高剂量率后装^192Ir源剂量测试研究进展

要现代后装治疗大多采用HDR(高剂量率)微型^192Ir源，其近源区剂量特性常用针点电离室、热释光剂量计测量，但ESR(电子自旋共振)胶片法测量的空间分辨率更高，可达156μm，而蒙特卡罗光子输运模拟方法是衡量测量准确度的金标准。用热释光剂量计进行直肠内剂量测量是预测直肠并发症发生率的良好指针。慢感光胶片测量^192Ir源二维剂量分布精度可达1％．用基于MR(核磁共振)的凝胶剂量计测量^192Ir源三维剂量分布准确度可达2．5％、空间分辨率达1．56mm，光学体层成像凝胶剂量计测量三维剂量分布具有独特的优势。     

国产血管内~(192)Ir线源的放射剂量测定

目的　对国产血管内192 Ir线源的剂量分布进行评价 ,为动物实验和临床应用提供依据。方法　采用KodakX omatV慢感光胶片 ,从平行和垂直于放射源长轴方向进行测量 ,径向测量时间为 2 5、45、6 5和 82s ,轴向测定时间为 2 5s,同时进行标准剂量的标定 ,通过胶片自动分析测量系统分析剂量分布和吸收剂量。参考AAPMTGNo.6 0报告 ,采用MonteCarlo方法对放射源的辐射剂量进行理论计算 ,同时与采用AAPMTGNo.43报告计算方法进行比较。结果　国产血管内192 Ir线源具有良好的剂量分布。AAPMTGNo .43报告计算方法比MonteCarlo方法高估 32 %的辐射剂量。结论国产192 Ir线源作为血管内放射源是可行的 ,采用慢感光胶片测定放射源的剂量分布是一种有效手段。     

国产血管内^192Ir线源的放射剂量测定

目的 对国产血管内^192Ir线源的剂量分布进行评价，为动物实验和临床应用提供依据。方法 采用KodakX-omatV慢感光胶片，从平行和垂直于放射源长轴方向进行测量，径向测量时间为25、45、65和82s，轴向测定时间为25s，同时进行标准剂量的标定，通过胶片自动分析测量系统分析剂量分布和吸收剂量。参考AAPM TG No.60报告，采用Monte Carlo方法对放射源和辐射剂量进行理论计算，同时与采用AAPM TG No.43报告计算方法进行比较。结果 国产血管内^192Ir线源具有良好的剂量分布。AAPMTGNo.43报告计算方法比Monte Carlo方法高估32％的辐射剂量。结论国产^192Ir线源作为血管内放射源是可行的，采用慢感光胶片测定放射源的剂量分布是一种有效手段。     

江苏省调强放疗剂量学验证研究

目的 研究调强放疗（IMRT）多叶光栅野吸收剂量和二维剂量分布验证方法。方法 选取8台医用加速器,6 MV X射线照射野为5 cm×5 cm时,分别使用热释光剂量计（TLD）和EBT3胶片剂量计核查调强放疗多叶光栅野光子线束吸收剂量,并使用EPT3胶片剂量计核查调强放疗多叶光栅野光子线束二维剂量分布。结果 使用多叶光栅野热释光验证方法和胶片剂量计方法,剂量相对偏差范围分别是-1.4%~6.8%和-1.8%~7.8%。有7台结果符合国际原子能机构（IAEA）剂量偏差在±5%的要求;二维剂量分布通过率范围为73.4%~97.0%,有7台符合二维剂量分布通过率> 90%的要求。结论 热释光剂量计和胶片剂量计用于调强放疗多叶光栅野剂量学参数验证是可行的,适合审管部门大规模开展的IMRT的治疗计划系统（TPS）吸收剂量和二维剂量分布验证。     

河南省8台加速器调强放疗靶体积和危及器官剂量及二维剂量分布验证方法研究

目的研究用热释光剂量计(TLD)和免冲洗胶片(film)测量调强放疗(IMRT)计划靶区(PTV)、危及器官(OAR)处方剂量和二维剂量分布验证方法。方法选择河南省的8台不同型号医用直线加速器,国际原子能机构(IAEA)提供聚苯乙烯专用模体,经CT模拟定位机扫描,影像传输至治疗计划系统(TPS),分别勾画PTV和OAR的处方剂量,能量6 MV X射线。对模体实施IMRT照射,照射后的TLD和胶片邮寄至中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核安全医学所二级标准剂量学实验室测量和估算。结果按IAEA要求,对PTV和OAR处方剂量,TLD测量剂量与TPS计划处方剂量的相对偏差为±7.0%。对PTV的剂量验证结果表明,8台加速器的相对偏差在-0.3%~6.9%范围内,符合要求。对OAR剂量验证结果表明,6台加速器的相对偏差在-7.0%~0.3%范围内,符合要求,2台加速器的相对偏差在-10.8%^-8.4%范围内,不符合要求。按IAEA要求,二维剂量分布3 mm/3%通过率≥90%。7台加速器通过率在90.2%~99.9%范围内,符合要求,1台加速器通过率为70.0%,不符合要求。结论免冲洗胶片和热释光剂量计验证调强放疗靶体积和危及器官处方剂量及二维剂量分布,方法简单可靠,是开展调强放射治疗质量控制的重要步骤,可为医疗机构或第三方服务机构核查临床处方剂量提供有力支撑。     

125Ⅰ粒子源近距离治疗前列腺癌模型的剂量学研究

目的 研究放射性125Ⅰ粒子源在治疗前列腺癌中的剂量分布,探寻治疗计划系统(TPS)优化效果的有效方法.方法 选定1个治疗计划系统,应用热释光剂量计,基于前列腺癌等效模体,模拟测量前列腺癌中的剂量分布.模拟植入共89颗125Ⅰ粒子,每个粒子的活度为1.37×107Bq(±5%).结果 各层的最大剂量为151～241 G...     

江苏省8台加速器调强放疗靶体积和危及器官剂量及二维剂量分布验证方法研究

目的用热释光剂量计(TLD)及免冲洗胶片(film)测量调强放射治疗靶体积(TPV)、危及器官(OAR)剂量和二维剂量分布验证方法。方法选择8台医用直线加速器(瓦里安、医科达、西门子),国际原子能机构(IAEA)提供的聚苯乙烯专用模体,经CT扫描,影像传给放射治疗计划系统(TPS)制定治疗计划,勾画PTV,OAR的处方剂量,计算相应的监督单位(MU),能量6 MV X射线束,对模体实施调强放疗(IMRT)照射。照射后的TLD和胶片邮寄至中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核安全医学所二级标准剂量学实验室测量和估算。结果按IAEA要求,对于靶体积和危及器官剂量,TLD测量剂量值与TPS计划剂量值的相对偏差为±7.0%。靶体积结果表明,8台加速器的TLD测量值与TPS计划值的相对偏差为0.6%~5.9%,符合要求。危及器官结果表明,8台加速器的TLD测量值与TPS计划值相对偏差为-0.6%~7.0%,符合要求。按IAEA要求,二维剂量分布3 mm/3%通过率为90%。8台加速器的胶片测量与TPS计划二维剂量分布通过率为90.2%~100.0%,符合要求。结论用TLD和放射性免冲洗胶片验证调强放射治疗靶体积、危及器官和二维剂量分布通过率,方法可行,可推广大范围运用到质量核查中,也可用于医院内部核查。     

湖北省7台加速器调强放疗靶体积和危及器官剂量及二维剂量分布验证方法研究

目的研究用热释光剂量计(TLD)和胶片(film)测量调强放疗(IMRT)靶体积(PTV)、危及器官(OAR)和二维剂量分布方法。方法选择湖北省7家三甲医院的7台不同型号医用直线加速器,国际原子能机构(IAEA)提供的聚苯乙烯专用模体,TLD和放射性免冲洗胶片(EPT3),经CT模拟定位机扫描模体,影像传输至治疗计划系统(TPS),分别勾画PTV、OAR处方剂量和相应的监督单位(MU),能量6 MV X射线束,对模体实施IMRT照射,照射后的TLD和胶片邮寄至中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核安全医学所二级标准剂量学实验室测量和估算。结果按IAEA要求,OAR和PTV的TLD测量值与TPS计划处方剂量的相对偏差为±7.0%。7台加速器PTV的TLD测量值与TPS计划值相对偏差在-5.4%~6.5%范围内,均符合IAEA的要求;5台加速器的OAR的TLD测量值和TPS计划值相对偏差在-2.2%~6.7%范围内,2台加速器相对偏差为-8.6%和8.2%,超出IAEA的要求。按IAEA要求,二维剂量分布3 mm/3%通过率为90%。7台加速器的二维剂量分布通过率在90.3%~98.9%范围内,均符合IAEA要求。结论使用TLD和胶片做IMRT剂量验证,科学性强,操作简单,TLD和胶片便于邮件寄送,该方法可运用于今后对放疗机构调强放疗剂量大范围的质量核查。     

蒙特卡罗方法计算后装192Ir源散射校正因子研究

目的 研究一种方便、可行地推算医用后装192Ir源空气比释动能散射校正因子的方法,便于医院用指形电离室进行活度测量的QA工作的开展.方法 用指形电离室测量有铅挡块和无铅挡块192Ir源空气比释动能,根据国际原子能机构(IAEA)1079号报告,计算192Ir源散射校正因子.用蒙特卡罗(MC)方法模拟测量条件,计算192Ir源散射校正因子,并与实验结果进行比较验证,同时模拟几种不同电离室型号和房间尺寸,计算并给出不同192Ir源散射校正因子.结果 蒙特卡罗方法模拟192Ir源散射校正因子与实验测得的散射校正因子比较,相对误差为0.8%.利用蒙卡计算得散射校正因子推算出的源活度和用井型电离室测量推算出的源活度相差2.4%.MC模拟IAEA1079号报告中的两种球形电离室计算结果与报告中给出的结果比较,相对误差范围在0.3%～0.4%.模拟5种不同型号指形电离室,不同房间尺寸,相对误差范围在3%之内.结论 用蒙卡方法模拟计算后装192Ir源散射校正因子的方法是可行的,此方法方便了医院用指形电离室进行近距离治疗QA工作的开展.

Abstract：

Objective To facilitate activity measurement by using the thimble ionization chamber in hospitals,to obtain air kerma scatter correction factor of medical afterloading of 192Ir source by developing an available and convenient calculation method.Methods According to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 1079 Report to calculate the scatter correction factor of 192 Ir source,to measure air kenna of 192Ir source with and without lead shield using thimble ionization chamber.Simulation measurement conditions were used to calculate scatter correction factor of 192Ir source and comparison was made between experimental results and literature records.At the same time,the different ionization chamber models were simulated at different room sizes to obtain scattering correction factor of 192 Ir source.ResultsComparison was made between the simulation scatter correction factors of 192Ir source and experiment by the shadow shield,and the relative deviation was 0.8%.The deviation of the 192 Ir activity calculated according to the simulated scatter correction factor and measured by well type ionization chamber was 2.4%.By comparison between the calculated results by using two kinds of spherical ionization chamber and those ones deduced by IAEA 1079 Report,the relative deviations ranged within 0.3%-0.4%.Five different types of thimble ionization chamber and different room sizes were simulated and calculated by MC simulation,with the relative deviation within 3%.Conclusions Monte Carlo simulation method for calculating afterloading 192 Ir source's scatter correction factor is feasible,and this method is convenient for use in the thimble chamber for brachytherapy QA work in the hospital.     

放射治疗剂量测量的探测器选择

放射治疗的辐射剂量应当恰到好处,使得治疗过程和服务质量满足规定的质量要求,其中的重要环节是实施辐射剂量测量,可供选用的辐射剂量探测器有电离室、胶片剂量计和热释光剂量计等。本文仅就这些探测器固有的优缺点,以及它们的适用范围作一评价,以便选用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.