小鼠miR-214重组慢病毒载体的构建和鉴定

目的构建携带miR-214的重组慢病毒表达载体,为研究miR-214的功能和作用机制奠定基础。方法从小鼠基因组DNA扩增miR-214基因,测序鉴定后克隆至pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-copGFP慢病毒载体上,测序鉴定、病毒包装后转染HEK293细胞,测定病毒滴度。将重组慢病毒载体感染HEK293细胞,应用萤光定量PCR法检测miR-214表达。结果重组慢病毒载体pCDH-CMV-miR-214-EF1-copGFP测序完全正确,pCDH-CMV-miR-214-EF1-copGFP感染的HEK293细胞中miR-214表达显著增强。结论成功构建小鼠miR-214重组慢病毒载体,并可在HEK293细胞中稳定表达出miR-214,为进一步进行miR-214的功能和机制研究奠定了试验基础。     

Metabolic biotinylation of lentiviral pseudotypes for scalable paramagnetic microparticle-dependent manipulation.

Nonviral, host-derived proteins on lentiviral vector surfaces can have a profound effect on the vector's biology as they can both promote infection and provide resistance to complement inactivation. We have exploited this to engineer a specific posttranslational modification of a "nonenvelope," virally associated protein. The bacterial biotin ligase (BirA) and a modified human DeltaLNGFR have been introduced into HEK293T cells and their protein products directed to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The BirA then couples biotin to an acceptor peptide that has been fused to the DeltaLNGFR. This results in the covalent linkage of biotin to the extracellular domain of the DeltaLNGFR expressed on the cell surface. Lentiviral vectors from these cells are metabolically labeled with biotin in the presence of free biotin. These biotinylated lentiviral vectors have a high affinity for streptavidin paramagnetic particles and, once captured, are easily manipulated in vitro. This is illustrated by the concentration of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with either the VSV-G or an amphotropic envelope in excess of 4500-fold. This new cell line has the potential for widespread application to envelope pseudotypes compatible with lentiviral vector production.     

A stable producer cell line for the manufacture of a lentiviral vector for gene therapy of Parkinson's disease

ProSavin is an equine infectious anemia virus vector-based gene therapy for Parkinson's disease for which inducible HEK293T-based producer cell lines (PCLs) have been developed. These cell lines demonstrate stringent tetracycline-regulated expression of the packaging components and yield titers comparable to the established transient production system. A prerequisite for the use of PCL-derived lentiviral vectors (LVs) in clinical applications is the thorough characterization of both the LV and respective PCL with regard to identity and genetic stability. We describe the detailed characterization of two ProSavin PCLs (PS5.8 and PS46.2) and resultant ProSavin vector. The two cell lines demonstrate stable production of vector over a time period sufficient to allow generation of master and working cell banks, and subsequent large-scale vector production. ProSavin generated from the PCLs performs comparably in vivo to that produced by the standard transient transfection process with respect to transduction efficiency and immunogenicity. The development of ProSavin PCLs, and the detailed characterization described here, will aid the advancement of ProSavin for clinical application.     

A new generation of retroviral producer cells: predictable and stable virus production by Flp-mediated site-specific integration of retroviral vectors.

We developed a new strategy that provides well-defined high-titer producer cells for recombinant retroviruses in a minimum amount of time. The strategy involves the targeted integration of the retroviral vector into a chromosomal locus with favorable properties. For proof of concept we established a novel HEK293-based retroviral producer cell line, called Flp293A, with a single-copy retroviral vector integrated at a selected chromosomal locus. The vector was flanked by noninteracting Flp-recombinase recognition sites and was exchanged for different retroviral vectors via Flp-mediated cassette exchange. All analyzed cell clones showed correct integration and identical titers for each of the vectors, confirming that the expression characteristics from the parental cell were preserved. Titers up to 2.5 x 10(7) infectious particles/10(6) cells were obtained. Also, high-titer producer cells for a therapeutic vector that encodes the 8.9-kb collagen VII cDNA in a marker-free cassette were obtained within 3 weeks without screening. Thus, we provide evidence that the precise integration of viral vectors into a favorable chromosomal locus leads to high and predictable virus production. This method is compatible with other retroviral vectors, including self-inactivating vectors and marker-free vectors. Further, it provides a tool for evaluation of different retroviral vector designs.     

Large-scale production of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors using baculovirus GP64

Unlike oncoretroviruses, lentiviral vectors can insert large genes and can target both dividing and nondividing cells; thus they hold unique promise as gene transfer agents. To enhance target range, the native lentiviral envelope glycoprotein is replaced (pseudotyped) with vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSVG), and the genes of interest are packaged in nonreplicating vectors by transient transfection with three plasmids. However, because of cytotoxic effects of VSVG expression in producer cells (293T cells) it has been difficult to generate a packaging cell line, required for even modest scale-up of vector production. Here we introduce a pseudotyped lentivirus vector using the baculovirus GP64 envelope glycoprotein. Compared with VSVG, GP64 vectors exhibited a similar broad tropism and similar native titers. GP64-pseudotyped vectors were usually highly concentrated without much loss of titer. Because, unlike VSVG, GP64 expression does not kill cells, we generated 293T-based cell lines constitutively expressing GP64. Our results demonstrate that the baculovirus GP64 protein is an attractive alternative to VSVG for viral vectors used in the large-scale production of high-titer virus required for clinical and commercial applications.     

慢病毒载体Venus在HL-60细胞应用的可行性研究

随着对急性髓系白血病(AML)发生、发展的基因机制深入研究,构建转染效率高且对细胞无毒性作用的载体变得十分重要。为了研究补体C3a的受体蛋白C3aR1(complement component 3a receptor 1)在AML中的作用,构建了携带C3aR1的第三代慢病毒载体Venus。本研究主要观察Venus慢病毒载体在急性髓系白血病中应用的可行性。采用磷酸钙沉淀法将重组载体Venus-C3aR1转染包装细胞293T细胞,产生慢病毒颗粒,感染HL-60细胞,通过检测绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)观察感染效率,用RT-PCR和流式细胞术鉴定感染后HL-60细胞C3aR1的表达情况。用CCK8法绘制细胞生长曲线、观察细胞诱导分化能力来判断慢病毒载体的细胞毒性作用。结果显示,流式细胞仪(FCM)检测慢病毒感染率>95%,感染后HL-60细胞上C3aR1表达明显增加,病毒包装成功。慢病毒感染前后细胞生长曲线及诱导分化能力无明显变化,说明慢病毒载体不影响HL-60细胞的一般生物学特性,无明显的细胞毒性作用。结论:Venus慢病毒载体对AML细胞株HL-60的感染效率高,能够整合到细胞基因组中实现目的基因的稳定表达。慢病毒感染对细胞无明显的细胞毒性作用,不会干扰靶基因在细胞株中功能,因此慢病毒载体可以为白血病细胞的研究提供可靠的技术支持。     

Beclin1基因慢病毒表达载体的构建和鉴定

背景：Beclin 1基因是哺乳动物的自噬调控基因。目的：实验拟构建Beclin 1基因慢病毒过表达载体。方法：聚合酶链反应扩增目的基因Beclin 1后插入慢病毒表达载体pLenex中,构建重组载体pLenex-Beclin 1。使用聚合酶链反应、双酶切和DNA的测序方法对其进行鉴定,并与辅助包装质粒共感染293T细胞。慢病毒颗粒转染非小细胞肺癌A549细胞后,用蛋白质印迹法检测Beclin 1基因的过表达效率。结果与结论：聚合酶链反应鉴定结果显示扩增的阳性片段已插入pLenex载体,聚合酶链反应、双酶切和DNA测序结果表明,重组慢病毒载体pLenex-Beclin 1的插入序列完全正确,重组慢病毒载体感染A549细胞后,细胞内Beclin 1蛋白高效表达。结果证实,实验成功构建了Beclin 1基因慢病毒过表达载体。     

Nesprin基因RNAi慢病毒载体的构建

背景：Nesprin蛋白缺失将影响细胞骨架组织和动态平衡,引起细胞骨架刚性丧失或导致细胞过早成熟老化,其对间充质干细胞的作用如何？目的：构建Nesprin蛋白siRNA慢病毒载体,并转染骨髓间充质干细胞.方法：针对Nesprin靶基因序列设计并合成4对miRNA oligo,将4种miRNA干扰质粒转入大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,筛选最有效干扰序列;将最佳干扰序列和pDONR221载体进行重组反应,获得含干扰序列的入门载体,再将入门载体和慢病毒表达目的载体pLenti6/V5-DEST进行重组反应,获得含干扰序列的慢病毒表达载体,转染包装细胞293T细胞,包装慢病毒,以293T细胞GFP蛋白水平测定病毒滴度.慢病毒转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞.结果与结论：测序证实合成的4对miRNA oligo正确,RT-PCR和western-blot筛选出最佳干扰miRNA质粒为SR-3,成功构建了Nesprin siRNA的慢病毒载体LV-siNesprin.包装慢病毒,浓缩病毒悬液的活性滴度为106 TU/mL.慢病毒成功了转染骨髓间充质干细胞细胞.     

重组狗凝血因子Ⅷ的慢病毒介导体外表达的研究

本研究的目的是制备携带狗凝血因子Ⅷ（cFⅧ）基因的慢病毒载体,探讨慢病毒载体能否介导cFⅧ在体外的有效表达。用构建携带cFⅧ基因的慢病毒载体pTK161（含PUB启动子）和pTK162（含2OH1启动子）,同时构建含绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的慢病毒载体pTK161′（含PUB启动子）和pTK162′（含2OH1启动子）的方法,分别与包装质粒ΔNRF、包膜蛋白质粒VSV-G共转染293T包装细胞,将包装好的病毒颗粒再感染293T细胞,检测病毒滴度和培养细胞上清中cFⅧ活性。结果显示：经限制性酶切鉴定,成功构建了pTK161、pTK162、pTK161′和pTK162′正向连接载体;pTK161′和pTK162′的病毒滴度分别为1.54×10^6U/ml和2.83×106U/ml;pTK161、pTK162感染靶细胞后24小时细胞上清中即可检测到cFⅧ的表达,72小时表达量达高峰。pTK162载体cFⅧ表达活性接近正常狗血浆FⅧ活性,而且明显高于pTK161（p〈0.05）,6周后cFⅧ表达活性仍达最高值的1/4。结论：构建的自身失活慢病毒载体可携带较大片段的cFⅧ基因,并在体外可获得有效表达;本研究为慢病毒载体介导的血友病A的基因治疗研究提供实验依据。     

Med19过表达慢病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的:构建含Med19基因的过表达慢病毒栽体。方法:用PCR技术获得Med19基因片段,将其连接入酶切后的线性慢病毒栽体,转化感受态细胞进行PCR及测序鉴定。脂质体转染法共转染293T细胞,荧光显微镜及Western blot检测转染效率。包装成慢病毒,实时定量PCR检测病毒滴度。结果:成功获取Med19基因,测序证实所获取基因序列完全正确。荧光显微镜以及Western blot检测均证实pGC-FU-Med19携有正确的Med19基因,并能在293T细胞中表达。实时定量PCR检测病毒滴度为2×10~9TU/mL。结论:成功构建Med19基因慢病毒表达栽体,为进一步研究其生物学功能奠定了基础。     

Enhanced pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors by a rabies/vesicular stomatitis virus chimeric envelope glycoprotein

Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) can pseudotype lentiviral vectors, although at a lower efficiency to that of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG). Transduction with VSVG-pseudotyped vectors of rodent central nervous system (CNS) leads to local neurotropic gene transfer, whereas with RVG-pseudotyped vectors additional disperse transduction of neurons located at distal efferent sites occurs via axonal retrograde transport. Attempts to produce high-titre RVG-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors for preclinical and clinical trials has to date been problematic. We have constructed several chimeric RVG/VSVG glycoproteins and found that a construct bearing the external/transmembrane domain of RVG and the cytoplasmic domain of VSVG shows increased incorporation onto HIV-1 lentiviral particles and has increased infectivity in vitro in 293T cells and in differentiated neuronal cell lines of human, rat and murine origin. Stereotactic application of vector pseudotyped with this RVG/VSVG chimera in the rat striatum resulted in efficient gene transfer at the site of injection showing both neuronal and glial tropism. Distal neuronal transduction in the substantia nigra, thalamus and olfactory bulb via retrograde axonal transport also occurs after intrastriatal administration of chimera-pseudotyped vectors at similar levels to that observed with a RVG-pseudotyped vector. This is the first report of distal transduction in the olfactory bulb. The enhanced pseudotyping with this envelope should enable easier production of higher-titre pseudotyped lentiviral vectors that exhibit efficient local and dispersed neuronal transduction in the CNS.     

骨髓间充质干细胞中突变型人低氧诱导因子1α真核表达载体的表达

背景：转基因小鼠体内实验证实,重组的低氧诱导因子1α可以促进皮肤形态功能正常的血管新生。目的：构建能够在常氧条件下同时表达突变型低氧诱导因子1α目的蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白报告分子的新型腺病毒真核表达载体,并转染SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,检测该基因在细胞中的表达情况。方法：利用Lipofectamine2000介导将构建成功的重组腺病毒真核表达载体pAd-HIF1αmu-IRES-hrGFP-1转染HEK293A细胞,包装病毒,以最佳感染指数=50将重组腺病毒转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,并设3个对照组,即阳性对照组：转染Ad-CMV-HIF1α-IRES-hrGFP-1;阴性对照组：转染Ad-CMV-IRES-hrGFP-1组;空白组：未转染病毒。结果与结论：①腺病毒载体成功转染HEK293A细胞,包装成功,细胞内有大量绿色荧光表达。②转染突变型低氧诱导因子1α腺病毒表达载体的细胞在常氧条件下蛋白表达量明显高于转其他3组,3个对照组间差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。提示突变型腺病毒真核表达载体Ad-HIF1α-IRES-hrGFP-1在HEK293A内成功包装;突变后低氧诱导因子1α基因能够在常氧条件下大量且高效表达。     

Efficient large volume lentiviral vector production using flow electroporation

Lentiviral vectors are beginning to emerge as a viable choice for human gene therapy. Here, we describe a method that combines the convenience of a suspension cell line with a scalable, nonchemically based, and GMP-compliant transfection technique known as flow electroporation (EP). Flow EP parameters for serum-free adapted HEK293FT cells were optimized to limit toxicity and maximize titers. Using a third generation, HIV-based, lentiviral vector system pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis glycoprotein envelope, both small- and large-volume transfections produced titers over 1×10(8) infectious units/mL. Therefore, an excellent option for implementing large-scale, clinical lentiviral productions is flow EP of suspension cell lines.     

A single-LTR HIV-1 vector optimized for functional genomics applications.

The development of high-throughput methods of converting simple expression cassettes into lentiviral vectors and expediting the process of retrieving vector genomes that carry candidate genes from host DNA will facilitate the use of lentiviral vectors as an efficient means of screening novel gene function. To optimize lentiviral vectors for functional genomic applications we have developed a shuttle HIV-1 vector containing a single LTR. Incorporation of a LoxP site and the Sbfl restriction enzyme site into the vector LTR allowed for the rescue of integrated vector genomes into individual bacterial clones. Vector DNA isolated from bacteria was used for a second round of functional screening. Furthermore, we identified a continuous DNA sequence containing all the cis elements required for vector production. Incorporating the isolated sequence into expression cassettes resulted in the generation of HIV-1 vectors in a single cloning step, which imparts a simplified procedure for converting cDNA expression cassettes into single-LTR lentiviral vectors.     

Evaluation of Tet-on system to avoid transgene down-regulation in ex vivo gene transfer to the CNS

Ex vivo gene transfer to the CNS has so far been hampered by instability of transgene expression. To avoid the phenomenon of transgene down-regulation, we have employed strong, constitutive promoters and compared this expression system with the inducible Tet expression system incorporated in a single plasmid vector or in lentiviral vectors. Plasmid-based transgene expression directed by the constitutive, human ubiquitin promoter, UbC, was stable in transfected HiB5 cells in vitro and comparable in strength to the CMV promoter. However, after transplantation of UbC and CMV HiB5 clones to the rat striatum, silencing of the transgene occurred in most cells soon after implantation of transfected cells. The Tet-on elements were incorporated in a single plasmid vector and inducible HiB5 clones were generated. Inducible clones displayed varying basal expression activity, which could not be ascribed to an effect of cis-elements in the vector, but rather was due, at least in part, to intrinsic activity of the minimal promoter. Basal expression activity could be blocked in a majority of cells by stable expressing the transrepressor tTS. Fully induced expression levels were comparable to CMV and UbC promoters. Similar to the constitutive promoters transgene expression was down-regulated soon after grafting of inducible HiB5 clones to the rat striatum. Lentiviral vectors can direct long-term stable in vivo transgene expression. To take advantage of this quality of the lentiviral vector, the Tet-on elements were incorporated in two lentiviral transfer vectors followed by transduction of Hib5 cells. Interestingly, all HiB5 clones established by lentiviral transduction showed very similar expression patterns and tight regulatability that apparently was independent of transgene copy number and integration site. Nevertheless, transgene expression in all lentiviral HiB5 clones was down-regulated shortly after transplantation to the rat striatum. These results confirm the general phenomenon of transgene down-regulation. Moreover, the results suggest that the considerable advantages offered by lentiviral vectors for direct gene delivery cannot necessarily be transferred directly to ex vivo gene delivery. This emphasizes the need for alternative vector strategies for ex vivo gene transfer.     

Factors influencing the titer and infectivity of lentiviral vectors

Lentiviral vectors have undergone several generations of design improvement to enhance their biosafety and expression characteristics, and have been approved for use in human clinical studies. Most preclinical studies with these vectors have employed easily assayed marker genes for the purpose of determining vector titers and transduction efficiencies. Naturally, the adaptation of these vector systems to clinical use will increasingly involve the transfer of genes whose products may not be easily measured, meaning that the determination of vector titer will be more complicated. One method for determining vector titer that can be universally employed on all human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based lentiviral vector supernatants involves the measurement of Gag (p24) protein concentration in vector supernatants by immunoassay. We have studied the effects that manipulation of several variables involved in vector design and production by transient transfection have on vector titer and infectivity. We have determined that manipulation of the amount of transfer vector, packaging, and envelope plasmids used to transfect the packaging cells does not alter vector infectivity, but does influence vector titer. We also found that modifications to the transfer vector construct, such as replacing the internal promoter or transgene, do not generally alter vector infectivity, whereas inclusion of the central polypurine tract in the transfer vector increases vector infectivity on HEK293 cells and human umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). The infectivities of vector supernatants can also be increased by harvesting at early time points after the initiation of vector production, collection in serum-free medium, and concentration by ultracentrifugation. For the transduction of CD34+ HPCs, we found that the simplest method of increasing vector infectivity is to pseudotype vector particles with the RD114 envelope instead of vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G).     

Generation of lentivirus vectors using recombinant baculoviruses

In spite of advances in conventional four-plasmid transient transfection methods and development of inducible stable production cell lines, production of replication-defective lentiviral vectors in clinical scale has been challenging. Baculovirus technology offers an alternative to scalable virus production as a result of fast and easy production of baculoviruses, efficient transduction of mammalian cells and safety of the baculoviruses. As a first step toward scalable lentiviral production system, we have constructed four recombinant baculoviruses: the BAC-transfer virus expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a transgene and BAC-gag-pol, BAC-vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G and BAC-rev express all elements required for a safe lentivirus vector generation. Following 293T cell transduction with recombinant baculoviruses functional lentiviruses were produced. Different baculovirus concentrations, mediums and transduction times were used to find optimal conditions for lentivirus production. The unconcentrated lentiviral titers in cell culture mediums were on average 2.5 x 10(6) TU ml(-1), which are comparable to titers of the lentiviruses produced by conventional four-plasmid methods. Lentiviruses produced by baculovirus method transduced HeLa cells and showed sustained GFP expression. No evidence of the formation of replication competent lentiviruses was detected by p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results show that baculoviruses are an attractive alternative for the production of lentiviruses in mammalian cells.     

Effects of Vector Backbone and Pseudotype on Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Transfer: Studies in Infant ADA-Deficient Mice and Rhesus Monkeys

Systemic delivery of a lentiviral vector carrying a therapeutic gene represents a new treatment for monogenic disease. Previously, we have shown that transfer of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) cDNA in vivo rescues the lethal phenotype and reconstitutes immune function in ADA-deficient mice. In order to translate this approach to ADA-deficient severe combined immune deficiency patients, neonatal ADA-deficient mice and newborn rhesus monkeys were treated with species-matched and mismatched vectors and pseudotypes. We compared gene delivery by the HIV-1-based vector to murine γ-retroviral vectors pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus-glycoprotein or murine retroviral envelopes in ADA-deficient mice. The vesicular stomatitis virus-glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviral vectors had the highest titer and resulted in the highest vector copy number in multiple tissues, particularly liver and lung. In monkeys, HIV-1 or simian immunodeficiency virus vectors resulted in similar biodistribution in most tissues including bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lung. Simian immunodeficiency virus pseudotyped with the gibbon ape leukemia virus envelope produced 10- to 30-fold lower titers than the vesicular stomatitis virus-glycoprotein pseudotype, but had a similar tissue biodistribution and similar copy number in blood cells. The relative copy numbers achieved in mice and monkeys were similar when adjusted to the administered dose per kg. These results suggest that this approach can be scaled-up to clinical levels for treatment of ADA-deficient severe combined immune deficiency subjects with suboptimal hematopoietic stem cell transplantation options.     

Efficient transformation of primary human amniocytes by E1 functions of Ad5: generation of new cell lines for adenoviral vector production

Primary human cells are relatively refractory to transformation by adenoviral E1 functions. For almost two decades, human embryonic kidney (HEK)-derived 293 cells have been the only E1-complementing cell line suitable for production of E1-deleted adenoviral vectors. More recently, new vector production cell lines have been derived from human embryonic retina (HER) cells, a cell type that is difficult to obtain. We were surprised to find that readily available primary human amniocytes are efficiently transformed by adenoviral E1 functions. We selected cell lines that allow high-titer production of recombinant adenoviral vectors. The generation of replication-competent adenovirus (RCA) during production, caused by homologous recombination between vector and cellular DNA, was excluded by designing the transforming plasmid to lack sequence overlap with current adenoviral vectors. In addition, we generated an infectious plasmid that can be used for convenient generation of first-generation adenoviral vectors in Escherichia coli and that matches the E1 complementation in the new production cell lines.