佑得分在父母放任与非适应性完美主义的关系中起完全中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例为53.2%。结论:自我价值感权变性在父母不良教养方式和非适应性完美主义的关系中有重要中介作用。     

大学生完美主义与父母教养方式、亲子依恋的关系

目的:探讨大学生完美主义与父母教养方式、亲子依恋的关系.方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版(APS-R-CR),父母权威问卷(PAQ)和父母同伴依恋问卷(IPPA)对538名大学生进行测试.结果:①完美主义高标准维度在父母婚姻状况上差异显著,父母婚姻关系正常大学生的得分显著高于离异家庭大学生的得分.②母亲专制和母亲权威的教养类型,与母亲信任的亲子依恋能显著地正向预测完美主义的高标准;母亲专制和母亲放任的教养类型,与父亲疏离的亲子依恋对完美主义的差异有显著的预测作用.结论:大学生的完美主义与不同类型的父母教养方式,亲子依恋有关.     

大学生完美主义与抑郁:自我效能感的中介作用和自尊的调节作用

目的:探讨自我效能感和自尊在大学生完美主义与抑郁之间的中介作用和调节作用。方法:采用近乎完美主义量表、抑郁问卷、一般自我效能感量表以及自尊量表对389名大学生进行测量。结果:1消极完美主义与抑郁之间呈现出显著的正相关(r=0.208,P0.001),与自我效能感之间呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.194,P0.001);积极完美主义与抑郁之间呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.307,P0.001);自我效能感和自尊均与抑郁呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.585,-0.236;P0.001);2自我效能感在消极完美主义与抑郁之间起完全中介的作用(β=-0.557,P0.001);3自尊在积极完美主义与抑郁之间起调节作用(β=1.127,P0.05)。结论:完美主义对大学生心理健康可以产生积极的影响也可以产生消极的影响,其中消极完美主义通过影响自我效能感进而对抑郁产生促进作用,积极完美主义则在自尊的共同影响下对抑郁产生抑制作用。     

大学生特质正念与抑郁情绪:经验回避和冗思的链式中介作用

目的:考察特质正念与抑郁情绪的关系及经验回避和冗思在特质正念与大学生抑郁情绪间的中介作用。方法:采用正念注意觉知量表、接纳与行动问卷-第二版、冗思反应量表、贝克抑郁量表第二版对1221名在校大学生进行测查。结果:(1)特质正念与抑郁情绪、经验回避及冗思均呈显著负相关(r=-0.451,r=-0.447,r=-0.390,均P0.01),经验回避和冗思、抑郁情绪两两之间呈显著正相关(r=0.429,r=0.569,r=0.303,均P0.01);(2)经验回避和冗思分别在特质正念和抑郁情绪间起部分中介作用,中介效应分别占总效应的51.4%、16.2%(P0.001),经验回避、冗思在特质正念和抑郁情绪之间起链式中介作用,中介效应占总效应的2.7%。结论:大学生特质正念与抑郁情绪的关系受经验回避和冗思的单独中介作用,以及经验回避和冗思的链式中介作用的影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.