Gadd45介导抑癌基因BRCA1诱导的G2/M期阻滞

目前已经肯定,抑癌基因BRCAl是细胞周期监测点调控的重要因子,但BRCAl在细胞周期阻滞中的作用机制尚不完全清楚。本研究的目的是探讨Gadd45在BRCAl诱导的细胞周期阻滞中所起的作用。     

Rigosertib induces cell death of a myelodysplastic syndrome‐derived cell line by DNA damage‐induced G2/M arrest

A multi‐kinase inhibitor, rigosertib (ON 01910.Na) has recently been highlighted as a novel type of anti‐cancer agent for the treatment of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), but its action mechanisms remain to be clarified. We investigated the in vitro effects of rigosertib on an MDS‐derived cell line MDS‐L and a myeloid leukemia cell line HL‐60. Rigosertib suppressed the proliferation of both HL‐60 and MDS‐L cells and induced apoptosis by inhibition of the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway. As the effects on cell cycle, rigosertib treatment promoted the phosphorylation of histone H2AX and led to the DNA damage‐induced G2/M arrest. In addition, an immunofluorescence staining study demonstrated the abnormal localization of aurora A kinase, suggesting that rigosertib causes perturbation of spindle assembly and deregulated mitotic patterns towards cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We also found that rigosertib exerted growth inhibitory effects on two lymphoid cell lines, Jurkat and Ramos. We further examined the molecular pathways influenced by rigosertib from the gene expression profiling data of MDS‐L cells and found a possible involvement of rigosertib treatment in the upregulation of the genes related to microtubule kinetics and the downregulation of the mRNA degradation system. The gene set enrichment analysis showed the suppression of “nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD)” as the most significantly affected gene set. These data provide a new aspect and a potential utility of rigosertib for the treatment of refractory hematopoietic malignancies.     

RNA干扰抑制UHRF1基因表达对食管癌细胞放射增敏作用的研究

目的 研究RNA干扰抑制UHRF₁表达对食管癌细胞系(TE-1)放射敏感性的影响及作用机制。方法 以慢病毒感染方法将UHRF₁基因的短发夹状RNA (shRNA)转入TE-1细胞,并分为未转染组、转染NC-shRNA组、转染UHRF₁-shRNA组,前二者为对照组。采用 RT-PCR和蛋白印记法检测转染前后细胞UHRF₁的mRNA和蛋白表达,成克隆法、流式细胞术及蛋白印记法检测转染UHRF₁-shRNA联合X线照射对TE-1细胞放射敏感性、周期、凋亡及DNA损伤标识蛋白γ-H₂AX的影响。     

Molecular mechanisms of G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by terfenadine in human cancer cells

Terfenadine (TF), a highly potent histamine H1 receptor antagonist, has been shown to exert no significant central nervous system side effects in clinically effective doses. In this study, we demonstrated that TF induced significant growth inhibition of human cancer cells, including Hep G2, HT 29, and COLO 205 cells, through induction of G(0)/G(1) phase cell-cycle arrest. The minimal dose of TF induced significant G(0)/G(1) arrest in these cells was 1-3 microM. The protein levels of p53, p21/Cip1, and p27/Kip1 were significantly elevated, whereas the kinase activities of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and CDK4 were inhibited simultaneously in the TF-treated cells. On the other hand, significant apoptosis, but not G(0)/G(1) arrest, was induced in the HL 60 (p53-null) or Hep 3B (with deleted p53) cells when treated with TF (3-5 microM). To clarify the roles of p21/Cip1 and p27/Kip1 protein expression, which was involved in G(0)/G(1) arrest and apoptosis induced by TF in human cancer cells, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) specific to p21/Cip1 and p27/Kip1 were used, and the expression of the p21/Cip1 and p27/Kip1 were monitored by immunoblotting analysis. Our data demonstrated that the percentage of the apoptotic cells detected by annexin V/PI analysis in the TF-treated group was clearly attenuated by pretreatment with p27/Kip1-specific ODNs. These results indicated that p27/Kip1 (but not p21/Cip1) protein indeed played a critical role in the TF-induced apoptosis. We also demonstrated that the TF-induced G(0)/G(1) cell-cycle arrest effect was not reversed by TF removal, and this growth inhibition lasted for at least 7 d. Importantly, the occurrence of apoptosis and cell growth arrest was not observed in the TF-treated normal human fibroblast, even at a dose as high as 25 microM. Our study showed the molecular mechanisms for TF-induced cell growth inhibition and the occurrence of apoptosis in human cancer cells.     

Unusual prolongation of radiation‐induced G2 arrest in tumor xenografts derived from HeLa cells

The effect of ionizing radiation on cell cycle kinetics in solid tumors remains largely unknown because of technical limitations and these tumors' complicated structures. In this study, we analyzed intratumoral cell cycle kinetics after X‐irradiation of tumor xenografts derived from HeLa cells expressing the fluorescent ubiquitination‐based cell cycle indicator (Fucci), a novel system to visualize cell cycle kinetics in vivo. Cell cycle kinetics after X‐irradiation was examined by using tumor sections and in vivo real‐time imaging system in tumor xenografts derived from HeLa cells expressing Fucci. We found that G2 arrest was remarkably prolonged, up to 5 days after 10‐Gy irradiation, in contrast to monolayer cultures where G2 arrest returned within 24 h. Cells isolated from tumors 5 days after irradiation exhibited a higher surviving fraction than those isolated immediately or one day after irradiation. In this study, we clearly demonstrated unusual post‐irradiation cell cycle kinetics in tumor xenografts derived from HeLa‐Fucci cells. Our findings imply that prolonged G2 arrest occurring in tumor microenvironments following irradiation may function as a radioresistance mechanism.     

Chk2-mediated G2/M cell cycle arrest maintains radiation resistance in malignant meningioma cells

In continuation to our studies on radioresistance in meningioma, here we show that radiation treatment (7 Gy) induces G2/M cell cycle arrest in meningioma cells. Phosphorylation of Chk2, Cdc25c and Cdc2 were found to be key events since interference with Chk2 activation and cyclin B1/Cdc2 interaction led to permanent arrest followed by apoptosis. Irradiated cells showed recovery and formed aggressive intracranial tumors with rapid spread and morbidity. Nevertheless, knock down of uPAR with or without radiation induced permanent arrest in G2/M phase and subsequent apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our data suggest that combination treatment with radiation and uPAR knock down or other inhibitors resulting in non-reversible G2/M arrest may be beneficial in the management of meningiomas.     

Jaceosidin induces p53-dependent G2/M phase arrest in U87 glioblastoma cells

Flavonoid compounds have been shown to trigger cell cycle arrest at G0/G1, S and G2/M checkpoints, allowing cells to repair DNA damage before entry into mitosis. Jaceosidin, a flavonoid compound, has been reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. In our previous study, we established that jaceosidin induces apoptosis in U87 glioblastoma cells through G2/M phase arrest. However the molecular mechanisms oremained unclear. In the present study, mRNA and protein expression levels of major cell cycle regulatory genes were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot studies respectively. The results demonstrated that jaceosidin-induced G2/M phase arrest in U87 cells is associated with DNA fragmentation, up-regulation of p53 and p21 and subsequent down-regulation of cyclin B1 and CDK1 expression at mRNA as well as at protein level. These findings provide insights into jaceosidin-induced G2/M phase arrest in U87 glioblastoma cells.     

棕矢车菊素诱导人宫颈癌Hela细胞G2/M期停滞的机制研究

目的:研究棕矢车菊素对宫颈癌（cervical carcinoma,CC）细胞Hela的增殖抑制和周期阻滞能力,探索棕矢车菊素是否具有宫颈癌治疗药物的潜力。方法:MTT比色法检测细胞活力;羧基荧光素二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯（carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl amino ester,CFSE）法检测细胞增殖水平变化;碘化丙啶（propidium,PI）单染检测细胞周期;免疫印迹法（western blot,WB）检测细胞蛋白表达水平。采用裸鼠成瘤检测棕矢车菊素体外抑制肿瘤效果。结果:棕矢车菊素可以显著抑制Hela细胞活力水平,且具有时间和浓度依赖性;棕矢车菊素抑制Hela细胞增殖,且100 μmol/L棕矢车菊素可显著诱导细胞发生G2/M周期阻滞。分子机制上,研究证明了棕矢车菊素可以通过促进细胞周期检验点激酶（checkpoint kinase 2,CHK2）激活,抑制细胞分裂周期蛋白25同源蛋白C（cell division cyclin 25 homolog C,CDC25C）活力,从而提高无活性的pCDC2水平。棕矢车菊素同时降低了Cyclin B1表达。因此,棕矢车菊素通过抑制G2/M期调控蛋白Cyclin B1/CDC2复合物活性来诱导细胞发生G2/M期阻滞。同时,体外裸鼠成瘤,棕矢车菊素灌胃4周后,小鼠肿瘤体积显著减小。结论:在Hela细胞上,棕矢车菊素具有抑制细胞增殖和诱导G2/M期阻滞的作用,证明了棕矢车菊素具有抗宫颈癌细胞的治疗潜力。     

Checkpoint kinase 1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc25C and bad proteins are involved in antitumor effects of loratadine-induced G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis

In this study, we first demonstrated that loratadine (LOR), a promising world widely used oral anti-histamine, effectively inhibits growth of tumors derived from human colon cancer cells (COLO 205) in an in vivo setting. In vitro study demonstrated that the anti-tumor effects of LOR in COLO 205 cells were mediated by causing G(2)/M phase cell growth cycle arrest and caspase 9-mediated apoptosis. Cell-cycle arrest induced by LOR (75 microM, 24 h) was associated with a significant decrease in protein levels of cyclin B1, cell division cycle (Cdc) 25B, and Cdc25C, leading to accumulation of Tyr-15-phosphorylated Cdc2 (inactive form). Interestingly, LOR (75 microM, for 4 h) treatment also resulted in a rapid and sustained phosphorylation of Cdc25C at Ser-216, leading to its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm because of increased binding with 14-3-3. We further demonstrated that the LOR-induced Cdc25C (Ser-216) phosphorylation was blocked in the presence of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) specific inhibitor (SB-218078). The cells treated with LOR in the presence of Chk1 specific inhibitor (SB-218078) were then released from G(2)/M arrest into apoptosis. These results implied that Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc25C plays a major role in response to LOR-mediated G(2)/M arrest. Although the Chk1-mediated cell growth arrest in response to DNA damage is well documented, our results presented in this study was the first report to describe the Chk1-mediated G(2)/M cell-cycle arrest by the histamine H1 antagonist, LOR.     

贝母素乙通过诱导G0/G1期阻滞抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖

目的：探讨贝母素乙对结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖的抑制作用及其分子机制。方法：利用不同浓度的贝母素乙处理人结肠癌细胞HCT116和正常结肠上皮细胞CCD841 CON,通过CCK-8法和结晶紫染色法检测贝母素乙对HCT116和CCD841CON细胞增殖活力的影响,流式细胞术和WB法检测贝母素乙对HCT116细胞周期及其细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响。构建HCT116移植瘤裸鼠模型和AOM/DSS结肠癌小鼠模型,观察贝母素乙对小鼠模型肿瘤生长和OS的影响,免疫组化法和WB法检测对移植瘤或肿瘤组织中细胞周期相关蛋白CDK4、CDK6和cyclin D1表达的影响。结果：贝母素乙可显著抑制结肠癌HCT116细胞的增殖能力（P<0.01）,诱导HCT116细胞周期G0/G1期阻滞（P<0.01）,降低CDK4、CDK6和cyclin D1的蛋白表达水平（均P<0.01）。荷瘤小鼠实验结果显示,贝母素乙（0.75 mg/kg）显著抑制HCT116细胞移植瘤的生长并延长荷瘤裸鼠的OS(P<0.05或P<0.01),降低AOM/DSS模型小鼠的体质量、延长OS、减少癌变肠组织...     

蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132诱导HL-60细胞凋亡前G2/M期阻滞及机制

背景和目的:蛋白酶体(proteasome)抑制剂能够诱导多种肿瘤细胞凋亡,是一种潜在的有应用前景的抗肿瘤剂.本研究旨在探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂MGl32(Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-CHO)诱导白血病细胞HL-60凋亡和C2/M期阻滞的机制.方法:采用荧光显微镜观察、流式细胞术和免疫印迹研究测定MG132诱导HL-60细胞凋亡和周期阻滞及机制.结果:2μmol/L的MG132能够有效地诱导HL-60细胞凋亡,用药后24 h就显现有细胞凋亡;在MG132诱导HL-60细胞凋亡出现之前有一个明显的G2/M期阻滞,加MG132后12 h时G2/M期时相百分比为63.42±2.02;24 h时加MG132组细胞凋亡为16.67±1.48,与对照组G2/M期时相百分比为7.29±3.01及细胞凋亡为0相比,两者之间有显著性差别(P＜0.01);咖啡因CAF能够减少MG132诱导HL-60细胞出现的G2/M期阻滞,同时也减少凋亡细胞的比例;细胞周期检查点的负调控因子p21waf/cip1蛋白在加MG132处理后3 h有明显的表达,但并未能检测到p53和p27蛋白.结论:MG132诱导HL-60细胞凋亡之前有一个明显的G2/M期阻滞,p21蛋白表达明显上调提示:是p21waf/cip1而不是p53或其同源蛋白参与了其中的调控.     

Activation of ATM/Chk1 by curcumin causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells

Curcumin has been shown to inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells; however, at concentrations much above the clinically achievable levels in humans. The concentration of curcumin achieved in the plasma after oral administration in humans was estimated to be around 1.8 μM. Here, we report that treatment of BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells with a low and single exposure of 2.5 μM curcumin for 24 h causes significant arrest of cells in the G2/M phase and induces significant apoptosis. Immunoblot studies revealed increased phosphorylation of H2A.X at Ser-139 and Chk1 at Ser-280 and a decrease in DNA polymerase-β level in curcumin-treated cells. Phosphorylation of H2A.X and Chk1 proteins are an indicator of DNA damage whereas DNA polymerase-β plays a role in the repair of DNA strand breaks. Normal immortalised human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE-6) cells remained unaffected by curcumin treatment. In addition, we also observed a significant increase in the phosphorylation of Chk1 at Ser-345, Cdc25C at Ser-216 and a subtle increase in ATM phosphorylation at Ser-1981. Concomitant decrease in the expressions of cyclin B1 and Cdk1 were seen in curcumin-treated cells. Further, curcumin treatment caused significant cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP in BxPC-3 but not in HPDE-6 cells. Silencing ATM/Chk1 expression by transfecting BxPC-3 cells with ATM or Chk1-specific SiRNA blocked the phosphorylation of ATM, Chk1 and Cdc25C and protected the cells from curcumin-mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis. This study reflects the critical role of ATM/Chk1 in curcumin-mediated G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.     

IPP5, a novel inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1, suppresses tumor growth and progression of cervical carcinoma cells by inducing G2/M arrest

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase that controls gene expression and cell cycle progression. Here, we report the characterization of a novel human bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC)-derived protein called protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor 5 (IPP5), which was obtained by large-scale random sequencing of a human BMSC cDNA library. The human IPP5 cDNA encodes a protein of 116 amino acid residues, which shares high homology with human protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor-1 (PPI-1). The effect of IPP5 on tumor growth and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated by overexpression of IPP5 in HeLa cells, a human cervical carcinoma cell line. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of the active mutant IPP5 inhibited the growth of HeLa cells both in?vitro and in?vivo. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that active mutant IPP5-mediated G2/M arrest of HeLa cells involved regulation of cyclin A1, cyclin B1, CDK1, p21, and p53, as well as increased inhibition of ERK activation. Furthermore, overexpression of the active mutant IPP5 leads to the formation of dikaryons following the failure of cytokinesis. Therefore, IPP5 might be a potential growth inhibitor for human tumor cells, especially for cervical carcinoma cells, and it could contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for human cervical cancer treatment.