Positional and surface area asymmetry of the human cerebral cortex

Previous studies of cortical asymmetry have relied mainly on voxel-based morphometry (VBM), or manual segmentation of regions of interest. This study uses fully automated, surface-based techniques to analyse position and surface area asymmetry for the mid-surfaces of 112 right-handed subjects' cortical hemispheres from a cohort of young adults. Native space measurements of local surface area asymmetry and vertex position asymmetry were calculated from surfaces registered to a previously validated hemisphere-unbiased surface-based template. Our analysis confirms previously identified hemispheric asymmetries (Yakovlevian torque, frontal and occipital petalia) in enhanced detail. It does not support previous findings of gender/asymmetry interactions or rightward planum parietale areal increase. It reveals several new findings, including a striking leftward increase in surface area of the supramarginal gyrus (peak effect 18%), compared with a smaller areal increase in the left Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale region (peak effect 8%). A second finding was rightward increase in surface area (peak effect 10%) in a band around the medial junction between the occipital lobe, and parietal and temporal lobes. By clearly separating out the effects of structural translocation and surface area change from those of thickness and curvature, this study resolves the confound of these variables inherent in VBM studies.     

Handedness and cerebral anatomical asymmetries in young adult males

Using voxel-based morphometry, we measured the cerebral anatomical asymmetries in a sample of 56 young right-handed males and then compared voxelwise asymmetry indices of these subjects to those of 56 young left-handed males. In the right-handed, the clusters of grey matter asymmetry corresponding to the leftward occipital petalia and planum temporale asymmetries were retrieved. Strong rightward temporo-parietal asymmetries were also observed, but the rightward grey matter asymmetry in the frontal lobe was less massive than previously described. Group comparisons of left- and right-handed subjects' asymmetry maps, performed at a statistical threshold not corrected for multiple comparisons, revealed significant effects of handedness on this pattern of anatomical asymmetry in frontal regions, notably in the lower central and precentral sulci, and also in the planum temporale, with right-handed subjects being more leftward asymmetric. Concerning white matter, although almost no focal differences between left- and right-handed subjects were detected, volumetric analyses at the hemispheric level revealed a leftward asymmetry, which happened to be significantly less marked in the left-handed. This latter result, together with the pattern of leftward white matter asymmetries, suggested that anatomical correlates of the left hemispheric specialization for language would exist in white matter. In the population we studied, differences in anatomical asymmetry between left- and right-handed subjects provided structural arguments for a greater functional ambilaterality in left-handed subjects.     

The lateral asymmetry of the human brain studied by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging

Improvements in in vivo imaging methods have boosted research on brain asymmetry aimed at further establishing putative anatomical substrates for brain functional lateralization and particularly to explain left-hemisphere specialization for language. We analyzed volume asymmetries for major anatomical divisions of the lateral (perisylvian) brain region and their relative white matter content. A total of 100 healthy right-handed subjects were examined with 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The insular plane was used to limit the lateral brain, and the sylvian fissure and central sulcus to define frontal, parietal, temporal, and temporo-parieto-occipital regions. Results revealed a frontal region showing similar volumes in both hemispheres, a parietal region and a temporal region both larger in the left hemisphere, and a temporo-parieto-occipital region with predominantly right-sided asymmetry. Volume measurements of the parietal, temporal, and temporo-parieto-occipital regions complemented each other and accounted for 58% of planum temporale area variations. All study regions showed significant asymmetry for relative white matter content (percentage of white matter relative to region volume). White matter asymmetry, however, was particularly relevant for the frontal and temporal regions showing a highly frequent left-sided pattern (frontal region, 90%; temporal region, 91% of subjects). Leftward asymmetry in these two regions occurred in both genders, although hemisphere differences were significantly larger in men. Results from this MRI volume analysis of structural asymmetries in the lateral brain region complement data obtained by other methods and suggest a high occurrence of leftward asymmetry for relative white matter content in language-related regions.     

Anomalous sylvian fissure morphology in Williams syndrome

The unusual sensitivity and attraction to auditory stimuli in people with Williams syndrome (WS) has been hypothesized to be the consequence of atypical development of brain regions surrounding the Sylvian fissure. Planum temporale surface area, which is determined in part by Sylvian fissure patterning, was examined in 42 WS and 40 control participants to determine if anomalous Sylvian fissure morphology is present in WS. WS participants had significantly reduced leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale compared to control participants, due to a significant expansion in the size of the right planum temporale. The increased right planum temporale size was largely due to WS participants (24%) who had a right hemisphere Sylvian fissure that coursed horizontally and failed to ascend into the parietal lobe. This sulcal pattern is unusual in the right hemisphere and is more commonly found in the left hemisphere of typically developing individuals. There were no control participants with this type of right hemisphere Sylvian fissure pattern. The right hemisphere Sylvian fissure sulcal patterns were also related to a measure of cortical complexity and the amount of right hemisphere occipital lobe volume, suggesting that intrinsic genetic influences leading to anomalous visual system development in WS have widespread influences on cortical morphology that are similar in manner to extrinsic embryonic visual system lesions.     

Manual and automated measures of superior temporal gyrus asymmetry: concordant structural predictors of verbal ability in children

The planum temporale is a region on the posterior surface of the temporal lobe that exhibits robust leftward structural asymmetry, which has been linked to verbal ability in children and adults. Traditionally, structural asymmetry has been quantified with manual assessment of high resolution MRI scans. Such measures require subjective and frequently unreliable determination of highly variable anatomical boundaries. Methodological developments in automated image processing (voxel-based morphometry - VBM) offer the opportunity to obtain objective and reliable measures of structural variation. This study examined the extent to which a VBM measure of gray matter asymmetry in the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) characterized the same individual variation as a manual measure of planum temporale asymmetry in 99 healthy adults and 39 typically developing children. Planum temporale asymmetry was significantly correlated with pSTG gray matter asymmetry in the samples of adults and children. As a measure of validity we examined the extent to which the VBM measure of pSTG gray matter asymmetry predicted measures of verbal ability that were associated with the manual measure of planum temporale asymmetry in the same children. The two asymmetry measures predicted the same variance in verbal ability. The automated measure of pSTG gray matter asymmetry predicted additional significant variance in verbal ability, however. In addition, a posterior STS region was also identified that significantly predicted verbal ability. These results demonstrate significant advantages of an automated voxel-based measure over a manual measure of planum temporale asymmetry.     

Cerebral asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure: a voxel-based morphometric analysis of 465 normal adult human brains

We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine human brain asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure in 465 normal adults. We observed significant asymmetry of cerebral grey and white matter in the occipital, frontal, and temporal lobes (petalia), including Heschl's gyrus, planum temporale (PT) and the hippocampal formation. Males demonstrated increased leftward asymmetry within Heschl's gyrus and PT compared to females. There was no significant interaction between asymmetry and handedness and no main effect of handedness. There was a significant main effect of sex on brain morphology, even after accounting for the larger global volumes of grey and white matter in males. Females had increased grey matter volume adjacent to the depths of both central sulci and the left superior temporal sulcus, in right Heschl's gyrus and PT, in right inferior frontal and frontomarginal gyri and in the cingulate gyrus. Females had significantly increased grey matter concentration extensively and relatively symmetrically in the cortical mantle, parahippocampal gyri, and in the banks of the cingulate and calcarine sulci. Males had increased grey matter volume bilaterally in the mesial temporal lobes, entorhinal and perirhinal cortex, and in the anterior lobes of the cerebellum, but no regions of increased grey matter concentration.     

基于局部一致性的脑静息功能模式偏侧化研究

目的 应用局部一致性方法揭示静息状态下大脑左右半球在局部区域内功能模式的偏侧化差异.方法 采集21名健康的在校大学生睁眼条件下6分钟的静息状态功能磁共振扫描数据.结果 在前额下回、中央前回区域右脑局部一致性均高于左脑区域,而在颞上回、楔叶区右脑局部一致性小于左脑区域.结论 静息状态下大脑功能模式不是单一的左侧或右偏侧化...     

基于自动脑分割技术分析中国正常中老年人群脑结构体积

目的 采用自动脑分割技术分析中国正常中老年人群脑结构体积的差异。方法 对96名正常中老年志愿者采集MRI，以自动脑分割技术获得脑内各结构体积，观察脑内各结构体积在不同性别、年龄及左右侧之间的差异，分析年龄对脑内结构体积的影响。结果 不同性别之间，颅脑总体积绝对值，右侧壳核、左、右侧尾状核、右侧苍白球、右侧额叶灰质及左侧顶叶灰质标准体积值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。左右侧之间，丘脑、壳核、尾狀核、额叶、顶叶、枕叶、颞叶、扣带回灰质、岛叶及侧脑室标准体积值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。脑脊液、右侧脑室及第三脑室体积与年龄呈正相关（r=0.60、0.51、0.57，P均<0.05），双侧额叶和左侧岛叶，皮层灰质、顶叶灰质、颞叶灰质及左侧枕叶灰质体积与年龄均呈负相关（P均<0.05）。结论 自动脑分割技术能直观快速显示正常中老年人脑结构体积。不同性别健康中老年人脑内结构体积存在差异，随年龄增加，脑脊液、侧脑室及第三脑室体积增大，皮层灰质、额叶灰白质、顶枕颞叶灰质及岛叶体积缩小。     

急性饮酒对青年人记忆功能相关脑区CBF及OEF影响的多模态磁共振研究

目的利用三维伪连续式动脉自旋标记(three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling,3D pCASL)和非对称基于自旋回波的回波平面成像(asymmetric spine echo-based echo plane imaging,ASE EPI)研究急性饮酒对健康青年人记忆功能相关脑区脑血流灌注(cerebral blood flow,CBF)、氧摄取分数(oxygen extraction fraction,OEF)的影响,分析不同剂量急性饮酒后健康志愿者记忆功能相关脑区CBF与OEF的关系。材料与方法29名健康志愿者分别摄入不同剂量的白酒,饮酒后,抽血检测血液酒精浓度(blood alcohol concentration,BAC),按照BAC≥0.04%、0.06%、0.08%分为低、中、高浓度组。所有受试者分别于饮酒前及饮酒后30 min进行记忆功能评价并行MRI扫描,饮酒前数据作为对照组。对饮酒前、后左侧额中回、顶叶、枕叶皮层、双侧扣带回、海马、杏仁核及小脑半球等记忆功能相关脑区的CBF和OEF进行比较分析。结果(1)饮酒后30 min与饮酒前相比,左侧额中回、顶叶、枕叶皮层、双侧扣带回、海马、杏仁核CBF增加(P<0.05),双侧小脑半球CBF减低(P<0.05)。饮酒后30 min,不同剂量组间左侧额中回、顶叶、枕叶皮层、双侧扣带回、海马、杏仁核的平均CBF差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)饮酒后30 min与饮酒前相比,左侧额中回、顶叶、枕叶皮层、双侧扣带回、海马OEF减低(P<0.05),双侧小脑半球OEF增加(P<0.05)。饮酒后30 min,不同剂量组间左侧额中回、顶叶、枕叶皮层、双侧扣带回、海马、小脑半球的平均OEF差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论饮酒后记忆功能相关脑区的CBF、OEF呈负相关关系,脑组织氧供给与氧利用处于动态平衡。饮酒后记忆功能相关脑区脑血流和脑代谢信息的改变,在揭示酒精对记忆功能相关脑区的作用机制有一定的意义。     

A voxel-based approach to gray matter asymmetries

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to analyze gray matter (GM) asymmetries in a large sample (n = 60) of male and female professional musicians with and without absolute pitch (AP). We chose to examine these particular groups because previous studies using traditional region-of-interest (ROI) analyses have shown differences in hemispheric asymmetry related to AP and gender. Voxel-based methods may have advantages over traditional ROI-based methods since the analysis can be performed across the whole brain with minimal user bias. After determining that the VBM method was sufficiently sensitive for the detection of differences in GM asymmetries between groups, we found that male AP musicians were more leftward lateralized in the anterior region of the planum temporale (PT) than male non-AP musicians. This confirmed the results of previous studies using ROI-based methods that showed an association between PT asymmetry and the AP phenotype. We further observed that male non-AP musicians revealed an increased leftward GM asymmetry in the postcentral gyrus compared to female non-AP musicians, again corroborating results of a previously published study using ROI-based methods. By analyzing hemispheric GM differences across our entire sample, we were able to partially confirm findings of previous studies using traditional morphometric techniques, as well as more recent, voxel-based analyses. In addition, we found some unusually pronounced GM asymmetries in our musician sample not previously detected in subjects unselected for musical training. Since we were able to validate gender- and AP-related brain asymmetries previously described using traditional ROI-based morphometric techniques, the results of our analyses support the use of VBM for examinations of GM asymmetries.     

正常人大脑皮层言语分区结构性不对称研究

目的采用结构性磁共振成像技术,对正常人群大脑皮层言语相关区域的结构性不对称进行研究。材料与方法对60例健康志愿者行高分辨三维T1结构性MRI扫描,选择以下5个脑区作为感兴趣区(ROI):额下回岛盖部、额下回三角部、颞横回、颞平面及岛叶,应用Freesurfer软件进行表面的重建及皮层厚度、皮层表面面积和皮层体积等解剖学结构的测量。比较每个ROI的两侧解剖学测量值和偏侧化指数(LI),并进行相关分析。结果颞横回皮层厚度呈右侧化不对称,岛叶皮层厚度呈左侧化不对称,额下回岛盖部、颞横回、颞平面及岛叶皮层表面面积与皮层体积均呈左侧化不对称;所有ROI的皮层厚度与皮层表面面积均无明显相关;皮层厚度的不对称与皮层体积的不对称无明显相关,皮层表面面积的不对称与皮层体积的不对称均呈明显的正相关。结论言语相关脑区皮层结构主要表现为左侧化的不对称,皮层厚度和皮层表面面积是相互独立的,皮层体积的不对称主要由皮层表面面积的不对称决定。     

早期盲人大脑灰质不对称的基于体素脑形态学初步研究

目的初步探讨视觉剥夺对人脑灰质结构不对称的影响。方法早期失明的成年盲人组（14例，右利手）与正常对照组（16例，右利手，年龄、性别匹配）在1．5T磁共振成像系统下获取全脑高分辨率的脑结构像（T1W）。通过基于体素的脑形态学（VBM）方法比较两组间脑灰质不对称的异同。结果与正常对照相比，早期盲人的一些脑区呈灰质左侧化增高，包括额叶（BA 10／8）、体感区（BA 3）及颞极（BA 43），以及枕叶视皮层（中枕回，BA 18／19）灰质右侧化增高。结论早期盲人大脑多个系统发生了结构重组，可以表现为灰质不对称的变化。     

静息态功能MRI观察脑梗死后失语症患者功能连接变化

目的 采用静息态功能MRI（rs-fMRI）观察脑梗死后失语患者各脑区功能连接（FC）变化。方法 对10例脑梗死后失语症患者（观察组）及10名健康志愿者（对照组）采集rs-fMRI,以左侧额下回（LIFG）布罗卡（Broca）区为种子点,分析组内和组间ROI与其他脑区FC相关性的差异。结果 对照组双侧枕叶、顶叶、额叶、颞叶、小脑半球、小脑扁桃体及脑干与ROI FC呈正相关（P均<0.05）;观察组双侧额下回,左侧中央后回、中央前回、额中回、扣带回、豆状核、海马、楔叶、枕叶,右侧顶下小叶、缘上回与ROI的FC呈正相关（P均<0.05）;观察组双侧缘上回、颞下回、梭状回、顶下小叶、枕中回,右侧额中回、扣带回、小脑半球,左侧颞中回、颞上回等与ROI的FC的相关性高于对照组（P均<0.05）。结论 静息态下健康人脑内存在语言功能网络;左侧脑梗死后失语症患者多个脑区与LIFG Broca区的FC呈正相关,以左侧大脑半球额叶为主,可能与脑梗死后失语症的发生及恢复机制有关。     

Abnormal association between reduced magnetic mismatch field to speech sounds and smaller left planum temporale volume in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is associated with language-related dysfunction. A previous study [Schizophr. Res. 59 (2003c) 159] has shown that this abnormality is present at the level of automatic discrimination of change in speech sounds, as revealed by magnetoencephalographic recording of auditory mismatch field in response to across-category change in vowels. Here, we investigated the neuroanatomical substrate for this physiological abnormality. Thirteen patients with schizophrenia and 19 matched control subjects were examined using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate both mismatch field strengths in response to change between vowel /a/ and /o/, and gray matter volumes of Heschl's gyrus (HG) and planum temporale (PT). The magnetic global field power of mismatch response to change in phonemes showed a bilateral reduction in patients with schizophrenia. The gray matter volume of left planum temporale, but not right planum temporale or bilateral Heschl's gyrus, was significantly smaller in patients with schizophrenia compared with that in control subjects. Furthermore, the phonetic mismatch strength in the left hemisphere was significantly correlated with left planum temporale gray matter volume in patients with schizophrenia only. These results suggest that structural abnormalities of the planum temporale may underlie the functional abnormalities of fundamental language-related processing in schizophrenia.     

头颅位置对三维伪连续脉冲动脉自旋标记序列测量脑血流的影响

目的 探讨头颅位置对三维伪连续脉冲动脉自旋标记序列(3D PCASL)测量脑血流量(CBF)的影响。 方法 招募15名健康志愿者,采取正中位、仰头位、低头位3种头颅位置,应用3.0T MR行3D PCASL检查,测量不同部位脑组织(双侧小脑、额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶、半卵圆中心)的CBF,比较各部位CBF测量值在不同头颅位置下以及各部位之间CBF测量值的差异。 结果 左侧小脑半球、左侧枕叶、右侧半卵圆中心在不同头颅位置时CBF差异具有统计学意义(F=8.67,P<0.001;F=6.15,P=0.01;F=4.42,P=0.02)。同一部位左、右侧别之间CBF值无统计学差异(P均>0.05)。在3种头颅位置下,半卵圆中心、颞叶与其余各部位间CBF值差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);额叶与枕叶、顶叶间CBF差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);小脑在正中位及仰头位时与其余各部位间CBF均有统计学差异(P均<0.05)。结论 3D PCASL序列测量颅脑各部位的CBF时,头颅位置会对于某些颅脑部位CBF测量值产生影响。     

Asymmetries of cortical shape: Effects of handedness, sex and schizophrenia

Some evidence suggests that sex, handedness and disease processes associated with schizophrenia affect the magnitude and/or direction of structural brain asymmetries. There are mixed findings, however, on how these factors influence cerebral torque, when torque is assessed with linear or volumetric measurements. We obtained MRI data from 67 healthy (30 males, 10 non-dextrals) and 84 schizophrenia subjects (60 males; 16 non-dextrals) and applied cortical pattern matching to spatially relate and compare differences in the surface morphology of the two cerebral hemispheres at high spatial resolution. Asymmetry indices, computed at thousands of matched hemispheric locations, were used to examine effects of sex, handedness and schizophrenia on hemispheric shape asymmetries while controlling for age and the other factors. Highly significant and discriminative right-frontal and left parietal-occipital surface expansions and protrusions (petalias) were mapped within groups. Although hemispheric shape asymmetries appeared less pronounced within female non-dextrals, asymmetry indices were not shown to differ significantly across sex, hand preference or diagnosis, or to reveal interactions of handedness with sex or diagnosis. Our 3D maps of spatially detailed anterior and posterior hemispheric shape asymmetries reflect subtle geometric distortions in hemispheric surface morphology that cannot be characterized with 2D or volumetric methods. Inter-individual variations in hemispheric torque appear minimally influenced by sex, dextrality or disease status. Biological factors driving language dominance or other lateralized brain functions dissociable from handedness, may more closely relate to hemispheric shape asymmetries, while the lateralization of other discrete brain regions may be more influenced by sexually dimorphic factors or by schizophrenia pathophysiology.     

Increased local gyrification mapped in Williams syndrome

Applying a recently developed method to analyze gyrification with excellent spatial resolution across thousands of points across the lateral and medial cortical surface, we mapped differences in cortical surface anatomy between subjects with Williams syndrome (WS; n=42) and an age-matched sample of healthy subjects (n=40). WS subjects showed increased gyrification bilaterally in occipital regions and over the cuneus. Differences were more pronounced in the left hemisphere than in the right, with additional regions of increased gyrification in WS in the left precuneus, posterior and anterior cingulate, paracentral and mesial frontal lobe. No cortical area was significantly more convoluted in healthy subjects relative to the WS subjects. On the lateral surfaces, the direction and pattern of gyrification asymmetries were similar in WS subjects and controls; posterior brain regions had greater gyrification in the left hemisphere, while anterior brain regions showed greater gyrification in the right hemisphere. On the medial surfaces, control subjects and WS individuals differed considerably with respect to the degree but also direction of gyrification asymmetry. Our findings confirm and extend previous studies measuring cortical complexity at the global whole-brain or hemispheric levels. The observed gyrification abnormalities in individuals with WS might be related to dysfunctions in neuronal circuits and consequently contribute to the distinct cognitive and behavioral profile accompanying the disorder.     

轻度阿尔茨海默病脑血流灌注和脑灰质体积的改变

目的:探究轻度阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者的脑血流(Cerebral blood flow,CBF)灌注和脑灰质体积的变化特点。方法:临床招募轻度AD患者和健康对照老年人进行包含3D-T1WI和3D伪连续动脉自旋标记(Three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling,3D-pcASL)序列的磁共振扫描,运用统计参数图(Statistical parametric mapping,SPM)8软件对两组受试者全脑CBF图进行基于体素的全脑灌注差异的分析;采用基于体素的形态学测量方法(Voxel-based morphometry,VBM)比较两组受试者全脑灰质体积的差异;对灌注有差异的脑区的CBF与简易智力状态检查量表(Mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分进行相关性分析。结果:共纳入轻度AD患者26例(年龄(73.0±6.8)岁,男16例),年龄、性别相匹配的健康对照者53例(年龄(73.7±8.2)岁,男23例)。与对照组相比,轻度AD组患者CBF灌注减低区主要位于双侧顶叶(以楔前叶、角回为主)、枕叶以及左侧颞叶和额叶;CBF灌注增高区主要位于右海马和海马旁回、右扣带回、基底节核团以及双侧额叶(以眶面和内侧面为主)(P<0.01,FDR校正,团块阈值>100像素)。轻度AD患者的脑灰质萎缩主要位于双侧颞叶内侧结构(海马、海马旁回、杏仁核),也累及双侧岛叶和基底节核团(P<0.01,FDR校正,团块阈值>100像素)。轻度AD组患者左颞顶叶脑回、双侧额上回的CBF值与MMSE评分呈现正相关;双侧内侧和旁扣带回、右前扣带回的CBF值与MMSE评分呈现负相关(P<0.05)。结论:轻度AD患者存在以顶叶为主的低灌注和以海马、基底节区、额叶为主的高灌注改变,而其灰质萎缩主要集中在双侧颞叶内侧结构。     

汉字与英文字形辨认的脑功能磁共振成像初步研究

目的:探讨功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术研究人脑汉字与英文字形辨认方面的价值。材料与方法:12例(男5例,女7例)母语为汉语且裸眼视力正常的大学生参加实验。设备为GE Signa 1.5T MR仪,采用EPI序列,BOLD法行脑功能磁共振扫描。实验任务分别将汉字与英文(真字、假字、非字)投射到屏幕上,受试者通过头线圈反光镜观看屏幕并辨认。数据分析使用SPM 99升级软件,经过数据采集、预处理和建立模型显示结果。结果:汉字真字刺激在左额叶、中央前回(BA6)及枕叶(BA18)显著激活;左顶叶、中央后回(BA3)、右额下回(BA9)及双侧颞叶少量激活。英文真字刺激时左额中回、中央前回、左额下回显著激活;左颞梭状回(BA37)、右枕语言回(BA18)及左顶叶(BA40)也有激活。汉字和英文假字与非字只引起少量激活(P>0.05)。汉字与英文刺激左大脑半球的激活体积明显大于右半球;除枕叶外,英文在额、颞及顶叶引起的激活体积均大于汉字。结论:fMRI是研究人脑汉字和英文语言加工理想的无创性影像学方法,其脑加工优势半球均为左半球;母语为汉语者,其英文脑处理过程需更多的脑活动来参与和完成。