儿童主动脉瓣瓣叶扩大成形术的近中期疗效分析

目的分析应用自体心包行主动脉瓣瓣叶扩大成形术治疗儿童主动脉瓣疾病的近中期效果。方法回顾性分析2017年9月至2021年6月在阜外华中心血管病医院行自体心包主动脉瓣成形术的26例主动脉瓣疾病(狭窄或关闭不全)患儿的临床资料, 收集近中期随访时资料, 比较术前和术后主动脉瓣最大跨瓣压差、主动脉瓣下反流面积、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)和左心室射血分数(LVEF)等相关指标, 并采用配对t检验分析自体心包主动脉瓣扩大成形术的近中期疗效。结果 26例患儿手术均获得成功, 术后随访无死亡和严重并发症病例, 随访时间(22.96±6.45)个月。术后近中期主动脉瓣狭窄或狭窄合并轻中度关闭不全患儿中与术前主动脉瓣跨瓣压差比较, 术后1个月(t=7.85, P<0.05)、6个月(t=6.43, P<0.05)、1年(t=6.16, P<0.05)、2年(t=4.22, P<0.05)差异均有统计学意义;单纯主动脉瓣狭窄9例患儿随访结果, 术前舒张期主动脉瓣反流面积(8.87±3.57) cm2, 术后1个月、6个月、1年和2年主动脉瓣反流面积与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(...     

主动脉缩窄和主动脉弓离断术后婴儿短期随访发生左室流出道梗阻的影响因素分析

目的探讨小婴儿主动脉缩窄（CoA）和主动脉弓离断（IAA）术后发生左室流出道梗阻（LVOTO）的危险因素。方法纳入2012年3月28日至2017年12月15日在广东省妇幼保健院（我院）心脏中心年龄<6月接受CoA或IAA外科治疗并存活的、且术后随访时间≥12个月婴儿。采用SPSS 20.0软件包行统计学分析。Logistic回归分析CoA和IAA患儿术后出现LVOTO的危险因素。结果①共118例患儿纳入本文分析,男75例。手术年龄的中位数为19（4~150）d,术前平均体重（3.3±0.8）kg,术前平均动脉瓣环（AV）-Z值-0.5±1.2。CoA 95例,其中73例合并室间隔缺损（VSD）;IAA 23例,A、B、C、其他类型分别为 15、6、1、1例。二叶式主动脉瓣（BAV）23例,三叶式主动脉瓣（TAV）95例。②118例的中位随访时间 18（12~81）个月,18例（15.3%）在术后出现主动脉瓣狭窄（AS）,其中10例进展为LVOTO,至随访终点时中度AS 8例,重度AS 2例。LVOTO的部位：5例TAV患儿中, 3例为主动脉瓣下,2例为主动脉瓣及瓣下;5例BAV患儿中,3例为主动脉瓣,2例为主动脉瓣及瓣下。7例主动脉瓣下狭窄的LVOTO的术后诊断时间为（22.2±14.4）个月,均为隔膜型主动脉瓣下狭窄,6例行主动脉瓣下隔膜（SubAM）切除术;3例单纯主动脉瓣狭窄的LVOTO患儿的术后诊断时间为（24.0±14.7）个月,均为BAV,在等待手术中。③多因素Logistic回归分析提示,BAV是CoA和IAA患儿术后出现LVOTO的危险因素（OR=8.994,95%CI：1.144~70.698）。结论在CoA和IAA <6个月婴儿术后短期随访中即可出现LVOTO,BAV可能是CoA和IAA术后出现LVOTO的危险因素。     

应用ROSS手术治疗儿童主动脉瓣病变的研究

目的评价应用Ross手术治疗儿童主动脉瓣病变的效果。方法回顾性分析1994年1月-2005年1月Ross手术治疗儿童主动脉瓣病变26例，其中男18例，女8例，平均年龄（12．4±5．3）岁。主动脉瓣赘生物7例，主动脉瓣二瓣叶畸形9例，主动脉瓣叶脱垂6例，瓣叶发育不良3例，主动脉瓣成形术后再发主动脉瓣关闭不全1例。所有患儿均采用自体带瓣肺动脉行主动脉根部替换，均应用同种肺动脉带瓣管道重建右室流出道。结果本组26例无手术死亡，1例术后大出血而2次开胸止血。在2例12年、24例（24．5±3．8）个月的随访期间，1例术后1年同种肺动脉瓣感染致感染性心内膜炎再次手术时死亡。25例血流动力学优良，23例无主动脉瓣反流，2例仅存在轻微主动脉瓣反流；4例有同种异体肺动脉瓣轻度反流，1年后左室舒张末径从术前的（65。24±12．7）mm显著缩小到（49±8．23）mm（P〈0．05）。结论应用Ross手术治疗儿童主动脉瓣病变可取得较好的围术期及近中期效果。     

儿童主动脉瓣病变的外科治疗策略

目的 探讨儿童主动脉瓣病变的外科治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年1月间收治的13例主动脉瓣病变患儿的临床资料.其中,男9例,女4例;年龄1～12岁,年龄分布1～3岁6例,3～6岁3例,6～12岁4例;体重12～36 kg,平均24 kg.术前经心脏超声及心脏CT明确诊断,先天性主动脉瓣病变8例,后天获得性主动脉瓣病变5例.手术在全身麻醉、低温、体外循环下进行,结合超声、CT及术中情况决定手术方式.结果 全组13例中,行改良Ross手术4例,主动脉瓣成形术3例,主动脉瓣机械瓣置换手术3例,Bentall术1例,Ross手术2例.全组无手术死亡,术中采用冷血停跳液或冷晶体停跳液灌注,合并主动脉关闭不全时,切开直接灌注,术中均应用超滤.术后有效随访患儿11例,2例患儿未规律随访,随访时间6个月～5年,全部存活,正常生活不受影响.机械瓣置换的长期使用华法林抗凝,目前无并发症出现.2例随诊过程中发现瓣膜压差大于40 mmHg,一般状况可,随访中未发现明显瓣膜严重反流.结论 儿童主动脉瓣病变的外科治疗方法有多样性的特点,本文旨在为心外科医师在儿童主动脉瓣病变的治疗策略方面提供更多的临床经验,儿童主动脉瓣疾病治疗的临床效果还有待进一步探讨.     

Doty法矫治小儿先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄的疗效

目的 总结Doty法矫治小儿先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄的临床疗效.方法 2009年1月至2013年6月,Doty法矫治小儿先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄12例,其中合并Williams综合征5例.其中男9例,女3例;年龄9个月～12岁[(5.3±4.2)岁];体质量7.5～ 32.0(11.5±5.3)kg.心脏超声和增强CT明确诊断,局限型9例,弥散型3例;跨主动脉瓣上收缩压差6.86 ～16.23(11.07±3.68) kPa,压差＞13.33 kPa者3例;合并左、右肺动脉分支狭窄3例,主动脉瓣二瓣化2例,主动脉瓣轻度返流2例,动脉导管未闭2例,轻度狭窄1例,主动脉瓣下膈膜1例,肺动脉瓣狭窄1例.1例二尖瓣中-重度关闭不全.12例患儿均在全麻体外循环下行Doty法矫治术,并处理合并畸形.结果 体外循环时间68～ 129(85±26) min;主动脉阻断时间43 ～68(51±16) min.术后早期无死亡,无严重低心排出量综合征;5例轻度ST段改变,3例偶发期前收缩;呼吸机应用7～58 h,心脏重症监护室治疗时间1 ～5 d;超声心动图检查提示跨主动脉瓣上收缩压差1.01 ～3.76(2.18±1.09) kPa;有效随访患儿11例,随访6个月～3年,无死亡,无头晕、心悸.除2例患儿外,其余残余压差均低于3.33 kPa.结论 Doty法治疗小儿先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄可获得满意的疗效.     

儿童先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄的外科治疗

目的 回顾总结儿童先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄(SVAS)的外科治疗经验,提高治疗水平.方法 1990年至2006年10月25例先天性主动脉瓣上狭窄患儿接受手术治疗.其中男16例,女9例,手术平均年龄(5.4±2.4)岁,平均体重(12.6±3.5)kg.影像学检查发现22例为局限性狭窄,主动脉瓣上0.5～2.0 cm处有狭窄段,3例为弥漫性狭窄.平均压力阶差(81.7±21.5)mmHg,William's综合征12例.所有患儿均在体外循环下行补片扩大主动脉成形术,11例以"泪珠"状补片扩大成形修补,14例以"裤衩"状补片扩大加宽主动脉狭窄部.补片材料选择应用自体心包17例,Dacron涤纶补片2例,Gore-tex人工血管补片6例,其中内衬自体心包片1例.对伴发畸形同时加以纠治.结果 术后检查主动脉瓣上流速、压差均明显下降,平均(26.0±13.2)mmHg,住院死亡1例,存活24例.结论 应用"泪珠"状和"裤衩"状补片进行主动脉扩大成形术矫治儿童主动脉瓣上狭窄有效,尤以"裤衩"状补片为首选,婴幼儿补片材料以自体心包为宜.     

主动脉瓣成形术治疗室间隔缺损并中重度主动脉瓣关闭不全

目的探讨室间隔缺损(VSD)并中重度主动脉瓣关闭不全(AI)患儿行主动脉瓣成形术的疗效。方法分析13例14岁以下VSD并中重度AI患儿行主动脉瓣成形术的临床资料。其中VSD为干下型9例,膜周部型4例;中度AI 4例,重度AI 9例。结果全组均无手术死亡。出院查体脉压差均恢复正常。术后彩色多普勒超声心动图检查平均左心室舒张末径与术前比较明显缩小(P<0.05),未发现有室间隔残余漏,2例有轻度AI。随访无手术死亡,患儿心功能均为纽约心脏协会(NYHA)Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。结论儿童主动脉瓣成形术效果良好,对于VSD并中重度AI患儿应首选主动脉瓣成形术。     

主动脉瓣整形术在小儿先天性心脏病中的应用

总结我院２２例小主动脉瓣整形术经验。其中１７例伴室缺，在修补室缺同时作主动脉瓣整形；４例为室缺修补术导致主动脉瓣损伤，１例主动脉瓣狭窄经球囊导管扩张后发生关闭不全，术中发现主动脉瓣叶缺损，采用自体心包修补。手术死亡１例，病死率４．５％。成活病例随访１－５年，效果满意。建议小儿主动脉瓣病变的手术方法首选主动脉瓣整形术，以延迟置换人工瓣病变的手术方法首选主动瓣整形术，以延迟置换人工瓣膜时间。     

儿童先天性主动脉瓣畸形32例病理组织学特征

目的 探讨儿童先天性主动脉瓣畸形的病理组织学特征，为诊断提供依据。方法 对2003年1月至2005年12月因先天性主动脉瓣畸形、主动脉瓣功能障碍行外科手术切除的32例儿童主动脉瓣标本进行大体观察和组织学检查，复习病史并摘录相关资料，分析其病理组织学特征。诊断依据临床表现、术前超声心动图、术中所见及术后病理组织学检查，除外风湿性或退行性主动脉瓣病变、感染性心内膜炎及原发性结缔组织病变如Marfan综合征。结果 32例儿童先天性主动脉瓣畸形中，男性27例，女性5例，男：女=5.4：1，年龄6~18岁，平均年龄14.9岁。二叶型占37.5％（12例），三叶型59.4％（19例），四叶型3.1％（1例）。主动脉瓣狭窄（aortic stenosis，AS）5例（15.62%），主动脉瓣关闭不全（aortic insufficiency，AI）25例（78.13%），AS-AI 2例（6.25%），均不伴其他心脏瓣膜病变。20例伴其他先天性心脏病：室间隔缺损19例，动脉导管未闭2例，右室双腔心1例，主动脉右冠窦瘤3例。病理组织学改变为瓣叶增厚、大小不等、不规则（卷曲或脱垂）及坚度增加，部分伴钙化，光镜下示纤维组织增生，粘液样变性，胶原纤维溶解、断裂，弹性纤维破坏，偶见胶原纤维玻璃样变性、灶性钙化，无小血管增生及炎性细胞浸润。少数可见心内膜面局部破溃，内皮下毛细血管增生，纤维素性渗出，炎性细胞浸润，继发性钙质、脂质沉着和纤维化。结论 儿童先天性主动脉瓣畸形以男性为多见，二叶型、三叶型主动脉瓣常见，常伴有其他先天性心脏病，瓣膜功能障碍以AI为主，病理组织学改变主要为为瓣叶增厚、大小不等、不规则（卷曲或脱垂），光镜下示纤维组织增生，粘液样变性，胶原纤维溶解、断裂，弹性纤维破坏，无小血管增生及炎性细胞浸润，而纤维化、钙化少见。     

经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术治疗婴儿和新生儿肺动脉瓣狭窄及闭锁

探讨经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形（PBPV）术治疗婴儿和新生儿肺动脉瓣狭窄（PS）及室间隔完整型肺动脉瓣闭锁（PA/IVS）的安全性及有效性。方法　2006年1月至2009年4月,广东省心血管病研究所心儿科收治PS及PA/IVS婴儿和新生儿63例。其中危重新生儿20例（31.7％）。术前经超声心动图确诊为PS 56例,PA/IVS 7例。危重新生儿PS需先用直径2.5～4.0 mm小球囊预扩张肺动脉瓣,PA/IVS患儿需先行射频瓣膜打孔术。PBPV术所选球囊直径为肺动脉瓣环径（PVAD）1.2～1.3倍（新生儿所选球囊直径为PVAD 1.0～1.2倍）。结果　全组63例（100％）PBPV术成功。球囊径/瓣环径：1.2±0.1。右室压力明显下降[术前（104.3±32.7） mmHg（1 mmHg = 0.133kPa）,术后（52.0±10.5） mmHg,P < 0.001],跨肺动脉瓣压力阶差明显下降[术前（99.2±23.5） mmHg,术后（27.7±12.4）mmHg,P < 0.001]。平均手术时间（88.1±36.2） min,平均X线曝光时间（16.9±11.1） min。术中6例（9.5％）出现并发症,2例心包积液,2例低氧血症,1例三尖瓣腱索部分撕裂, 1例室上性心动过速。平均随访（19.0±12.3）个月,3例术后因残余中度或重度PS,3个月后再次行PBPV术。本组所有患儿肺动脉瓣仅轻度反流。结论　PBPV术治疗婴儿和新生儿PS及PA/IVS安全、有效。     

Small aortic valve annulus in children with fixed subaortic stenosis

Summary Twenty-one hearts with fixed subaortic stenosis (FSAS) were examined pathologically. Thirty children with no hemodynamically significant heart disease, 31 children with valvar aortic stenosis, and 25 children with FSAS were studied by echo- and angiocardiography. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Patients with FSAS often have abnormal aortic valve leaflets as well as small aortic valve annulus. (2) A small aortic annulus/descending aorta ratio is probably present at birth, and may decrease with increasing age. (3) In some patients with FSAS the aortic valve annulus is too small for simple resection of the fibroelastic tissue. A Konno operation is needed for these patients. (4) M-mode echocardiography has not been useful in identifying abnormally small aortic valve annulus in FSAS patients.     

Absent aortic valve: A complex anomaly

Summary Seven patients (four previously cited and three new cases) with absent aortic valve cusps (leaflets), a rare and underrecognized complex congenital heart defect, are discussed. All patients were male, six full-term and one premature with nonimmunologic hydrops. None underwent operation; all died within the first week of life from low cardiac output and hypoxemia.In most instances, the only remnant of the aortic valve was a nonobstructive fibrous ridge; occasionally, it was accompanied by rudimentary leaflets or sinuses of Valsalva. Absent aortic valve was associated with other significant structural malformations in all instances, including atrioventricular valve atresia, hypoplasia or dysplasia, less commonly double outlet right ventricle, abnormal pulmonary venous connection, or left ventricular endomyocardial abnormalities. Recognition of this unusual lesion is important since it is associated with other complex malformations, causes hypoxemia (for which early positive pressure ventilation is indicated), and could be possibly palliated using the right ventricle as the systemic ventricle.     

Retrograde transfemoral catheterization of the left ventricle in children with aortic valve stenosis

Summary In 19 consecutive children with aortic valve stenosis, the left ventricle was entered retrogradely with a Gensini catheter guided by a tip-deflector guidewire which could produce any desirable degree of curvature at its tip. In all patients, the aortic valve was retrogradely traversed for measurement of the pressure gradient (mean gradient=53 mmHg, mean valve area=0.36 cm²), and left ventriculography. No complications were encountered. This technique is safe, simple, and effective in retrograde catheterization of the left ventricle in children with aortic stenosis.     

Echocardiographic Follow-Up of Congenital Aortic Valvular Stenosis

We investigated the morphology of the stenotic aortic valve, the progression of the stenosis, and the onset and progression of aortic regurgitation (AR) in patients with congenital aortic valvular stenosis (AVS). The medical records of 278 patients with AVS were reviewed, with the patients with concomitant lesions besides AR excluded. Very mild aortic stenosis was defined as a transvalvular Doppler peak systolic instantaneous gradient (PSIG) less than 25 mmHg, mild stenosis as 25–49 mmHg, moderate stenosis as 50–75 mmHg, and severe stenosis as more than 75 mmHg. The mean age of the patients was 4.9 ± 4.3 years (range, 3 days to 15 years), and 203 (73%) were male. The number of the cusps was determined with two-dimensional echocardiography in 266 patients (95%): unicuspid in 3 patients (1%), bicuspid in 127 patients (48%), and tricuspid in 136 patients (51%). A total of 192 of all patients were followed for 2 months to 14.6 years (mean 4.2 ± 3.3 years) with medical treatment alone. Among 72 patients with very mild stenosis at initial echocardiographic examination, 20% had mild, 3% moderate, and 1% severe stenosis after a mean period of 3.7 years. In 70 patients with mild stenosis at initial echocardiographic examination, 28% had moderate and 9% severe stenosis after a mean period of 5 years. Among 44 patients with moderate stenosis at initial echocardiographic examination, 36% had severe stenosis after a mean period of 3.7 years. Among 192 patients, 40% had AR (3% trivial, 28% mild, and 9% moderate) at initial echocardiographic examination. After a mean period of 4.2 years, 58% of the patients had AR (13 % trivial, 25% mild, 16% moderate, and 4% severe). There was not statistically significant difference between catheterization peak systolic gradients (47 ± 16 mmHg) and Doppler estimated mean gradients (45 ± 9 mmHg) (p = 0.53), whereas Doppler PSIGs (74.9 ± 15.7 mmHg) were higher than catheterization peak systolic gradients (p < 0.0001) in 25 patients who were studied in the catheterization lab. Patients with very mild stenosis may be followed with a noninvasive approach every 1 or 2 years, and an annual follow-up is suggested for patients with mild stenosis. Nearly one-third of patients with moderate stenosis at initial echocardiographic examination had severe stenosis after a mean period of 3.7 years. Therefore, we recommend, that patients with moderate stenosis undergo noninvasive evaluation every 6 months. Doppler estimated mean gradient is very useful in predicting the need for intervention in children with AVS.     

Serial Exercise Performance in Children with Surgically Corrected Congenital Aortic Stenosis

We examined serial exercise test performance in children with congenital aortic stenosis (AS) treated surgically compared to that of nonoperated children with mild to moderate AS. Maximal treadmill exercise data were assessed in 21 children 5.5 ± 3.8 years after aortic valve (AO) surgery. Patients had undergone the Ross procedure (n = 6) or previous aortic valvotomy, balloon valvuloplasty, or neonatal aortic valvotomy (n = 15). Follow-up treadmill tests were conducted 3.7 ± 2.8 years later. Data were compared to those of 19 nonoperated AS patients (mean gradient by echocardiogram <50 mmHg). These patients were exercised 3.6 ± 3.2 years apart. Endurance time, heart rate, systemic blood pressure, and electrocardiogram were compared as repeated measures between tests and to age- and sex-matched normative data. Postsurgical children with AS had normal endurance times despite low peak heart rates on the initial test, and they maintained endurance over time. Nonoperated children with mean AO gradients <50 mmHg also had normal endurance times on the initial test but increased endurance over 3.6 years. Children with operated and nonoperated AS were able to reach or exceed normal endurance times, which may make it difficult to achieve compliance to imposed activity restrictions in this population.     

Autologous Ross Operation for Congenital Aortic Stenosis

Congenital aortic stenosis is a relatively common cardiac anomaly encountered in approximately 5% of all children with heart disease. The Ross procedure is increasingly used for replacement of the aortic valve in children. We report a 12-year-old boy who was born with congenital aortic stenosis secondary to a bicommissural aortic valve. The patient underwent open valvotomy in infancy and aortic valvuloplasty 2 years later. Residual/recurrent stenosis prompted referral for aortic valve replacement, and he underwent an autologous Ross procedure, in which the aortic root was replaced with a pulmonary autograft and the repaired aortic valve was used to restore right ventricular-to-pulmonary artery continuity. The postoperative course was unremarkable. Nitroprusside, esmolol, and labetolol were used to control postoperative hypertension. He was discharged 4 days after surgery on oral furosemide and aspirin, and he has had no cardiovascular symptoms during follow-up. Recent echocardiography demonstrated mild right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with a peak velocity of 3.6 m/sec, with a gradient of 42 mmHg and moderate pulmonary insufficiency. There was no left ventricular outlet tract obstruction or aortic insufficiency.     

Pressure Recovery in Pediatric Aortic Valve Stenosis

This study was designed to evaluate the phenomenon of pressure recovery in pediatric patients with aortic stenosis and also to evaluate how observed differences between catheter and Doppler gradients can be predicted by Doppler echocardiography. Doppler measurements of aortic valve stenosis gradients are known to overestimate observed gradients in the catheterization laboratory. Pressure recovery has been shown to be a contributing factor to this discrepancy. However, the clinical relevance of correcting Doppler gradients using the pressure recovery equation has not been evaluated in the pediatric population. Simultaneously obtained catheter and Doppler gradients were studied in 14 patients (range, 0.03–18 years; mean, 4.1 years) with aortic valve stenosis. A total of 23 data points were measured because 9 patients underwent balloon valvuloplasty and had both a pre- and a post-balloon valvuloplasty data point in the study. The catheter gradients were then compared to peak, mean, and pressure recovery corrected Doppler gradients. Pressure recovery was calculated using a previously validated equation. As expected, measured echocardiographic continuous-wave peak Doppler gradients overestimated the observed catheter gradients (range, 16–93 mmHg; mean, 43 mmHg). The continuous-wave peak Doppler gradients, mean, and pressure recovery adjusted gradients were equally as good in correlating the observed catheter gradients to those obtained by Doppler echocardiography (r = 0.92). However, pressure recovery corrected Doppler gradients were in better agreement with catheter gradients than echocardiographic mean or peak Doppler gradients (95% limit of agreement: –9 to 19 mmHg for pressure recovery corrected gradients, –30 to 11 mmHg for mean Doppler gradients, and 2–83 mmHg for peak Doppler gradients). Measured continuous-wave peak Doppler gradients consistently overestimated catheter gradients. The noted differences may be predicted using the pressure recovery equation. Pressure recovery is a significant factor in children with aortic valve stenosis.