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1.
Heike Stockner Petra Schwingenschuh Atbin Djamshidian Laura Silveira‐Moriyama Petra Katschnig Klaus Seppi John Dickson Mark J. Edwards Andrew J. Lees Werner Poewe Kailash P. Bhatia 《Movement disorders》2012,27(9):1182-1185
Background:
Approximately 10% of patients clinically diagnosed with early Parkinson's disease (PD) subsequently have normal dopaminergic functional imaging. Transcranial sonography (TCS) has been shown to detect midbrain hyperechogenicity in approximately 90% of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 10% of the healthy population. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of midbrain hyperechogenicity in patients with suspected parkinsonism and scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD), in comparison to PD patients.Methods:
TCS was performed in 14 patients with SWEDD and 19 PD patients.Results:
There was a significantly increased area of echogenicity in the PD group (0.24 ± 0.06 cm2), compared to the group of patients with SWEDD (0.13 ± 0.06 cm2; P < 0.001). One (9.1%) of these patients, compared to 14 (82.5%) of the PD patients, was found to have hyperechogenicity (P < 0.001).Conclusions:
We conclude that TCS is useful to distinguish PD patients from patients with suspected parkinsonism and SWEDD. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society2.
LeWitt PA Guttman M Tetrud JW Tuite PJ Mori A Chaikin P Sussman NM;-US- Study Group 《Annals of neurology》2008,63(3):295-302
Objective
Based on new understanding of nondopaminergic pathways involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, istradefylline, shows promise for the treatment of PD.Methods
Istradefylline (40mg/day) was studied in levodopa‐treated PD subjects experiencing prominent wearing‐off motor fluctuations. At 23 North American sites, 196 subjects were randomized in a double‐blind, 12‐week outpatient clinical trial of istradefylline (114 completing the trial) or placebo (58 completing the trial). The primary efficacy measure was change from baseline to end point in the percentage of daily awake “off” time, recorded by subjects using a patient PD diary. Secondary end points evaluated “on” time (including “on time with dyskinesia”), the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and a Clinical Global Impression–Improvement of Illness score. Clinical laboratory, electrocardiograms, vital signs, and adverse event monitoring comprised the safety monitoring.Results
After randomization, approximately 88% of subjects completed the double‐blind period. Compared with baseline, the decrease of daily awake “off” time for istradefylline was a mean (± standard deviation) of ?10.8 ± 16.6% (95% confidence interval, ?13.46 to ?7.52) and for placebo, ?4.0 ± 15.7% (95% confidence interval, ?7.73–0.31; p = 0.007 using two‐way analysis of variance). This effect corresponded to changes from baseline in total daily awake “off” time of ?1.8 ± 2.8 hours for istradefylline and ?0.6 ± 2.7 hours for placebo (p = 0.005). Treatment‐emergent adverse effects with istradefylline were generally mild.Interpretation
Istradefylline was safe, well tolerated, and offered a clinically meaningful reduction in “off” time without increased troublesome dyskinesia. Ann Neurol 20083.
Mohammadi B Kollewe K Samii A Beckmann CF Dengler R Münte TF 《Human brain mapping》2012,33(4):840-848
Objectives:
Writer's cramp (WC) is characterized by excessive cocontractions of agonist and antagonist hand and forearm muscles during writing. Changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation patterns in such conditions can be ambiguous as they might either reflect some aspect of the primary pathophysiological mechanism or, alternatively, may be the result of adaptive actions during task execution. To circumvent this problem, we examined WC patients during rest, i.e., without a task, using independent component analysis (ICA) applied to the blood oxygen level‐dependent time series.Methods:
Functionally connected brain networks during rest were defined by ICA to assess differences between WC patients (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 16). Analysis was carried out using FMRIB's Software Library.Results:
Two functional networks showed between‐group differences, the sensorimotor network and the default‐mode network. In WC patients, the connectivity was reduced in the left postcentral area and increased in basal ganglia in contrast to healthy controls. These changes were not reversed after treatment with botulinum toxin.Conclusions:
In line with other studies, the results show a dysfunction in cortico‐subcortical circuits in WC involving somatosensory cortex, areas interfacing the sensory and motor systems, and putamen contralateral to symptomatic hand. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.4.
Donald L. Bliwise PhD Lynn Marie Trotti MD Sophia A. Greer MPH Jorge J. Juncos MD David B. Rye MD PhD 《Annals of neurology》2010,68(3):353-359
Objective
To determine whether amyloid deposition is associated with impaired neuropsychological (NP) performance and whether cognitive reserve (CR) modifies this association.Methods
In 66 normal elderly controls and 17 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), we related brain retention of Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) to NP performance and evaluated the impact of CR using education and American National Adult Reading Test intelligence quotient as proposed proxies.Results
We found in the combined sample of subjects that PiB retention in the precuneus was inversely related to NP performance, especially in tests of memory function, but also in tests of working memory, semantic processing, language, and visuospatial perception. CR significantly modified the relationship, such that at progressively higher levels of CR, increased amyloid deposition was less or not at all associated with poorer neuropsychological performance. In a subsample of normal controls, both the main effect of amyloid deposition of worse memory performance and the interaction with CR were replicated using a particularly challenging memory test.Interpretation
Amyloid deposition is associated with lower cognitive performance both in AD patients and in the normal elderly, but the association is modified by CR, suggesting that CR may be protective against amyloid‐related cognitive impairment. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:353–3645.
van Rootselaar AF Maurits NM Renken R Koelman JH Hoogduin JM Leenders KL Tijssen MA 《Human brain mapping》2008,29(12):1430-1441
Objective:
To apply and validate the use of electromyogram (EMG) recorded during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with movement disorders, to directly relate involuntary movements to brain activity.Methods:
Eight “familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy” (FCMTE) patients, with tremor‐like cortical myoclonus and cerebellar Purkinje cell degeneration, and nine healthy controls performed hand posture and movement in an on/off fashion (block design). Superfluous movements were quantified as deviations in EMG power, positive and negative, with respect to the average EMG per session. This measure, “residual EMG” (r‐EMG), was derived by Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization. Activation maps resulting from conventional block regressors and novel r‐EMG regressors were compared.Results:
In healthy participants, the block posture regressor identified mainly cerebellar activity and some activity in other areas belonging to motor circuitry. In FCMTE patients, no cerebellar activity was seen with the block posture regressor, compatible with cerebellar Purkinje cell changes in FCMTE. EMG power showed little variation during posture in healthy controls. Therefore, the r‐EMG regressor was almost constant and revealed no brain activity as expected. In contrast, in FCMTE patients the r‐EMG posture regressor was highly variable due to continuous myoclonic jerks. It identified sensorimotor cortical areas, compatible with cortical hyperexcitability in FCMTE patients.Conclusion:
Conventional block regressors can be used to identify neuronal circuitry associated with a specific motor task, whereas r‐EMG regressors can help identify brain activation directly related to involuntary movements. Simultaneous EMG‐fMRI is complementary to conventional fMRI and will facilitate studies of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.6.
Katya Rubia Ana Cubillo Anna B. Smith James Woolley Isobel Heyman Michael J. Brammer 《Human brain mapping》2010,31(2):287-299
Background:
Inhibitory dysfunction is a key behavioral and cognitive phenotype of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Both disorders show neuropsychological deficits and fronto‐striatal dysfunction during tasks of motor response inhibition and cognitive flexibility. This study investigates differences and commonalities in functional neural networks mediating inhibitory control between adolescents with ADHD and those with OCD to identify disorder‐specific neurofunctional markers that distinguish these two inhibitory disorders.Methods:
Event‐related fMRI was used to compare brain activation between 20 healthy boys, 18 (Stop task) or 12 boys (Switch task) with ADHD, and 10 boys with OCD during a tracking Stop task that measures inhibition and stopping failure and during a visual–spatial switching task measuring cognitive flexibility.Results:
Both patient groups shared brain dysfunction compared to healthy controls in right orbitofrontal (successful inhibition) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (failed inhibition). Right inferior prefrontal dysfunction, however, was disorder‐specific to ADHD during both tasks. Left inferior prefrontal dysfunction during the Switch task was significant in children with ADHD relative to controls, but only reached a trend in patients with OCD. Patients with ADHD furthermore showed disorder‐specific dysfunction in left basal ganglia and cingulate gyrus during the Switch task.Conclusions:
Patients with ADHD compared to those with OCD have both common and distinct dysfunctions during inhibitory control. The most consistently reported functional abnormality in children with ADHD in right inferior prefrontal cortex during inhibitory control appears to be disorder‐specific when compared to patients with OCD and may be a specific neurofunctional biomarker of ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.7.
Yoko Hoshi Jinghua Huang Shunji Kohri Yoshinobu Iguchi Masayuki Naya Takahiro Okamoto Shuji Ono 《Journal of neuroimaging》2011,21(2):e94-e101
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUNDS AND PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to develop a near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)‐based system that recognizes pleasant and unpleasant human emotions based on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in order to understand the minds of patients whose brain function is severely impaired. The forehead region is easily accessible to NIRS measurements, whereas the role of the anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the processing of emotion remains to be elucidated.METHODS
Initially, using event‐related NIRS we examined changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy‐Hb) as an indicator of regional CBF changes, which reflect brain activity directly related to emotions, but not to cognitive operations in the anterior frontal regions, during viewing affective pictures. The event‐related potentials (ERPs), systemic blood pressure, and pulse rate were also measured simultaneously.RESULTS
The event‐related analysis of changes in oxy‐Hb for a 6 s‐picture presentation period showed that very unpleasant emotion was accompanied by an increase in oxy‐Hb in the bilateral ventrolateral PFCs, while very pleasant emotion was accompanied by a decrease in oxy‐Hb in the left dorsolateral PFC. There were no significant differences in either ERPs or autonomic nervous system activities between the two emotional states.CONCLUSION
These findings suggest the possibility of recognizing patients’ emotions from CBF changes.8.
Brázdil M Marecek R Fojtíková D Mikl M Kuba R Krupa P Rektor I 《Human brain mapping》2009,30(4):1226-1235
Purpose:
To assess whether structural and metabolic brain abnormalities are correlated in MTLE/HS syndrome.Methods:
Optimized voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) of gray matter concentration (GMC) and gray matter volume (GMV) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements from both‐sided hippocampal and thalamic regions were performed in 20 MTLE/HS patients and 20 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls. The local GMC and GMV values were calculated in both the affected and unaffected hippocampi and ipsilateral and contralateral thalami in patients and healthy subjects, and these were compared. VBM variables and NAA, NAA/Cr and NAA/(Cr+Cho) values from the investigated brain regions were correlated.Results:
(1) Analysis revealed significantly more extensive GMV reduction than GMC reduction in patients' affected hippocampus. In addition, significant GMV reduction was observed in the ipsilateral thalamus in MTLE/HS patients. (2) Significant decreases in all VBM and MRS variables were revealed in the affected hippocampus. Whilst practically normal GMC values were revealed in patients' both‐sided thalamic regions, a significant decrease in local GMV and metabolic measurements were found in the patients' ipsilateral thalamus. (3) Pearson's correlations between structural and metabolic abnormalities were significant for the ipsilateral thalamus only.Conclusion:
Structural and metabolic abnormalities as detected by optimized voxel‐based morphometry and 1H MRS in hippocampal and thalamic regions are only partially correlated in MTLE/HS patients. It seems therefore reasonable that both methods reflect different aspects of brain pathology, which, at least to some degree, might be independently ongoing. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.9.
A. M. Yohannes T. G. Willgoss R. C. Baldwin M. J. Connolly 《International journal of geriatric psychiatry》2010,25(12):1209-1221
Objective
To review evidence regarding the prevalence, causation, clinical implications, aspects of healthcare utilisation and management of depression and anxiety in chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Design
A critical review of the literature (1994–2009).Findings
The prevalence of depression and anxiety is high in both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (8–80% depression; 6–74% anxiety) and chronic heart failure (10–60% depression; 11–45% anxiety). However, methodological weaknesses and the use of a wide range of diagnostic tools make it difficult to reach a consensus on rates of prevalence. Co‐morbid depression and anxiety are associated with increased mortality and healthcare utilisation and impact upon functional disability and quality of life. Despite these negative consequences, the identification and management of co‐morbid depression and anxiety in these two diseases is inadequate. There is some evidence for the positive role of pulmonary/cardiac rehabilitation and psychotherapy in the management of co‐morbid depression and anxiety, however, this is insufficient to guide recommendations.Conclusions
The high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality justifies future research regarding the management of anxiety and depression in both chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current evidence suggests that multi‐faceted interventions such as pulmonary and cardiac rehabilitation may offer the best hope for improving outcomes for depression and anxiety. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.10.
Alexandros L. Georgiadis Muhammad Zeeshan Memon Qaisar A. Shah Gabriela Vazquez M. Fareed K. Suri Kamakshi Lakshminarayan Adnan I. Qureshi 《Journal of neuroimaging》2011,21(2):113-120
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
In the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen (rt‐PA) and intraarterial (IA) interventions are often combined. However, the optimal dose of IV rt‐PA preceding endovascular treatment has not been established.METHODS
Studies that used combined IV and IA thrombolysis were identified from a search of the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. We compared the rates of angiographic recanalization, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and favorable functional outcome between patients who had been treated with .6 mg/kg IV rt‐PA and those who had received .9 mg/kg rt‐PA.RESULTS
Eleven studies met our criteria. In 7 studies, .6 mg/kg IV rt‐PA had been administered to 317 patients, whereas 140 patients in 4 studies had received .9 mg/kg of IV rt‐PA. The weighted mean of median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at presentation was 18.3 in the .6 mg/kg group (median range 9‐34), and 17.3 in the .9 mg/kg group (median range 4‐39). Patients in the .9 mg/kg group had higher rates of favorable outcome [odds ratio (OR) = 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.07‐2.40), P= .022] and similar rates of sICH [OR = .86 (95% CI .41‐1.83), P= .70]. Depending on the statistics used, the higher angiographic recanalization rate among patients treated with .9 mg/kg was significant (P= .03, events/trial syntax logistic regression) or borderline significant (P= .07, random effects model).CONCLUSION
Our analysis suggests that using .9 mg/kg IV rt‐PA prior to IA thrombolysis is safe and may be associated with higher recanalization rates and better functional outcome at 3 months.11.
Takao Kiriyama Hiroshi Kataoka Toshiaki Taoka Yasuyo Tonomura Mari Terashima Masami Morikawa Emi Tanizawa Makoto Kawahara Yoshiko Furiya Kazuma Sugie Kimihiko Kichikawa Satoshi Ueno 《Journal of neuroimaging》2011,21(2):e69-e77
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Features of tumefactive demyelinating lesion (TDL) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can facilitate the differential diagnosis of TDL and neoplastic lesions, but vary considerably among patients. The larger TDL grows, the more difficult it becomes to differentiate TDL from neoplastic lesions. The purpose of this study was to elucidate typical MRI features in 12 patients with large TDL (>30 mm in diameter).METHODS
We identified 12 patients with large TDL (six men, six women; age range 17‐64 years, median age 27 years) and studied the clinical histories and the results of laboratory and various radiological studies in these patients. All cases of clinically definite multiple sclerosis were diagnosed in accordance with McDonald's revised criteria.RESULTS
Common MRI features of large TDLs included variable degrees of mass effect (71%) and edema (100%), a T2 hypointense rim (79%), venular enhancement (57%), and peripheral restriction on diffusion‐weighted images (50%). Ring enhancement (38%), open‐ring enhancement (31%), or decreased N‐acetylaspartate ratios on magnetic resonance spectroscopy (22%) were less frequently observed. Brain angiography demonstrated venous dilatations on and around the TDL.CONCLUSIONS
The diagnosis of large TDL is challenging. Our findings suggest that multiple venous dilatations on and around TDLs on angiography can facilitate diagnosis.12.
Li‐Chan Lin Ya‐Ju Huang Su‐Gen Su Roger Watson Belina W‐J. Tsai Shiao‐Chi Wu 《International journal of geriatric psychiatry》2010,25(10):953-959
Objectives
To construct a training protocol for spaced retrieval (SR) and to investigate the effectiveness of SR and Montessori‐based activities in decreasing eating difficulty in older residents with dementia.Methods
A single evaluator, blind, and randomized control trial was used. Eighty‐five residents with dementia were chosen from three special care units for residents with dementia in long‐term care facilities in Taiwan. To avoid any confounding of subjects, the three institutions were randomized into three groups: spaced retrieval, Montessori‐based activities, and a control group. The invention consisted of three 30–40 min sessions per week, for 8 weeks.Results
After receiving the intervention, the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED) scores and assisted feeding scores for the SR and Montessori‐based activity groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. However, the frequencies of physical assistance and verbal assistance for the Montessori‐based activity group after intervention were significantly higher than that of the control group, which suggests that residents who received Montessori‐based activity need more physical and verbal assistance during mealtimes. In terms of the effects of nutritional status after intervention, Mini‐Nutritional Assessment (MNA) in the SR group was significantly higher than that of the control group.Conclusion
This study confirms the efficacy of SR and Montessori‐based activities for eating difficulty and eating ability. A longitudinal study to follow the long‐term effects of SR and Montessori‐based activities on eating ability and nutritional status is recommended. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.13.
Lujan JL Chaturvedi A Malone DA Rezai AR Machado AG McIntyre CC 《Human brain mapping》2012,33(4):958-968
Objective:
The underlying hypothesis of our work is that specific clinical neuropsychiatric benefits can be achieved by selective activation of specific axonal pathways during deep brain stimulation (DBS). As such, the goal of this study was to develop a method for identifying axonal pathways whose activation is most likely necessary for achieving therapeutic benefits during DBS.Experimental design:
Our approach combined clinical data, diffusion tensor tractography, and computer models of patient‐specific neurostimulation to identify particular axonal pathways activated by DBS and determine their correlations with individual clinical outcome measures. We used this method to evaluate a cohort of seven treatment‐resistant depression patients treated with DBS of the ventral anterior internal capsule and ventral striatum (VC/VS).Principal observations:
Clinical responders exhibited five axonal pathways that were consistently activated by DBS. All five pathways coursed lateral and medial to the VS or dorsal and lateral to the nucleus accumbens; however, details of their specific trajectories differed. Similarly, one common pathway was identified across nonresponders.Conclusions:
Our method and preliminary results provide important background for studies aiming to expand scientific characterization of neural circuitry associated with specific psychiatric outcomes from DBS. Furthermore, identification of pathways linked to therapeutic benefit provides opportunities to improve clinical selection of surgical targets and stimulation settings for DBS devices. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.14.
Jun Ni Li‐Xin Zhou Hong‐lin Hao Qing Liu Ming Yao Ming‐li Li Bin Peng Li‐ying Cui 《Journal of neuroimaging》2011,21(3):219-224
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Some patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) present with atypical clinical and neuroimaging findings. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical and neuroimaging findings in patients diagnosed with PRES.METHODS
We retrospectively included all patients diagnosed with PRES between January 2005 and March 2009. We reviewed demographic, clinical and laboratory data, neuroimaging findings, and prognosis.RESULTS
Twenty‐four patients were included with a median age of 19 years. The clinical presentations included seizures (91.7%), headache (83.3%), visual disturbance (62.5%), encephalophathy (29.2%), and paralysis (8.3%). Co‐morbidities included systemic lupus erythematous (29.2%), kidney disease (20.8%), eclampsia (20.8%), renal artery stenosis (12.5%), Takayasu arteritis (4.2%), Sheehan's syndrome (4.2%), allergic purpura (4.2%), and acute intermittent porphyria (4.2%). Acute elevation of blood pressure was found in 22 patients (91.7%). Ten patients (41.7%) used steroids or immunosuppressants, three (12.5%) had acute renal failure before the symptoms. Atypical neuroimaging features included involvement of the frontal lobe (54.2%), basal ganglia (4.2%) or cortex (8.3%), and irreversible lesions (3/18, 16.7%).CONCLUSIONS
A large proportion of patients with PRES may present with atypical neuroimaging findings. Apart from the known risk factors, such as hypertension, immunosuppressants, and renal failure of various etiologies may be the precipitants of PRES.15.
Yuan W Altaye M Ret J Schmithorst V Byars AW Plante E Holland SK 《Human brain mapping》2009,30(5):1481-1489
Purpose:
Head motion during functional MRI scanning can lead to signal artifact, a problem often more severe with children. However, the documentation for the characteristics of head motion in children during various language functional tasks is very limited in the current literature. This report characterizes head motion in children during fMRI as a function of age, sex, and task.Methods:
Head motion during four different fMRI language tasks was investigated in a group of 323 healthy children between the age of 5 and 18 years. A repeated measures ANOVA analysis was used to study the impact of age, sex, task, and the interaction of these factors on the motion.Results:
Pediatric subjects demonstrated significantly different amounts of head motion during fMRI when different language tasks were used. Word‐Picture Matching, the only task that involved visual engagement, suffered the least amount of motion, which was significantly less than in any of the other three tasks; the latter were not significantly different from each other. Further examination revealed that the main effect of language task on motion was significantly affected by age, sex, and their interaction.Conclusion:
Our results suggest that age, sex, and task are all associated with the degree of head motion in children during fMRI experiments. Investigators working with pediatric patients may increase their success by using task components associated with less motion (e.g., visual stimuli), or by using this large scale dataset to estimate the effects of sex and age on motion for planning purposes. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.16.
Susanne G. Mueller Norbert Schuff Kristine Yaffe Catherine Madison Bruce Miller Michael W. Weiner 《Human brain mapping》2010,31(9):1339-1347
Background:
Histopathological studies and animal models suggest that hippocampal subfields may be differently affected by aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other diseases. High‐resolution images at 4 Tesla depict details of the internal structure of the hippocampus allowing for in vivo volumetry of different subfields. The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to determine patterns of volume loss in hippocampal subfields in normal aging, AD, and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). (2) To determine if measurements of hippocampal subfields provide advantages over total hippocampal volume for differentiation between groups.Methods:
Ninety‐one subjects (53 controls (mean age: 69.3 ± 7.3), 20 MCI (mean age: 73.6 ± 7.1), and 18 AD (mean age: 69.1 ± 9.5) were studied with a high‐resolution T2 weighted imaging sequence aimed at the hippocampus. Entorhinal cortex (ERC), subiculum, CA1, CA1‐CA2 transition zone (CA1‐2), CA3 & dentate gyrus (CA3&DG) were manually marked in the anterior third of the hippocampal body. Hippocampal volume was obtained from the Freesurfer and manually edited.Results:
Compared to controls, AD had smaller volumes of ERC, subiculum, CA1, CA1‐2, and total hippocampal volumes. MCI had smaller CA1‐2 volumes. Discriminant analysis and power analysis showed that CA1‐2 was superior to total hippocampal volume for distinction between controls and MCI.Conclusion:
The patterns of subfield atrophy in AD and MCI were consistent with patterns of neuronal cell loss/reduced synaptic density described by histopathology. These preliminary findings suggest that hippocampal subfield volumetry might be a better measure for diagnosis of early AD and for detection of other disease effects than measurement of total hippocampus. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.17.
Altered gray matter volume and disrupted functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in men with heroin dependence
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Huang‐Chi Lin MD MS Peng‐Wei Wang MD MS Hung‐Chi Wu MD Chih‐Hung Ko MD PhD Yi‐Hsin Yang PhD Cheng‐Fang Yen MD PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(6):435-444
Aim
Chronic heroin use can cause various neuropathological characteristics that may compromise brain function. The present study evaluated the alteration of gray matter volume (GMV) and its resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) among male heroin users.Methods
Thirty heroin‐dependent men undergoing methadone maintenance therapy and 30 educational‐level‐ and age‐matched male controls were recruited for this study. To assess their GMV and rsFC, the participants were evaluated using spoiled gradient echo and gradient‐recalled echo planar imaging sequences with a 3‐Tesla General Electric MR scanner under resting state.Results
The heroin‐dependent men showed lower GMV over the right DLPFC in comparison with the controls. Further evaluation of the rsFC of the right DLPFC revealed a marked decrease in interhemispheric DLPFC connectivity among those with heroin dependence under control of head movement and GMV of the right DLPFC.Conclusion
Although the mechanism remains unclear, the present study shows that chronic heroin use is associated with alteration of morphology as well as rsFC over the right DLPFC. As the DLPFC plays an imperative role in various domains of cognitive function, service providers for heroin users should consider the impacts of possible DLPFC‐related cognitive deficits on treatment effectiveness.18.
James M. Stankiewicz Bonnie I. Glanz Brian C. Healy Ashish Arora Mohit Neema Ralph H.B. Benedict Zachary D. Guss Shahamat Tauhid Guy J. Buckle Maria K. Houtchens Samia J. Khoury Howard L. Weiner Charles R.G. Guttmann Rohit Bakshi 《Journal of neuroimaging》2011,21(2):e50-e56
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
To assess correlation between brain lesions and clinical status with 1.5T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).METHODS
Brain MRI fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery (FLAIR) sequences were performed in 32 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score (mean ± standard deviation) was 2 ± 2.0 (range 0‐8), disease duration 9.3 ± 8.0 (range .8‐29) years.RESULTS
FLAIR lesion volume (FLLV) at 3T was higher than at 1.5T (P= .01). Correlation between 1.5T FLLV and EDSS score was poor, while 3T FLLV correlated moderately and significantly (rs= .39, P= .03). When controlling for age and depression, correlations between FLLV and cognitive measures were significant at 1.5T for the Judgment of Line Orientation test (JLO) (rs=−.44, P= .05), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (rs=−.49, P= .02), and the California Verbal Learning Test Delayed Free Recall (CVLT DR) (rs=−.44, P= .04). Correlations at 3T were also significant for these tests, but of greater magnitude: JLO (rs=−.70, P= .0005), SDMT (rs=−.73, P= .0001), CVLT DR (rs=−.061, P= .003). Additional significant correlations obtained only at 3T included the 2 second‐paced auditory serial addition test (rs=−.55, P= .01), the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test‐Delayed Free Recall (rs=−.56, P= .007), and the California Verbal Learning Test Total Recall (rs=−.42, P= .05).CONCLUSION
MRI at 3T may boost sensitivity and improve validity in MS brain lesion assessment.19.
Florian Doepp Friedemann Paul Jos M. Valdueza Klaus Schmierer Stephan J. Schreiber 《Annals of neurology》2010,68(2):173-183
Objective:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelination centered around cerebral veins. Recent studies suggested this topographic pattern may be caused by venous congestion, a condition termed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). Published sonographic criteria of CCSVI include reflux in the deep cerebral veins and/or the internal jugular and vertebral veins (IJVs and VVs), stenosis of the IJVs, missing flow in IJVs and VVs, and inverse postural response of the cerebral venous drainage.Methods:
We performed an extended extra‐ and transcranial color‐coded sonography study including analysis of extracranial venous blood volume flow (BVF), cross‐sectional areas, IJV flow analysis during Valsalva maneuver (VM), and CCSVI criteria. Fifty‐six MS patients and 20 controls were studied.Results:
Except for 1 patient, blood flow direction in the IJVs and VVs was normal in all subjects. In none of the subjects was IJV stenosis detected. IJV and VV BVF in both groups was equal in the supine body position. The decrease of total jugular BVF on turning into the upright position was less pronounced in patients (173 ± 235 vs 362 ± 150ml/min, p < 0.001), leading to higher BVF in the latter position (318ml/min ± 242 vs 123 ± 109ml/min; p < 0.001). No differences between groups were seen in intracranial veins and during VM. None of the subjects investigated in this study fulfilled >1 criterion for CCSVI.Interpretation:
Our results challenge the hypothesis that cerebral venous congestion plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of MS. Future studies should elucidate the difference between patients and healthy subjects in BVF regulation. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:173–18320.
Understanding the roles of glutamine synthetase,glutaminase, and glutamate decarboxylase autoantibodies in imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission as etiological mechanisms of autism
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Najat O. Hamed MsC Laila Al‐Ayadhi MD Mohamed A. Osman PhD Abdalla O. Elkhawad PhD Hanan Qasem MsC Majida Al‐Marshoud BsC Nada M. Merghani MsC Afaf El‐Ansary PhD 《Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences》2018,72(5):362-373