鼻内镜治疗颅底疾病112例报告

目的探讨鼻内镜径路治疗颅底疾病的价值。方法2002年5月~2006年12月,对112例颅底疾病行鼻内镜径路手术,其中脑脊液鼻漏39例,垂体瘤4例,脑膜膨出或脑膜脑膨出3例,蝶筛囊肿9例,蝶窦炎伴息肉2例,真菌性蝶窦炎12例,内翻性乳头状瘤11例,鼻咽纤维血管瘤6例,骨化纤维瘤2例,骨纤维异常增殖2例,脊索瘤7例,颅咽管瘤2例,鳞癌10例,未分化癌1例,乳头状瘤癌变2例。结果全组均在鼻内镜下处理,其中20例病变为次全切除,包括鳞癌8例、未分化癌1例、脊索瘤7例、颅咽管瘤2例、骨纤维异常增殖2例。脑脊液鼻漏1次手术成功31例(79.5%),2次成功4例,3次成功4例,最终成功率100%。1例脑膜脑膨出术后2个月复发并伴脑脊液漏,内镜下再次手术成功。1例内翻性乳头状瘤术后11个月复发,改行鼻侧切开术。1例真菌性蝶窦炎术后4个月复发行再次内镜手术。1例脑脊液鼻漏术后颅内感染。结论鼻内镜径路可以处理多种颅底疾病,是一种安全、有效、微创的手术方式,但仍需严格掌握手术适应证,特别是恶性肿瘤。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补及围手术期处理

目的 探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补技巧及围手术期处理经验.方法 回顾性分析2005年4月～2011年1月脑脊液鼻漏26例,包括头部外伤12例,鼻息肉及筛窦囊肿手术误损伤颅底4例,鼻-颅底肿瘤切除6例,颅内手术颅底损伤3例,自发性1例.均在鼻内镜下用股外侧肌肌浆和阔筋膜修补,术后给予抗生素及降颅压等治疗.结果 随访6～24个月,平均10个月,23例一次修补成功,2例经二次修补成功,1例失败,总治愈率96％ (25/26).结论 鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏的修补手术应重视手术时机的选择以及围手术期管理和治疗,减少并发症发生,提高治愈率.     

鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤不同手术方式的选择

目的探讨鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤手术方式的选择。方法 2005年10月~2012年9月104例鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤根据病变范围和分期情况,分别采用中鼻道径路鼻内镜手术、联合尖牙窝径路鼻内镜手术及联合柯陆径路鼻内镜手术3种手术方法。结果中鼻道径路鼻内镜手术时间(68±8)min,出血量(93±17)ml;联合尖牙窝径路手术时间(89±19)min,出血量(162±28)ml;联合柯陆径路手术时间(112±18)min,出血量(206±36)ml。3种术式术中均彻底切除肿瘤,无并发症发生。104例术后随访16~36个月,平均24个月,中鼻道径路复发4例,联合尖牙窝径路复发2例,联合柯陆径路复发2例,总复发率7.7%(8/104)。结论鼻内镜手术是治疗鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤安全、有效的方法。     

神经内镜辅助下创伤性脑脊液鼻漏的治疗

目的探讨神经内镜辅助下创伤性脑脊液鼻漏修补的手术方法 ,并就相关问题进行讨论。方法神经内镜下经鼻手术修补创伤性脑脊液鼻漏19例,术前根据临床表现、实验室检查、辅助以颅底CT扫描、脑池造影等获得诊断,采用自体阔筋膜片修补颅底缺损。结果 19例患者中18例术后当时均无脑脊液鼻漏,1例术后复发经保守治疗治愈。手术成功率为94.7%。所有患者均无新出现的神经功能缺失。所有病人经随访1~3年均未再次出现脑脊液漏。结论神经内镜下创伤性脑脊液鼻漏修补术创伤小、直观、手术成功率高,可以作为首选手术方法。     

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果。方法2002年6月~2007年5月,对自发性脑脊液鼻漏14例和外伤性(包括医源性)脑脊液鼻漏28例,依据缺损部位位于额隐窝、筛顶及筛板、蝶窦顶或侧壁,在鼻内镜下采用不同方式显露漏口,修补材料包括鼻腔黏膜、颞肌肌筋膜、脂肪,修补物放置方法采用多层内置、外置或"浴缸塞"法。结果1次手术成功34例,首次成功率81.0%,2次成功4例,3次成功4例。首次修补成功率漏口≥10mm者(53.8%,7/13)明显低于漏口<10mm者(93.1%,27/29)(χ2=6.606,P=0.010)。术后并发症2例,1例为颅内感染,1例为脑积水,均治愈出院。42例随访6~36个月(平均14个月),无复发。结论鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式,但并发症的预防和控制不容忽视。漏口大小对手术效果有影响,较大漏口(≥10mm)宜结合使用自体脂肪组织进行修补。     

经鼻内镜切除良性鼻-颅底肿瘤（附11例报告）

目的探讨鼻内镜下切除良性鼻-颅底肿瘤的疗效。方法 2004年3月～2009年11月对11例良性鼻-颅底肿瘤,鼻内镜下先切除鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤,逐渐接近颅底,仔细辨认颈内动脉等重要解剖结构,然后分块切除肿瘤,最后修复颅底缺损。结果 11例鼻-颅底肿瘤鼻内镜下全部切除,术中出血量100～450 ml,平均175 ml;手术时间105～210 min,平均146 min。术后未出现脑脊液鼻漏、细菌性脑膜炎等并发症。病理类型：巨大筛额窦囊肿2例,鼻咽纤维血管瘤3例,上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤3例,蝶窦骨化纤维瘤1例,翼腭窝神经鞘瘤1例,侧颅底炎性肌母细胞瘤1例。11例随访6～58个月,平均41个月,鼻窦CT扫描和鼻内镜复查无肿瘤局部复发。结论鼻内镜手术利于辨别颅底重要的解剖结构和肿瘤的彻底切除,是治疗鼻-颅底良性肿瘤的理想方法。     

鼻内镜下切除鼻窦低分化神经内分泌癌5例报告

目的探讨鼻内镜下切除鼻窦低分化神经内分泌癌（ poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, PNEC ）的疗效。方法2004年8月-2011年9月采用鼻内镜手术联合术后放化疗治疗鼻窦PNEC5例,术中根据肿瘤累及范围,开放相应的鼻窦,去除肿瘤及周围破坏的骨质。术中行颅底修补1例。结果手术时间40-180min,平均105min;术中出血量150—400ml,平均240ml。术后颅内感染1例,应用大剂量抗生素静点及椎管内注射后感染控制。5例随访4～34个月,平均20．8月,1例蝶窦肿瘤术后3个月侧颅底及颅内复发,术后4个月死亡,余4例无复发。结论鼻内镜下切除联合术后放化疗治疗鼻窦PNEC疗效确切。     

鼻内翻性乳头状瘤手术径路的选择与疗效

目的探讨鼻内镜及鼻内镜联合径路治疗鼻内翻性乳突状瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析我科2002年1月～2010年9月有随访资料的鼻内翻性乳头状瘤45例,按Krause分期T1期2例和他期32例采用单纯鼻内镜术,T3期10例采用鼻内镜联合柯-陆氏术式,T3期1例采用鼻内镜联合鼻侧切开术。结果45例平均随访3．5年（6个月-9年）,5例术后复发,复发率为11．1％。结论鼻内镜术治疗鼻内翻性乳头状瘤是一种有效的方法。Krause T1、T2期肿瘤可采用单纯鼻内镜术,Krause T3期肿瘤可采用鼻内铺联合传统手术径路。     

鼻内镜上颌窦囊肿摘除术临床分析

目的总结经鼻内镜实施上颌窦囊肿摘除术的方法和效果。方法根据上颌窦囊肿的具体部位及合并症,采取相应的鼻内镜手术径路行中鼻道开窗,中、下鼻道联合开窗及中鼻道、尖牙窝联合开窗囊肿摘除术。结果所有囊肿均在内窥镜下完整摘除。随访1 a无复发。结论应用鼻内窥镜切除上颌窦囊肿创伤小、操作简便、出血少、效果良好,可作为治疗上颌窦囊肿的常用术式之一。     

神经导航辅助内镜经鼻修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏

目的 探讨神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的方法 与效果。方法 回顾性分析2021年6月至2022年9月于本院行神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏的6例患者，观察患者的手术效果和手术并发症。结果 6例患者术中共发现8处脑脊液漏漏口均顺利修补。术后随访3～9个月，所有患者脑脊液鼻漏均治愈，无手术相关并发症。手术神经内镜下操作时间52 min至2h23 min，平均（72±28） min。结论 神经导航辅助内镜经鼻入路修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏手术效果确切，创伤小，值得临床推广应用。     

Endoscopic skull base surgery II: a new animal model for surgery of the posterior fossa.

The field of skull base surgery has been influenced by a general philosophy that currently exists in modern surgical practice favoring less invasive means of managing surgical disease. Adapting techniques developed by general surgeons and other surgical subspecialists, skull base surgeons are now experimenting with endoscopy to resect tumors, manage vascular lesions, and manipulate critical intracranial structures. Lesions formerly requiring significant soft tissue dissection and craniotomy for exposure are now potentially amenable to treatment via a keyhole approach. As in other surgical specialties, however, a reliable animal model is necessary for experimentation with and development of new endoscopic techniques in the skull base. The swine provides just such a model, primarily due to craniofacial and skull base relationships that are analogous to humans. We have focused on the posterior skull base of the swine in this experiment: Via a retrosigmoid craniotomy we opened the dura of the posterior fossa and used endoscopes to visualize and manipulate the critical structures in this area. The cerebellum and midbrain were appreciated, as were cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI. Blood vessels on the surface of the midbrain were also identified. This experience further supports the use of the swine as an appropriate animal model for endoscopic skull base surgery.     

Endoscopic transcranial and intracranial resection: case series and design of a perioperative management protocol

Purely endoscopic resections of transcranial/intracranial pathology represent an exciting minimally invasive option for some patients. There is an abundance of literature on surgical techniques, though very little deals with perioperative management, which is critical for good outcomes. We present a detailed case review and a perioperative management protocol with specific reference to skull base and neuroanatomy. We performed a retrospective chart review and analysis of outcomes and complications by approach and design and prospective employment of a perioperative management protocol in a major tertiary care referral hospital. We included patients undergoing endoscopic skull base approaches by the two senior surgeons from September 2005 to April 2009, selecting of transcranial/intracranial cases for detailed review. Our main outcome measures included perioperative morbidity, mortality, and complications; degree of resection; recurrence rate; and survival. Fifteen patients met study criteria. No perioperative mortality occurred. There were two major and four minor complications. Mean follow-up was 15 months; 11/13 patients with malignancies had no evidence of disease. A perioperative management protocol was designed from these data and has resulted in decreased lumbar drainage and increased fluid/electrolyte monitoring. Endoscopic transcranial/intracranial anterior skull base surgery is both safe and effective when a complete understanding of the surgery and perioperative management is achieved.     

Endonasal endoscopic resection of esthesioneuroblastoma: the Johns Hopkins Hospital experience and review of the literature

Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant tumor originating in the upper nasal cavity. The surgical treatment for this tumor has traditionally been via an open craniofacial resection. Over the past decade, there has been tremendous development in endoscopic techniques. In this report, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients with esthesioneuroblastomas treated with a purely endonasal endoscopic approach and resection at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between January 2005 and April 2010. A total of eight patients with esthesioneuroblastoma, five men and three women, were identified. Six patients were treated for primary disease, and two were treated for tumor recurrence. The modified Kadish staging was A in one patient (12.5%), B in two patients (25%), C in four patients (50%), and D in one patient (12.5%). All patients had a complete resection with negative intraoperative margins. One patient had intraoperative hypertension; there were no perioperative complications. With a mean follow-up of over 27 months, all patients are without evidence of disease. In addition, we reviewed the literature and identified several overlapping case series of patients with esthesioneuroblastoma treated via a purely endoscopic technique. Our series adds to the growing experience of expanded endonasal endoscopic surgery in the treatment of skull base tumors including esthesioneuroblastoma. Longer follow-up on a larger number of patients is required to further demonstrate the utility of endoscopic approaches in the management of this malignancy.     

Endoscopic treatment of traumatic basal encephaloceles: a report of 8 cases

OBJECT: Basal encephaloceles are rare entities that can present as congenital diseases; however, traumatic lesions due to head injuries or iatrogenic causes have been described in the literature. In this study the authors aimed to define placement techniques for free grafts in repairing traumatic basal encephaloceles and to describe the long-term effectiveness of endoscopic treatment. METHODS: Between September 1997 and December 2006, 8 patients with traumatic encephaloceles underwent endoscopic surgery. A free graft following an underlay (2 cribriform plate and 4 ethmoid fovea defects) or obliteration (2 sphenoid defects) procedure was used as the repair material. RESULTS: All traumatic basal encephaloceles with the associated skull base defects and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage were successfully treated via the endoscopic approach. There were no major complications or recurrence of meningitis or leakage of CSF encountered after an average follow-up of 77 months. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up results demonstrated that endoscopic surgery was suitable for the treatment of traumatic basal encephaloceles. The underlay procedure is more appropriate than the overlay procedure in repairing large defects of the anterior skull base. Meticulous manipulations of the endoscope following precise autograft placement are mandatory for the successful repair of traumatic basal encephaloceles.     

Classification and surgical approaches for transnasal endoscopic skull base chordoma resection: a 6-year experience with 161 cases

The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze 161 cases of surgically treated skull base chordoma, so as to summarize the clinical classification of this tumor and the surgical approaches for its treatment via transnasal endoscopic surgery. Between August 2007 and October 2013, a total of 161 patients (92 males and 69 females) undergoing surgical treatment of skull base chordoma were evaluated with regard to the clinical classification, surgical approach, and surgical efficacy. The tumor was located in the midline region of the skull base in 134 cases, and in the midline and paramedian regions in 27 cases (extensive type). Resection was performed via the transnasal endoscopic approach in 124 cases (77 %), via the open cranial base approach in 11 cases (6.8 %), and via staged resection combined with the transnasal endoscopic approach and open cranial base approach in 26 cases (16.2 %). Total resection was achieved in 38 cases (23.6 %); subtotal resection, 86 cases (53.4 %); partial resection of 80–95 %, 29 cases (18 %); and partial resection <80 %, 8 cases (5 %). The clinical classification method used in this study seems suitable for selection of transnasal endoscopic surgical approach which may improve the resection degree and surgical efficacy of skull base chordoma. Gross total resection of skull base chordoma via endoscopic endonasal surgery (with addition of an open approach as needed) is a safe and viable alternative to the traditional open approach.     

The expanding role of endoscopic skull base surgery

Abstract The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is a surgical technique where a small aperture, the nostrils, can give access to the whole ventral skull base. Its principles differ from the ones of traditional skull base approaches where a wide external opening is often accompanied by a relatively small working area. Most of the results of EEAs published in the literature come from retrospective case series and the follow-up is still limited, however the consensus is that this technique is safe and effective in selected cases and when performed within dedicated skull base centres. This article sets to give an overview of the current state of endoscopic skull base surgery, based on the recent evidence and our centre's experience with nearly 2000 EEAs. The team's experience with endoscopic as well as open approaches plays a critical role in achieving satisfactory results when treating pathologies of the skull base. Guided by the principle of least neural and vascular manipulation, the team should be able to select the least traumatic route (open or endoscopic) and be able to approach the skull base from all angles.     

Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma): report of six cases treated by a novel combination of endoscopic surgery and radiosurgery.

Microsurgical techniques have considerably improved the results of surgical treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma). Nevertheless, these rare tumours of the frontal skull base are still associated with high rates of tumour recurrence and mortality, thus remaining a challenge even for experienced surgeons. A novel therapeutic approach that combines endoscopic sinus surgery and radiosurgery (gamma knife) is presented here. Six patients (3 males, 3 females) aged between 27 and 75 years (median 38 years) were treated between August 1993 and July 1999. Following paranasal and nasal endoscopic sinus surgery, marginal irradiation doses ranging from 16 to 34 Gy were applied radiosurgically involving up to 7 isocentres. At present, the median follow-up period is 57 months (range: 9 - 79 months). Without mortality, tumour control was achieved in all patients. One patient, who had to undergo additional craniotomy because of extensive neoplastic infiltration, developed postoperative liquorrhea. In another case the clinical course was complicated by a bilateral frontal sinusitis. All patients complained of nasal discharge and crusts. However, a preoperative Karnovsky Index ranging from 80 to 100 % remained stable in four patients whereas an improvement was observed in two patients. Based on the favourable results observed so far, the combination of endoscopic sinus surgery and radiosurgery can be considered as promising new option for the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma that merits further investigation.     

Quality-of-Life after Anterior Skull Base Surgery: A Systematic Review

Background Improved treatment and survival of patients with skull base tumors has made the assessment of quality-of-life (QoL) in this population increasingly important. This article provides a comprehensive systematic review pertaining to QoL assessment in adults undergoing anterior skull base surgery. Methods We performed a literature search using the electronic databases of Ovid Medline and Embase. Additional articles were identified through a search using the phrase anterior skull base. Further articles were sought through hand-searching relevant journals and reference lists of identified articles. Results Our search strategy identified 29 articles for inclusion in our systematic review, with considerable variation between studies in population characteristics, methodological design and quality, follow-up length, and outcome assessment. The most commonly used QoL tools were the Karnofsky Performance Status and the Anterior Skull Base Questionnaire. QoL following anterior skull base surgery appears to improve beyond preoperative levels in the months after surgery. For patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery, the gain in QoL appears to be greater and may manifest earlier, with no clear long-term deleterious effect on sinonasal outcomes compared with open surgery. Conclusions QoL after anterior skull base surgery in adults appears to improve within several months of surgery, but earlier and to a larger extent if the endoscopic approach is used. Given the relative paucity and heterogeneity of anterior skull base tumors, large-scale prospective multicentre studies utilizing valid and reliable multidimensional QoL tools are required. This may result in improved patient care, by understanding patients'' needs better and facilitating the provision of reliable outcome data for clinical trials.     

Endoscopic repair of large skull base defects after powered sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the management of patients with large skull base defects (> 2 cm) and intracranial injury caused by powered endoscopic sinus surgery.Study design and setting All patients treated for postendoscopic sinus surgery skull base injury over a 4-year period were reviewed. RESULTS: Three patients with skull base defects greater than 2 cm in size and associated intracranial injury from powered ESS were identified. All patients presented with active cerebrospinal fluid leaks. CT scans showed intracranial injury and pathology reports revealed brain tissue removal. Using image-guided endoscopic techniques, all defects were addressed with multilayer repair. Closure was achieved in all patients on the first attempt, with an average follow-up of 27 months. CONCLUSIONS: The use of powered instrumentation along the skull base can be dangerous and can result in extensive skull base defects with associated loss of dura and gray matter. Large ethmoid roof defects and significant intracranial injury, however, are not absolute contraindications to endoscopic repair.