脐血瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ与胎儿生长发育

目的 揭示脐血瘦素及胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)与胎儿生长发育的关系,探讨其在胎儿生长发育方面的相互作用及临床意义.方法 采用放射免疫法测定86例新生儿脐血瘦素、IGF-Ⅰ水平,根据胎龄及出生体重百分位数的关系分为:小于胎龄儿(SGA)组16例、适于胎龄儿(AGA)组41例及大于胎龄儿(LGA)组29例.同时测量新生儿的出生体重、身长、头围、足长、胎盘重量并计算体质指数(BMI).结果 ①脐血瘦素水平SGA组与AGA组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);脐血IGF-Ⅰ水平AGA与LGA组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).②脐血瘦素及IGF-Ⅰ水平分别与新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、足长、BMI及胎盘重量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),脐血瘦素与IGF-Ⅰ水平亦呈显著正相关(P<0.01).③脐血瘦素水平与新生儿性别及分娩方式间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);脐血IGF-Ⅰ水平与新生儿性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与新生儿分娩方式差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 脐血瘦素、IGF-Ⅰ在调节胎儿生长发育方面起着重要作用,参与胎儿的生长发育过程,可作为评价胎儿生长发育及营养状态的临床指标之一.脐血瘦素、IGF-Ⅰ水平异常可能是引起胎儿宫内生长迟缓和巨大儿发生的原因之一.     

脐血IGF-1及IGFBP-3与胎儿生长发育的关系研究

目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF—1）及胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2（IGFBP-3）与胎儿宫内生长发育的关系。方法将新生儿根据出生体重与胎龄的关系分为大于胎龄儿（IAG）、适于胎龄儿（AGA）、小于胎龄儿（SGA）三组,分别测定三组新生儿出生时身长、体重及胎盘重量,同时取脐血采用EUSA法测定IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平。结果①三组新生儿出生时身长、体重及胎盘重量3个指标比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。②脐血IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平在SGA、AGA、LGA三组间比较,LGA组〉AGA组〉SGA组,各组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。③胎儿发育的重要指标出生体重、身长及胎盘重量与IGF-1及IGFBP-3水平均呈正相关。结论IGF-1及IGFBP-3与胎儿生长发育密切相关,对胎儿的生长发育起重要的调节作用。     

孕妇血及脐血同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12水平与胎儿生长受限的相关性

目的 通过检测孕妇血与脐血同型半胱氨酸( homocysteine,Hcy)、叶酸(folic acid,Fa)及维生素B12( vitamin B12,VB12)水平,探讨其与胎儿生长受限的相关性及相互作用.方法 选取2010年2月至2010年11月间我院产科住院分娩的孕妇及其新生儿各44例,根据胎龄与出生体重百分位数的关系分为胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR)、适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)、大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age,LGA)三组.采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别测定孕妇及其新生儿脐血Hcy、Fa、VB12水平.分别测量胎儿的出生体重、身长、头围、腹围及胎盘重量,计算体重指数(body mass index,BMI),Rohrer's身体指数,评估新生儿生长状态,记录新生儿分娩方式、性别.结果 (1)孕妇血清Fa、VB12水平FGR组小于AGA、LGA组,Hcy水平FGR组大于AGA、LGA组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);脐血VB12水平FGR组小于AGA、LGA组,Hcy水平FGR组大于AGA、LGA组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).孕妇血Fa水平与脐血Fa、VB12水平均呈正相关(P均＜0.01),孕妇血VB12水平与脐血VB12水平呈正相关(P＜0.01).(2)孕妇血、脐血Hcy水平与新生儿各项生长参数均呈负相关(P均＜0.01);孕妇血Fa水平与新生儿出生体重呈正相关(P均＜0.05);孕妇血VB12水平与新生儿头围、腹围呈正相关(P均＜0.05).(3)胎盘重量FGR组均小于AGA、LGA组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).FGR组新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、腹围、BMI与胎盘重量未见明显相关(P＞0.05),LGA、AGA组新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、腹围及BMI与胎盘重量呈正相关(P均＜0.01).(4) Rohrer's身体指数:FGR组胎龄≤37周小于2.00,胎龄＞37周小于2.20,LGA、AGA组均大于2.20;身长/头围比值三组均大于1.36.结论 妊娠期缺乏Fa及VB12可能发生高Hcy血症,FGR发病可能与血Hcy水平升高有关.妊娠晚期孕妇血清Fa、VB12、Hcy水平对胎儿体格状况有重要影响.胎盘重量在胎儿生长发育中具有重要作用.     

足月小于胎龄儿胃饥饿素、胰岛素样生长因子-1及瘦素关系的研究

目的探讨胃饥饿素(Ghrelin)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)及瘦素(Leptin)在足月小于胎龄儿(SGA)中的作用及其关系。方法本院产科出生的足月SGA和适于胎龄儿(AGA)各30例,生后测量体重、身长、头围,并计算体重指数(BMI),生后第3天测定血Ghrelin、IGF-1及Lep-tin水平。结果 SGA组体重、身长、头围、BMI均明显低于AGA组[(2280±190)g比(3220±320)g,(46.3±1.8)cm比(50.5±2.0)cm,(31.8±1.1)cm比(33.6±1.1)cm,(10.6±0.8)cm比(12.6±0.9)cm,P均<0.05]。SGA组血清IGF-1及Leptin水平均低于AGA组[(49.6±10.3)μg/L比(55.3±9.9)μg/L,(2.4±0.8)μg/L比(3.0±1.0)μg/L],血浆Ghrelin水平高于AGA组[(25.2±11.0)μg/L比(17.3±7.4)μg/L],P均<0.05。两组IGF-1与体重呈正相关,Leptin与体重、身长呈正相关,Ghrelin与体重、BMI呈负相关,P均<0.05。两组Ghrelin水平与IGF-1呈负相关,IGF-1与Leptin呈正相关;SGA组Ghrelin水平与Leptin呈负相关,P均<0.05。结论生后早期SGA新生儿存在高Ghrelin、低IGF-1、低Leptin水平状态。Ghrelin、IGF-1及Leptin共同参与胎儿宫内营养的调节,相互起协同及拮抗作用。     

足月新生儿脐血ghrelin水平与瘦素、生长激素水平关系研究

目的 探讨ghrelin调节胎儿生长发育的可能的作用机制.方法 采用放射免疫法测定78例足月新生儿脐血ghrelin、瘦素、生长激素水平,分析脐血ghrelin、瘦素、生长激素水平与出生体重的关系及脐血ghrelin水平与瘦素、生长激素水平间的关系.结果 小于胎龄儿(SGA)、适于胎龄儿(AGA)、大于胎龄儿(LGA)三组间新生儿脐血ghrelin、瘦素水平差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01).脐血ghrelin水平与出生体重呈负相关性(r=-0.339,P=0.002),脐血瘦素水平与出生体重呈正相关性(r=0.373,P=0.001),脐血ghrelin水平与瘦素无相关性(P=0.175).脐血生长激素水平与出生体重、脐血ghrelin水平均无相关性(P=0.267,0.059).结论 Ghrelin及瘦素共同调节胎儿生长发育的机制可能与出生后两者的调节机制有所区别,Ghrelin可能并非通过刺激生长激素分泌而发挥调节胎儿生长发育作用.     

足月小于胎龄儿胃饥饿素、胰岛素样生长因子-1及瘦素关系的研究

目的探讨胃饥饿素（Ghrelin）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）及瘦素（Leptin）在足月小于胎龄儿（SGA）中的作用及其关系。方法本院产科出生的足月SGA和适于胎龄儿（AGA）各30例,生后测量体重、身长、头围,并计算体重指数（BMI）,生后第3天测定血Ghrelin、IGF-1及Lep-tin水平。结果 SGA组体重、身长、头围、BMI均明显低于AGA组[（2280±190）g比（3220±320）g,（46.3±1.8）cm比（50.5±2.0）cm,（31.8±1.1）cm比（33.6±1.1）cm,（10.6±0.8）cm比（12.6±0.9）cm,P均〈0.05]。SGA组血清IGF-1及Leptin水平均低于AGA组[（49.6±10.3）μg/L比（55.3±9.9）μg/L,（2.4±0.8）μg/L比（3.0±1.0）μg/L],血浆Ghrelin水平高于AGA组[（25.2±11.0）μg/L比（17.3±7.4）μg/L],P均〈0.05。两组IGF-1与体重呈正相关,Leptin与体重、身长呈正相关,Ghrelin与体重、BMI呈负相关,P均〈0.05。两组Ghrelin水平与IGF-1呈负相关,IGF-1与Leptin呈正相关;SGA组Ghrelin水平与Leptin呈负相关,P均〈0.05。结论生后早期SGA新生儿存在高Ghrelin、低IGF-1、低Leptin水平状态。Ghrelin、IGF-1及Leptin共同参与胎儿宫内营养的调节,相互起协同及拮抗作用。     

脂联素、瘦素及胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ在胎儿生长发育中的作用

目的探讨脂联素、瘦素及胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)在胎儿生长发育中的作用。方法选择2006年10月-2007年10月在本院产科出生的新生儿86例。胎龄31~42周;男57例,女29例。根据不同出生体质量分为小于胎龄儿(SGA)组(16例),适于胎龄儿(AGA)组(41例)及大于胎龄儿(LGA)组(29例)。胎儿娩出后立即断脐留脐血20 mL,采用放射免疫分析法测定血清脂联素、瘦素及IGF-Ⅰ水平,同时检测其血脂水平,测量新生儿生长参数,计算体质量指数(BMI)。结果1.新生儿脐血瘦素、脂联素及IGF-Ⅰ水平无显著性别差异。2.脐血瘦素水平在SGA、AGA、LGA3组间有显著差异(P<0.001),LGA组显著高于AGA及SAG组(P<0.01,0.001);脐血瘦素水平与体质量、胎龄、头围、身长、足长及胎盘质量均呈显著正相关(Pa<0.01)。3.脐血脂联素水平与出生体质量、头围、足长、BMI水平均呈显著正相关(Pa<0.05)。脐血脂联素水平在SGA、AGA、LGA3组间有显著差异(P<0.001),LGA组高于AGA及SAG组(Pa<0.01)。4.LGA组脐血IGF-Ⅰ水平显著高于AGA及SAG组,3组间有明显差异(P<0.001);脐血IGF-Ⅰ水平与体质量、头围、身长、足长及胎盘质量均呈显著正相关(Pa<0.01)。5.脐血瘦素与脂联素、IGF-Ⅰ水平呈显著正相关(Pa<0.01),脐血脂联素与IGF-Ⅰ水平无明显相关关系(P>0.05)。6.SGA、AGA、LGA3组血脂水平比较无显著差异(Pa>0.05)。脐血IGF-Ⅰ水平与三酰甘油水平呈明显负相关(P<0.05),脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与血脂各指标间均无明显相关性(Pa>0.05)。结论瘦素与脂联素、IGF-Ⅰ在胎儿宫内生长和发育过程中起重要的调节作用,可作为评价胎儿生长发育及营养状态的临床指标之一。     

脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与胎儿发育的相关性

目的 探讨脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与胎儿生长发育的关系.方法 选择2006年10月至2007年10月在我院产科出生的新生儿86例,根据不同出生体质量分为小于胎龄儿(SGA)组16例,适于胎龄儿(AGA)组41例,大于胎龄儿(LGA)组29例.胎儿娩出后立即断脐留脐血20ml,采用放射免疫分析法测定血清脂联素、瘦素水平,同时检测其血脂水平,测量新生儿生长参数,计算体质量指数(BMI).结果 (1)3组脐血瘦素和脂联素水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),LGA组明显高于AGA及SAG组(P<0.01);(2)脐血瘦素水平与体质量、胎龄、头围、身长、足长及胎盘重量呈正相关(P<0.01),脐血脂联素水平与出生体质量、头围、足长、BMI水平呈正相关(P<0.05).(3)脐血瘦素与脂联素水平呈显著正相关(P<0.01).(4)3组血脂水平比较差异无统计学意义;脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与血脂各指标间无明显相关性(P>0.05).结论 瘦素与脂联素在胎儿宫内生长和发育过程中起重要的调节作用.     

骨钙素、Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端前肽、胰岛素样生长因子-1及其相关激素与胎儿骨发育的关系

目的 探讨骨钙素(OC)、Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端前肽(PICP) 及胰岛素样生长因子.1(IGF.1)等激素水平与胎儿骨生长发育的关系.方法 选择本院2008年10月-2009年10月收治的新生儿80例.男41例,女39例;胎龄28～42周.根据不同出生体质量分为小于胎龄(SGA)儿组22例,适于胎龄(AGA)儿组36例及大于胎龄(LGA)儿组(22例).胎儿娩出后,胎盘娩出前抽取其脐静脉血6 mL,采用放射免疫分析法测定其血清OC、IGF.1及甲状旁腺激素水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测其脐血PICP水平;同时检测其血钙、磷、ALP水平,测量新生儿生长参数,计算体质量指数(BMI).结果 1.脐血OC水平在SGA儿组、AGA儿组、LGA儿组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),LGA儿组显著高于AGA儿及SAG儿组(P＜0.01,0.001);脐血OC水平与出生体质量、头围、BMI呈正相关(Pa＜0.05),与身长无明显相关性(P＞0.05).2.LGA儿组脐血IGF.1水平显著高于AGA儿及SAG儿组,3组间比较有统计学差异(P=0.002);脐血IGF.1水平与出生体质量、头围、BMI水平均呈正相关(Pa＜0.05),与身长无明显相关性(P＞0.05).3.AGA儿组、LGA儿组脐血PICP水平明显高于SGA儿组,但3组间无统计学差异(P=0.070).脐血PICP、PTH水平与生长参数各指标水平均无直线相关关系(Pa＞0.05),偏相关分析脐血PICP与出生体质量、头围、BMI均呈正相关(r=0.239、0.250、0.306,Pa<0.05).4.脐血OC水平与PICP、IGF.1水平均呈正相关(Pa＜0.05),OC、PICP与PTH、ALP水平之间均无明显相关(Pa＞0.05).5.3组脐血钙、血磷、ALP水平均无统计学差异(Pa＞0.05).结论 SGA儿低血清OC、PICP水平与骨形成活动下降相关,脐血OC、PICP及IGF.1可作为评价胎儿骨骼生长发育的临床指标之一.     

脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与胎儿发育的相关性

目的 探讨脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与胎儿生长发育的关系.方法 选择2006年10月至2007年10月在我院产科出生的新生儿86例,根据不同出生体质量分为小于胎龄儿(SGA)组16例,适于胎龄儿(AGA)组41例,大于胎龄儿(LGA)组29例.胎儿娩出后立即断脐留脐血20ml,采用放射免疫分析法测定血清脂联素、瘦素水平,同时检测其血脂水平,测量新生儿生长参数,计算体质量指数(BMI).结果 (1)3组脐血瘦素和脂联素水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),LGA组明显高于AGA及SAG组(P<0.01);(2)脐血瘦素水平与体质量、胎龄、头围、身长、足长及胎盘重量呈正相关(P<0.01),脐血脂联素水平与出生体质量、头围、足长、BMI水平呈正相关(P<0.05).(3)脐血瘦素与脂联素水平呈显著正相关(P<0.01).(4)3组血脂水平比较差异无统计学意义;脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与血脂各指标间无明显相关性(P>0.05).结论 瘦素与脂联素在胎儿宫内生长和发育过程中起重要的调节作用.     

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目的 探讨HO-CO系统与小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)发病的关系及相关机制,为SGA的病因学防治开辟新思路.方法 选择2004年11月至2005年11月间正常分娩的非匀称型SGA50例(其中母亲无妊高征为SGA1组30例,母亲患中重度妊高征为SGA2组20例),并以健康足月适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA组)20例为对照.于新生儿娩出后立即采集脐动脉血标本并留取近胎盘处脐带标本,分别用双波长分光光度法测定新生儿脐血中血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)的活性,用Chalmers血红蛋白结合及连二亚硫酸钠还原法测定脐血中碳氧血红蛋白(HbCO)百分含量,并通过免疫组化法观察新生儿脐血管上HO-1的表达.结果 (1)SGA1组及SGA2组脐血HO-1活性、HbCO百分含量均显著低于AGA组(P＜0.01).而SGA1组与SGA2组脐血HO-1活性、HbCO百分含量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)AGA组、SGA1组及SGA2组脐血HO-1活性与新生儿出生体重均呈正相关(P＜0.05).(3)脐血管上HO-1的表达SGA1组和SGA2组与AGA组比较HO-1表达强度高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);SGA1组与SGA2组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 脐血HO-1活性与胎儿宫内发育及新生儿营养状况密切相关     

Maternal and umbilical cord serum leptin concentrations in small-for-gestational-age and in appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates: a maternal,fetal, or placental contribution?

Leptin is secreted during pregnancy by the placenta and by the maternal and fetal adipose tissues. The leptin levels mainly reflect the amount of fat stored and thus are indicative of the energy balance, i.e., small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates represent the negative metabolic balance of in utero starved babies. We chose to compare maternal and umbilical cord leptin levels in pregnancies complicated by asymmetrical SGA versus those with appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) neonates as well as a model of multifetal growth concordant gestations in order to establish through the 'leptin link' the relative contributions of mother, fetus, and placenta to fetal weight. We found that the maternal leptin levels at delivery correlated poorly with the maternal weight gain/body mass index and with neonatal birth weight. Furthermore, the umbilical cord leptin levels correlated well with neonatal and placental weights in the AGA group but not in the SGA group. As in AGA singleton pregnancies, in multifetal uncomplicated pregnancies, the umbilical cord leptin levels correlated well with the birth weight of individuals, regardless of the status of the twin or triplet in the set. Thus, we speculated that in SGA neonates the birth weight represents the lean body weight and the low adipose tissue content (as opposed to the AGA neonates who have a substantial adipose tissue content) and, therefore, reflects mainly the basic placental contribution.     

脑源性神经营养因子与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的：该文通过检测新生儿脐血脑源性神经营养因子（brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）的水平,探讨BDNF与新生儿出生体重的关系,并对相关因素进行分析。方法：根据出生体重,将51 例足月第1胎健康新生儿分为3 组:①小于胎龄组（SGA）8例;②适于胎龄组（AGA ）31例;③大于胎龄组（LGA）12例。测量新生儿身长、体重及其母亲的身高、体重,并对脐血中BDNF、瘦素（LEP）、胰岛素（INS）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）进行检测。结果：SGA组的BDNF明显高于AGA组和大于LGA组,AGA组和LGA组中BDNF没有差异;多元逐步回归分析显示BDNF值与新生儿出生体重、体重指数存在负相关关系。LEP与BDNF不呈相关趋势（P>0.05）,INS与BDNF也不呈相关趋势（P>0.05）。INS 与LEP呈现正相关（P<0.05）。LEP与新生儿体重、产妇体重及其BMI呈正相关,而TC,TG在3组新生儿中差异无显著性。结论：BDNF是新生儿体重的重要影响因素,而且不受LEP,INS的影响。     

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??Objective??To explore the mechanisms of visfatin in fetal growth. Methods??From Dec.2008 to Dec.2009??the cord blood plasmaconcentrations of visfatin in 90 term neonates at birth in Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital??Wuxi No.3 People’s Hospital and Wuxi Xishan Hospital was measured by Elisa and its mRNA expression by quantitative real-time PCR in placenta.The correlation between birth weight ??cord blood visfatin??and mRNA expression was analyzed. Results??Cord blood concentration of visfatin in IUGR were significantly higher than that of fetal macrosomia and healthy term infants??P < 0.05????while there was no difference between fetal macrosomia and healthy term infants??P > 0.05??.There was no difference in visfatin mRNA expression in placenta between the three subgroups. Regression analysis revealed that cord blood visfatin levels were inversely??r = -0.416??P < 0.05??correlated with birth weight??while visfatin mRNA expression was correlated with neither birth weight nor cord blood visfatin??P > 0.05??. Conclusion??Concentrations of cord blood visfatin are significantly higher in the IUGR than in the fetal macrosomia and healthy term infants??although no differences in its mRNA expression in placenta are observed.     

Association between serum leptin and anthropometric parameters at birth and at 15th day of life in infants born asymmetrically small for gestational age

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in skinfold measurements taken at three sites, mid-arm circumference and umbilical circumference during the first 15 days of life; and to evaluate relationships between anthropometric measurements and umbilical cord blood serum leptin levels in infants born small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. Of 50 newborn infants, 25 were SGA and 25 were AGA. Neonates' weight, mid-arm circumference (MAC), umbilical circumference (UC), and triceps, subscapular and periumbilical skinfold thicknesses were measured (Holtain callipers) immediately after delivery. Anthropometric parameters were measured again at 15th days of age. At birth, mean birth weight, mean skinfold thickness, MAC and UC measurements in the AGA group were significantly higher than those of the SGA group. These differences were also found on the 15th day. Birth weight correlated with all skinfold thicknesses, MAC and UC at birth. Weight at 15th day of life correlated with skinfold thicknesses, MAC and UC at 15th day of life. Cord blood leptin level was significantly lower in the SGA than in the AGA infants. This difference continued on the 15th day. When cord blood leptin level was compared with that of the 15th day, we found that leptin levels in the cord blood were significantly higher. There were significantly positive correlations between leptin levels and birth weight and skinfold thicknesses when the infants were all grouped together. When the newborns were grouped according to birth weight, there were positive correlations between cord blood serum leptin levels and these parameters in the AGA group, but no correlation in the SGA group. At the 15th day of life serum leptin levels correlated with weight, subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness in the AGA group, but only with triceps skinfold thickness in the SGA group.     

脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与胎儿发育的相关性

目的 探讨脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与胎儿生长发育的关系.方法 选择2006年10月至2007年10月在我院产科出生的新生儿86例,根据不同出生体质量分为小于胎龄儿(SGA)组16例,适于胎龄儿(AGA)组41例,大于胎龄儿(LGA)组29例.胎儿娩出后立即断脐留脐血20ml,采用放射免疫分析法测定血清脂联素、瘦素水平,同时检测其血脂水平,测量新生儿生长参数,计算体质量指数(BMI).结果 (1)3组脐血瘦素和脂联素水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),LGA组明显高于AGA及SAG组(P<0.01);(2)脐血瘦素水平与体质量、胎龄、头围、身长、足长及胎盘重量呈正相关(P<0.01),脐血脂联素水平与出生体质量、头围、足长、BMI水平呈正相关(P<0.05).(3)脐血瘦素与脂联素水平呈显著正相关(P<0.01).(4)3组血脂水平比较差异无统计学意义;脐血脂联素、瘦素水平与血脂各指标间无明显相关性(P>0.05).结论 瘦素与脂联素在胎儿宫内生长和发育过程中起重要的调节作用.