Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor improves neuron survival in experimental spinal cord injury by regulating nucleophosmin‐1 expression

Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and its related mechanisms were investigated to assess the potential for this factor to exert neuroprotective effects against spinal cord injury in mice. Recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rhG‐CSF) was injected into mice spinal cord hemisection models. Locomotor activity was assessed by using the Basso‐Bettie‐Bresnahan scale. Neurons isolated from spinal cords were cultured in vitro and used in a neuronal mechanical injury model. Three treatment groups were compared with this model, 1) G‐CSF, 2) G‐CSF + NSC348884 (a nucleophosmin 1‐specific inhibitor), and 3) NSC348884. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were performed to analyze the expression of G‐CSF and nucleophosmin 1 (Npm1). TUNEL staining was performed to analyze apoptosis after G‐CSF treatment. We found that the G‐CSF receptor (G‐CSFR) and Npm1 were expressed in neurons and that Npm1 expression was induced after G‐CSF treatment. G‐CSF inhibited neuronal apoptosis. NSC348884 induced p53‐dependent cell apoptosis and partially blocked the neuroprotective activity of G‐CSF on neurons in vitro. G‐CSF promoted locomotor recovery and demonstrated neuroprotective effects in an acute spinal cord injury model. The mechanism of G‐CSF's neuroprotection may be related in part to attenuating neuronal apoptosis by NPM1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Biolistic expression of the macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor in organotypic cultures induces an inflammatory response

The receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSFR; c-fms) is expressed at increased levels by microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in mouse models for AD. Increased expression of M-CSFR on cultured microglia results in a strong proinflammatory response, but the relevance of this cell culture finding to intact brain is unknown. To determine the effects of increased microglial expression of M-CSFR in a complex organotypic environment, we developed a system for biolistic transfection of microglia in hippocampal slice cultures. The promoter for the Mac-1 integrin alpha subunit CD11b is active in cells of myeloid origin. In the brain, CD11b expression is restricted to microglia. Constructs consisting of the promoter for CD11b and a c-fms cDNA or an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA were introduced into monotypic cultures of microglia, neurons, and astrocytes. Strong CD11b promoter activity was observed in microglia, whereas little activity was observed in other cell types. Biolistic transfection of organotypic hippocampal cultures with the CD11b/c-fms construct resulted in expression of the c-fms mRNA and protein that was localized to microglia. Furthermore, biolistic overexpression of M-CSFR on microglia resulted in significantly increased production by the hippocampal cultures of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1alpha macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1alpha), and trends toward increased production of IL-6 and M-CSF. These findings demonstrate that microglial overexpression of M-CSFR in an organotypic environment induces an inflammatory response, and suggest that increased microglial expression of M-CSFR could contribute to the inflammatory response observed in AD brain.     

膜型巨噬细胞集落刺激因子对人脑胶质细胞瘤的免疫治疗作用

目的：探讨基因转染膜型巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（mM-CSF)对U251MG人脑胶质瘤细胞的免疫治疗作用。方法：用逆转录病毒载体将mM-CSF基因转入U251MG细胞，采用流式细胞术检测mM-CSF的表达；通过细胞毒性实验、免疫组化方法以及观察转染细胞在免疫缺陷小鼠体内的生长情况研究mM-CSF对U251MG细胞的作用。结果：（1）获得了表达mM-CSF的MG－2F11细胞；（2）大鼠巨噬细胞、人外周血淋巴细胞（PBL）和人单核细胞均可杀伤MG－2F11细胞，但不能杀伤U251MG母细胞；（3）接种瘤细胞到裸小鼠皮下18h后，侵入MG－2F11肿瘤的巨噬细胞明显多于侵入MG－VV（仅转染病毒载体的U251MG细胞）肿瘤的巨噬细胞；（4）接种MG－2F11细胞的8只裸小鼠均无肿瘤生长，而接种MG－VV细胞的8只裸小鼠中的7只有肿瘤生长（P＜0．01）；另一免疫缺陷更严重的NIH－bg-nu-xidBR小鼠，接种MG－2F11细胞后8只中的1只有肿瘤生长，而接种MG－VV细胞后8只中的7只有肿瘤生长（P＜0．01）。结论：mM-CSF转染的人脑胶质瘤细胞致瘤性降低，有进一步对其进行临床研究的必要。     

Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor improves mouse peripheral nerve regeneration following sciatic nerve crush

Peripheral nerve injuries severely impair patients’ quality of life as full recovery is seldom achieved. Upon axonal disruption, the distal nerve stump undergoes fragmentation, and myelin breaks down; the subsequent regeneration progression is dependent on cell debris removal. In addition to tissue clearance, macrophages release angiogenic and neurotrophic factors that contribute to axon growth. Based on the importance of macrophages for nerve regeneration, especially during the initial response to injury, we treated mice with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) at various intervals after sciatic nerve crushing. Sciatic nerves were histologically analyzed at different time intervals after injury for the presence of macrophages and indicators of regeneration. Functional recovery was followed by an automated walking track test. We found that GM‐CSF potentiated early axon growth, as indicated by the enhanced expression of growth‐associated protein at 7 days postinjury. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression increased at the beginning and at the end of the regenerative process, suggesting that nitric oxide is involved in axon growth and pruning. As expected, GM‐CSF treatment stimulated macrophage infiltration, which increased at 7 and 14 days; however, it did not improve myelin clearance. Instead, GM‐CSF stimulated early brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production, which peaked at 7 days. Locomotor recovery pattern was not improved by GM‐CSF treatment. The present results suggest that GM‐CSF may have beneficial effects on early axonal regeneration.     

Pilot study of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. It has been proposed that bone marrow (BM)-derived cells might supply motor neurons and other cells with a cellular milieu more conducive to survival in ALS. Direct injection of stem cells in ALS is problematic because of the large expanse of the neuraxis that would need to be injected. We reasoned that transiently increasing the number of circulating hematopoietic stem cells might be a useful therapeutic approach. However, agents stimulating the activation and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells may have adverse effects such as activation of microglial cells. We conducted a small pilot trial of the collection and reinfusion of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) in ALS patients and found no adverse effects, paving the way for a properly powered therapeutic trial with an optimized regimen of G-CSF.     

Expression of the receptor for macrophage colony stimulating factor by brain microglia and its upregulation in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The receptor for macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) was localized immunohistochemically in postmortem human brain tissue. Microglia constitutively expressed the receptor for CSF-1 and its expression was upregulated in lesions of Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The CSF-1 mediated pathway appears to be involved in the response and activation of microglia in the central nervous system lesions.     

Synergistic effects of G‐CSF and bone marrow stromal cells on nerve regeneration with acellular nerve xenografts

Peripheral nerve defects result in severe denervation presenting sensory and motor functional incapacitation. Currently, a satisfactory therapeutic treatment promoting the repair of injured nerves is not available. As shown in our previous study, acellular nerve xenografts (ANX) implanted with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) replaced allografts and promoted nerve regeneration. Additionally, granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has been proven to mobilize supplemental cells and enhance vascularization in the niche. Thus, the study aimed to explore whether the combination of G‐CSF and BMSC‐laden ANX exhibited a synergistic effect. Adult Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: ANX group, ANX combined with G‐CSF group, BMSCs‐laden ANX group, BMSCs‐laden ANX combined with G‐CSF group and autograft group. Electrophysiological parameters and weight ratios of tibialis anterior muscles were detected at 8 weeks post‐transplantation. The morphology of the regenerated nerves was assayed, and growth‐promoting factors present in the nerve grafts following G‐CSF administration or BMSCs seeding were also investigated. Nerve regeneration and functional rehabilitation induced by the combination therapy were significantly advanced, and the rehabilitation efficacy was comparable with autografting. Moreover, the expression of Schwann cell markers, neurotrophic factors and neovessel markers in the nerve grafts was substantially increased. In conclusion, G‐CSF administration and BMSCs transplantation synergistically promoted the regeneration of ANX‐bridged nerves, which offers a superior strategy to replace autografts in repairing peripheral nerve injuries.     

Granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor promotes regeneration of retinal ganglion cells in vitro through a mammalian target of rapamycin‐dependent mechanism

Lack of regeneration in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is a major hurdle that limits recovery from neurological ailments. Although accumulating research suggests the possibility of axon regeneration by targeting intrinsic signaling mechanisms, it remains a matter of controversy whether functional recovery can be achieved by manipulating aspects of molecular signaling. Recent studies have shown that granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) may be an effective means of targeting repair following CNS injury; how this molecule is able to produce this effect is not known. Indeed, GM‐CSF has been shown to promote neuronal survival, potentially through activation of as yet unknown cytokine‐dependent signals and potentially through regulation of antiapoptotic mechanisms. It is well established that the loss of intrinsic regenerative ability is highly correlated with development of CNS neurons. We therefore designed experiments, using a well‐established in vitro retinal ganglion cell (RGC) culture system, to evaluate the effect of GM‐CSF on axon growth and cell survival and define possible mechanisms involved in GM‐CSF‐mediated effects in vitro. Several developmental stages were evaluated, with particular focus placed on stages at which axon growth is known to be significantly diminished. Our results reveal that GM‐CSF not only promotes axon growth in postnatal RGCs but also enhances cell survival through a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)‐dependent mechanism. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Combination of BMSCs‐laden acellular nerve xenografts transplantation and G‐CSF administration promotes sciatic nerve regeneration

Peripheral nerve gaps often lead to interrupted innervation, manifesting as severe sensory and motor dysfunctions. The repairs of the nerve injuries have not achieved satisfactory curative effects in clinic. The transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)‐laden acellular nerve xenografts (ANX) has been proven more effective than the acellular nerve allografting. Besides, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) can inhibit inflammation and apoptosis, and thus is conducive to the microenvironmental improvement of axonal regeneration. This study aims to investigate the joint effect of BMSCs‐seeded ANX grafting and G‐CSF administration, and explore the relevant mechanisms. Adult SD rats were divided into five groups randomly: ANX group, ANX combined with G‐CSF group, BMSCs‐laden ANX group, BMSCs‐laden ANX combined with G‐CSF group, and autograft group. Eight weeks after transplantation, the detection of praxiology and neuroelectrophysiology was conducted, and then the morphology of the regenerated nerves was analyzed. The inflammatory response and apoptosis in the nerve grafts as well as the expression of the growth‐promoting factors in the regenerated tissues were further assayed. G‐CSF intervention and BMSCs implanting synergistically promoted peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery following ANX bridging, and the restoration effect was matchable with that of the autologous nerve grafting. Moreover, local inflammation was alleviated, the apoptosis of the seeded BMSCs was decreased, and the levels of the neuromodulatory factors were elevated. In conclusion, the union application of BMSCs‐implanted ANX and G‐CSF ameliorated the niche of neurotization and advanced nerve regeneration substantially. The strategy achieved the favorable effectiveness as an alternative to the autotransplantation.     

Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor promotes behavioral recovery in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury

Hematopoietic growth factors such as granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) represent a novel approach for treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). After mild controlled cortical impact (CCI), mice were treated with G‐CSF (100 μg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. The primary behavioral endpoint was performance on the radial arm water maze (RAWM), assessed 7 and 14 days after CCI. Secondary endpoints included 1) motor performance on a rotating cylinder (rotarod), 2) measurement of microglial and astroglial response, 3) hippocampal neurogenesis, and 4) measures of neurotrophic factors (brain‐derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF]) and cytokines in brain homogenates. G‐CSF‐treated animals performed significantly better than vehicle‐treated mice in the RAWM at 1 and 2 weeks but not on the rotarod. Cellular changes found in the G‐CSF group included increased hippocampal neurogenesis as well as astrocytosis and microgliosis in both the striatum and the hippocampus. Neurotrophic factors GDNF and BDNF, elaborated by activated microglia and astrocytes, were increased in G‐CSF‐treated mice. These factors along with G‐CSF itself are known to promote hippocampal neurogenesis and inhibit apoptosis and likely contributed to improvement in the hippocampal‐dependent learning task. Six cytokines that were modulated by G‐CSF treatment following CCI were elevated on day 3, but only one of them remained altered by day 7, and all of them were no different from vehicle controls by day 14. The pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines modulated by G‐CSF administration interact in a complex and incompletely understood network involving both damage and recovery processes, underscoring the dual role of inflammation after TBI. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The NADPH oxidase Nox2 regulates VEGFR1/CSF‐1R‐mediated microglial chemotaxis and promotes early postnatal infiltration of phagocytes in the subventricular zone of the mouse cerebral cortex

The phagocyte NADPH oxidase Nox2 generates superoxide ions implicated in the elimination of microorganisms and the redox control of inflammatory signaling. However, the role of Nox2 in phagocyte functions unrelated to immunity or pathologies is unknown. During development, oriented cell migrations insure the timely recruitment and function of phagocytes in developing tissues. Here, we have addressed the role of Nox2 in the directional migration of microglial cells during development. We show that microglial Nox2 regulates the chemotaxis of purified microglia mediated by the colony stimulating factor‐1 receptor (CSF‐1R) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 (VEGFR1). Stimulation of these receptors triggers activation of Nox2 at the leading edge of polarized cells. In the early postnatal stages of mouse brain development, Nox2 is activated in macrophages / microglial cells in the lateral ventricle or the adjacent subventricular zone (SVZ). Fluorescent microglia injected into the lateral ventricle infiltrate the dorso‐caudal SVZ through a mechanism that is blocked by pretreatment of the injected cells with an irreversible Nox inhibitor. Infiltration of endogenous microglia into the caudal SVZ of the cerebral cortex is prevented by (1) Nox2 gene deficiency, (2) treatment with a Nox2 inhibitor (apocynin), and (3) invalidation of the VEGFR1 kinase. We conclude that phagocytes move out of the lateral ventricle soon after birth and infiltrate the cortical SVZ through a mechanism requiring microglial Nox2 and VEGFR1 activation. Nox2 therefore modulates the migration of microglia and their development.     

Granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor treatment results in recovery of motor function after white matter damage in mice

Clinical stroke usually results from a cerebral ischaemic event, and is frequently a debilitating condition with limited treatment options. A significant proportion of clinical strokes result from specific damage to the subcortical white matter (SWM), but currently there are few animal models available to investigate the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies to promote recovery. Granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) is a cytokine that has been previously shown to promote neuroprotective effects after brain damage; however, the mechanisms mediating this effect are not known. Here, it is reported that GM‐CSF treatment results in dramatic functional improvement in a white matter model of stroke in mice. SWM stroke was induced in mice by unilateral injections of the vasoconstrictor, endothelin‐1 (ET‐1). The results reveal that ET‐1‐induced stroke impairs skilled motor function on the single pellet‐reaching task and results in forelimb asymmetry, in adult mice. Treatment with GM‐CSF, after stroke, restores motor function and abolishes forelimb asymmetry. The results also indicate that GM‐CSF promotes its effects by activating mammalian target of rapamycin signalling mechanisms in the brain following stroke injury. Additionally, a significant increase in GM‐CSF receptor expression was found in the ipsilateral hemisphere of the ET‐1‐injected brain. Taken together, the present study highlights the use of an under‐utilized mouse model of stroke (using ET‐1) and suggests that GM‐CSF treatment can attenuate ET‐1‐induced functional deficits.     

Repeated courses of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: clinical and biological results from a prospective multicenter study

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces a transient mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow to peripheral blood. Our aim was to evaluate safety of repeated courses of G-CSF in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), assessing disease progression and changes in chemokine and cytokine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Twenty-four ALS patients entered an open-label, multicenter trial in which four courses of G-CSF and mannitol were administered at 3-month intervals. Levels of G-CSF were increased after treatment in the serum and CSF. Few and transitory adverse events were observed. No significant reduction of the mean monthly decrease in ALSFRS-R score and forced vital capacity was observed. A significant reduction in CSF levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) was observed. G-CSF treatment was safe and feasible in a multicenter series of ALS patients. A decrease in the CSF levels of proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and IL-17 was found, indicating a G-CSF-induced central anti-inflammatory response.     

Characterization of CGRP protein expression in “satellite‐like” cells and dendritic arbours of the mouse olfactory bulb

The main olfactory bulb (OB) is made up of several concentric layers, forming circuitries often involving dendro‐dendritic synapses. Important interactions between OB neurons occur in the external plexiform layer (EPL), where dendrites of tufted and Van Gehuchten cells form synapses with dendrites of deeper lying mitral, tufted, and granule cells. OB neurons display a variety of neurotransmitters. Here, the focus is on calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), a 37‐amino acid neuropeptide transmitter that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. In the OB, CGRP‐immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were mostly observed in the mitral cell layer (MCL) of normal mice, and their number increased following colchicine treatment. Sparsely distributed CGRP‐ir cell bodies were also found in the EPL and granular cell layer. Double‐immunofluorescence experiments revealed a lack of co‐localization between CGRP‐like immunoreactivity (LI) and corticotropin‐releasing factor‐ or galanin‐LI, two markers for mitral cells, and no CGRP‐LI was found in cholecystokinin‐, parvalbumin‐, or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐ir tufted/Van Gehuchten cells. CGRP‐ir cell bodies were not found to co‐localize glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67)‐green fluorescence protein, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐, or calretinin‐LI, although the possibility remains that CGRP‐ir cells may contain low levels of GABA and/or GAD67 not detected by our methodology. Dendrites of CGRP‐ir cells extensively ramified deep in the EPL and double‐immunofluorescence revealed them to be adjacent with, often apparently contacting, dendrites of granule, mitral, tufted, and Van Gehuchten cells. We propose that these CGRP‐ir cell bodies in the mouse OB are “satellite‐like” cells within and, occasionally, close to the MCL. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:770–784, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor stimulates in vitro proliferation of astrocytes derived from simian mature brains

In the brain, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may be released by infiltrated cells of the immune system including T and B lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, but also by nervous system resident cells such as microglia and astrocytes. Astrocyte-secreted GM-CSF may play an important role in enhancing the local inflammatory response to central nervous system (CNS) injury and in recruting microglia and activated macrophages. In this study, we demonstrated that GM-CSF, as TNFα and IL 6, stimulates in vitro proliferation of simian astrocytes in primary cultures. Results were confirmed by blocking experiments performed with a specific neutralizing mAb directed against GM-CSF. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GM-CSF mediates its effect on these cells through the α subunit of the GM-CSF receptor which is constitutively expressed at the membrane of the cultured simian astrocytes as assessed by immunofluorescence. GM-CSF effects on astrocytes could be involved in astrocytosis, a hallmark of various neurological injuries and in inflammatory processes in an autocrine manner. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Macrophage colony stimulating factor is a crucial factor for the intrinsic macrophage response in mice heterozygously deficient for the myelin protein P0

Mouse mutants heterozygously deficient for the myelin protein P0 (P0+/-) resemble certain forms of human hereditary neuropathies. Endoneurial macrophages of intrinsic origin are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of the demyelinating neuropathy in these mutants. We have previously shown that deficiency for macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) prevents an increase of the number of endoneurial macrophages and alleviates the mutants' demyelinating phenotype. The aim of this study was to investigate which population of endoneurial macrophages - long-term resident macrophages or recently infiltrated macrophages - is affected by M-CSF deficiency. For this purpose, we generated bone marrow chimeric mice by transplanting GFP+ bone marrow into P0 mutants (P0+/-) and P0 mutants that lack M-CSF (P0+/- mcsf-op). This enabled us to discriminate recently infiltrated short-term resident GFP+ macrophages from long-term resident GFP- macrophages. Three months after bone marrow transplantation, P0+/- mice expressing M-CSF showed a substantial upregulation and activation of both GFP- and GFP+ macrophages in femoral nerves when compared to P0+/+ mice. In contrast, in P0+/- mcsf-op mutants, both GFP- and GFP+ macrophages did not substantially increase. Only small numbers of GFP+ but no GFP- macrophages were activated and phagocytosed myelin in chimeric P0+/- mcsf-op mutants, possibly reflecting recent activation outside the endoneurium before entering the nerve. Our findings demonstrate that M-CSF is crucial for the activation, in situ increase and myelin phagocytosis of both long-term and short-term resident endoneurial macrophages in P0+/- myelin mutants. M-CSF is, therefore, considered as a target candidate for therapeutic strategies to treat human demyelinating neuropathies.     

经鼻导入rhG-CSF对脑梗死大鼠皮层FasL和HO-1表达的影响

目的 探讨经鼻靶向中枢导入重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)对脑梗死大鼠皮层Fas配体(FasL)和血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)表达的影响. 方法将60只大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常组、假手术组、脑梗死组、脑梗死+皮下注射rhG-CSF组、脑梗死+经鼻导入生理盐水组、脑梗死+经鼻导入rhG-CSF组.线栓法制作大鼠可逆性大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,2 h后再灌注.于MCAO模型制作成功后1 d、3 d制备脑组织冠状冰冻切片,用免疫荧光染色检测FasL和HO-1在缺血半暗带皮层的表达,激光共聚焦显微镜采集图像并计数阳性细胞数. 结果正常组和假手术组大鼠脑组织中见极少量FasL和HO-1阳性细胞,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).脑梗死组大鼠FasL和HO-1阳性细胞数明显增加(1 d时较3 d时高),表达区域主要为缺血半暗带皮层,与脑梗死+经鼻导入生理盐水组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).经鼻给予rhG-CSF治疗后脑梗死大鼠脑组织内FasL阳性细胞表达下降,HO-1阳性细胞表达进一步上调,与脑梗死+皮下注射rhG-CSF组大鼠比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论经鼻靶向中枢导入rhG-CSF可以通过降低FasL、上调HO-1表达抑制脑梗死大鼠缺血半暗带皮层神经元凋亡,参与脑保护机制.