Enucleation of feeder cells and egg cells with psoralens

The cell nucleus must be inactivated or destroyed in order to generate feeder layers for cultured cells or to prepare recipient egg cells for nuclear transfer. Existing enucleation techniques are either cumbersome or employ toxic chemicals. Here we report a new method to enucleate cells by treatment with a psoralen and long‐wave ultraviolet light. The technique is >90% efficient and causes little cytoplasmic damage to the treated cell. We have used psoralen treatment to enucleate a wide variety of cells, including eggs, sperm, HeLa cells, and fibroblasts. Colonies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human keratinocyte precursors grown on psoralen‐treated feeders are indistinguishable from those grown on gamma‐irradiated or mitomycin C‐treated cells. Psoralen enucleation provides a rapid, simple, and non‐toxic method to generate feeder cells. The technique is also useful for nuclear transfer studies in species with large eggs whose cleavage divisions are not regulated by cell‐cycle checkpoints. Developmental Dynamics 238:2614–2621, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

人胚胎干细胞饲养层的制备及生物学活性

背景：建立一种既可以大量制备,又能保存并保持较高活性的饲养层是胚胎干细胞培养研究不可缺少的环节。 目的：体外分离培养、冻存复苏ICR小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,观察其生物学特性。 方法：取ICR小鼠13.5 d胚胎,用胰蛋白酶分步消化法分离培养小鼠成纤维细胞,对冻存复苏后的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞形态、生长曲线、贴壁率、细胞化学染色及支持人胚胎干细胞生长特性等进行观察。 结果与结论：复苏后的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞在体外传代30 min时80%以上细胞贴壁,生长曲线显示细胞增殖活跃,细胞化学染色AKP、PAS、POX阴性,能长期支持人胚胎干细胞传代生长。提示此方法所获得的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞复苏后有较高的生物学活性,可为人胚胎干细胞扩增提供稳定、优质的饲养层细胞。     

ROCK inhibitor and feeder cells induce the conditional reprogramming of epithelial cells

We demonstrate that a Rho kinase inhibitor (Y-27632), in combination with fibroblast feeder cells, induces normal and tumor epithelial cells from many tissues to proliferate indefinitely in vitro, without transduction of exogenous viral or cellular genes. Primary prostate and mammary cells, for example, are reprogrammed toward a basaloid, stem-like phenotype and form well-organized prostaspheres and mammospheres in Matrigel. However, in contrast to the selection of rare stem-like cells, the described growth conditions can generate 2 × 10(6) cells in 5 to 6 days from needle biopsies, and can generate cultures from cryopreserved tissue and from fewer than four viable cells. Continued cell proliferation is dependent on both feeder cells and Y-27632, and the conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) retain a normal karyotype and remain nontumorigenic. This technique also efficiently establishes cell cultures from human and rodent tumors. For example, CRCs established from human prostate adenocarcinoma displayed instability of chromosome 13, proliferated abnormally in Matrigel, and formed tumors in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. The ability to rapidly generate many tumor cells from small biopsy specimens and frozen tissue provides significant opportunities for cell-based diagnostics and therapeutics (including chemosensitivity testing) and greatly expands the value of biobanking. In addition, the CRC method allows for the genetic manipulation of epithelial cells ex vivo and their subsequent evaluation in vivo in the same host.     

Human feeder cells support establishment and definitive endoderm differentiation of human embryonic stem cells

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have been extensively used as feeder cells to support the in vitro propagation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, owing to the risk of cross-contamination with animal or other unknown pathogens, the use of MEFs does not meet requirements for the clinical application of hESCs. Moreover, the actual role played by the feeders in the differentiation of hESCs is still unclear. In this study, human embryonic fibroblasts (HEFs) were used as feeder cells to support the establishment and undifferentiated growth of hESCs, and the capability of HEFs to induce the differentiation of definitive endoderm (DE) was evaluated. Three new hES cell lines were derived. These cell lines exhibited and maintained the common features of traditional hESCs after prolonged culture in vitro. Furthermore, DE differentiation of the newly established hES cell lines was performed using 100 ng/ml activin A, and the effects were compared among HEFs, MEFs, and feeder-free systems. On day 5 of induction, DE (SOX17(+)) cells appeared with comparable efficiency in both human and mouse feeder systems (85.0 +/- 8.9% and 78.7 +/- 3.4%, respectively). These levels were considerably superior to that obtained in the feeder-free system (22.7 +/- 5.6%). The SOX17(+) cells tended to differentiate into an endodermal lineage in vivo and could be further induced into glucagon and C-peptide double positive islet-like clusters in vitro. Our studies suggest that, in terms of therapeutic application, HEFs can be an effective substitute for MEFs for sustaining the derivation and DE differentiation of hESCs.     

E-cadherin-expressing feeder cells promote neural lineage restriction of human embryonic stem cells

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a promising source of tissues of different cell lineages because of their high degree of self-renewal and their unique ability to give rise to most somatic cell lineages. In this article, we report on a new approach to differentiate hESCs into neural stem cells that can be differentiated further into neuronal restricted cells. We have rapidly and efficiently differentiated hESCs into neural stem cells by presenting the cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, to undifferentiated hESCs via E-cadherin transfected fibroblast monolayers. The neural restricted progenitor cells rapidly express nestin and beta-III-tubulin, but not glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) during the 1-week E-cadherin induction phase, suggesting that E-cadherin promotes rapid neuronal differentiation. Further, these cells are able to achieve enhanced neuronal differentiation with the addition of exogenous growth factors. Cadherin-induced hESCs show a loss in Oct4 and nestin expression associated with positive staining for vimentin, neurofilament, and neural cell adhesion molecule. Moreover, blocking by functional E-cadherin antibody and failure of paracrine stimulation suggested that direct E-cadherin engagement is necessary to induce neural restriction. By providing hESCs with molecular cues to promote differentiation, we are able to utilize a specific cell-cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, to influence the nature and degree of neural specialization.     

Homologous feeder cells support undifferentiated growth and pluripotency in monkey embryonic stem cells

In the present study, five homologous feeder cell lines were developed for the culture and maintenance of rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells (rESCs). Monkey ear skin fibroblasts (MESFs), monkey oviductal fibroblasts (MOFs), monkey follicular granulosa fibroblast-like (MFG) cells, monkey follicular granulosa epithelium-like (MFGE) cells, and clonally derived fibroblasts from MESF (CMESFs) were established and compared with the ability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to support rESC growth. MESF, MOF, MFG, and CMESF cells, but not MFGE cells, were as good as or better than MEFs in supporting undifferentiated growth while maintaining the differentiation potential of the rESCs. In an effort to understand the unique properties of supportive feeder cells, expression levels for a number of candidate genes were examined. MOF, MESF, and MEF cells highly expressed leukemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, stem cell factor, transforming growth factor beta1, bone morphogenetic protein 4, and WNT3A, whereas WNT2, WNT4, and WNT5A were downregulated, compared with MFGE cells. Additionally, all monkey feeder cell lines expressed Dkk1 and LRP6, antagonists of the WNT signaling pathway, but not WNT1, WNT8B, or Dkk2. rESCs grown on homologous feeders maintained normal karyotypes, displayed the characteristics of ESCs, including morphology, alkaline phosphatase, Oct4, the cell surface markers stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, SSEA-4, tumor-related antigen (TRA)-1-60, and TRA-1-81, and formed cystic embryoid bodies in vitro that included differentiated cells representing the three major germ layers. These results indicate that the four homologous feeder cell lines can be used to support the undifferentiated growth and maintenance of pluripotency in rESCs.     

Ad-hLIF转基因饲养层细胞对CD34+造血干/祖细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的 用腺病毒载体介导的人白血病抑制因子基因(Ad-hLIF)感染WI-38人胚肺成纤维细胞制备饲养层细胞,体外观察转基因细胞对CD34+造血干/柑细胞增殖和分化的影响,体内研究对辐射损伤SCID小鼠造血功能恢复的效果.方法 用RT-PCR和ELISA法鉴定Ad-hLIF转基因饲养层细胞目的 基因的表达后,将经免疫磁珠法分离和流式细胞术检测后的CD34+细胞在饲养层和/或细胞因子培养体系中扩增28 d,检测不同时间点的单个核细胞(MNC)数量及CD34+细胞阳性率;扩增后的MNC经CFDA SE荧光标记后移植入辐射损伤SCID小鼠体内,RT-PCR和细胞荧光标记法检测小鼠内含Alu基因人源细胞的门巢情况.结果 感染50MOI(multiplicity of infection)Ad-hLIF的饲养层细胞均有绿色荧光,RT-PCR和ELISA法结果 显示hLIF目的 基因能在WI-38饲养层细胞中表达,免疫磁珠法分离的CD34+造血干/祖细胞经流式细胞术检测其纯度可达95.60%±2.58%,MNC在Ad-hLIF转基因饲养层培养体系持续扩增,最高可达356.95±0.87倍,其中CD34+细胞仪在0～14 d能维持较高水平,最高可扩增52.11±1.13倍,以后逐渐降低.将其移植辐射损伤SCID小鼠后,可明显提高小鼠存活率,4周内小鼠骨髓中不仅可观察到CFDA SE荧光标记的细胞,而且经RT-PCR法搭定后.还可检测到表达Alu人源基因的人脐血造血归巢细胞.结论 成功建立的Ad-hLIF转基因饲养层细胞不仅体外可以有效地扩增CD34+造血干/祖细胞,并延缓其分化.扩增的CD34+细胞对辐射损伤SCID小鼠具有造血功能恢复的功能.     

人胚胎干细胞饲养层培养体系的研究进展

人胚胎干细胞(hES细胞)来源于着床前人囊胚内细胞团(ICM),由于具有体外无限增殖和分化成3个胚层来源的各种细胞的潜能,使其成为当今生命科学的研究热点.建立一个理想的hES细胞培养体系是利用它的前提.目前,最常用的hES细胞的体外培养方式是将其培养在饲养层细胞上.迄今为止,已经有多种细胞用于hES细胞的体外培养.饲养...     

扁桃腺摘除术患者术前心理护理的探讨

目的探究对扁桃腺摘除术患者术前应用心理护理的临床效果。方法选自我院2010年~2012年收治经手术治疗的扁桃腺摘除术患者共100例,随机分为对照组与观察组各50例。对照组患者应用常规护理,观察组患者则接受针对性的心理护理干预措施。结果相对于对照组患者,观察组患者焦虑情绪状况更具有优越性,两者对比具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对扁桃腺摘除术患者应用针对性的心理护理干预措施,能够有效降低患者术前焦虑程度,有助于手术顺利完成,提高临床治疗有效率,值得推广。     

The influence of stimulated peritoneal feeder cells and mitogens upon antibody secreting hybridomas

Peritoneal exudate cells from mice injected with immunostimulatory agents were evaluated for their ability to promote hybridoma growth. Peritoneal cells from mice receiving peritoneal injections of either Freund's incomplete adjuvant or pristane, seven days prior to harvesting, produced the greatest number of antibody-producing hybridomas. Freund's incomplete adjuvant produced 16 fold more peritoneal cells than unstimulated mice, thus reducing the number of mice needed to supply feeder cells for the hybridoma cultures. In separate experiments a number of B-lymphocyte stimulating lectins and factors were tested for their ability to promote hybridoma growth. 2-mercaptoethanol (25 microM) routinely increased the number of antibody producing hybridomas by 5 to 15 fold. 2-mercaptoethanol had a varying ability to increase the numbers of hybridoma colonies. The cloning efficiency, rate of cell growth and antibody production of hybridoma cell lines, previously produced in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol could also be increased when this reducing agent was added to the culture medium.     

Generation of T lineage cells from human embryonic stem cells in a feeder free system

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have the potential to revolutionize certain medical treatments, including T-cell-based therapies. However, optimal approaches to develop T cells from hESC are lacking. In this report, we show that T-cell progenitors can be derived from hESC cultured as embryoid bodies (EBs). These EB-derived T-cell progenitors give rise to phenotypically and functionally normal cells of the T lineage when transferred into human thymic tissue implanted in immunocompromised mice, suggesting that introduction of these progenitors into patients may also yield functional T cells. Moreover, hematopoietic progenitors demonstrating T-cell potential appeared to be CD45+/CD34+, resembling those found in normal bone marrow. In contrast to T cells developed from hESC cocultured on murine stromal cells, the EB-derived T cells also expressed normal levels of CD45. Importantly, the EB system eliminates the previous need for murine cocultures, a key impediment to developing a protocol for T-cell progenitor derivation suitable for clinical use. Furthermore, following lentiviral-mediated introduction of a vector expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein into hESC, stable transgene expression was maintained throughout differentiation, suggesting a potential for gene therapy approaches aimed at the augmentation of T-cell function or treatment of T-cell disorders.     

Bone marrow stromal cells act as feeder cells for tendon fibroblasts through soluble factors

Feeder effects of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on tendon fibroblasts were investigated using a co-culture method for the application of ligament or tendon tissue engineering and cell therapy. BMSCs had significant effects on enhancing cell proliferation, the ability of cells to migrate, and cell adhesivity but little effect on the extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis of tendon fibroblasts without cell-cell contact. Furthermore, the conditioned medium from BMSCs, despite the existence of fibroblasts, significantly increased the number of fibroblasts. Based on these results, the mechanism of the feeder effects is considered to be a certain signal of soluble factors from BMSCs to the fibroblasts. Comparative proteome analysis of the conditioned medium from co-culture of fibroblasts and BMSCs revealed less expression of plasminogen, which showed inhibitory effects on fibroblast proliferation. With regard to the relationships between plasminogen and BMSCs in the co-culture system, we speculate that BMSCs allow resolution of plasminogen or its cleavage activity in the medium via some mechanism.     

Human placenta feeder layers support undifferentiated growth of primate embryonic stem cells

Various undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells can grow on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders. However, the risk of zoonosis from animal feeders to human ES cells generally excludes the clinical use of these human ES cells. We have found that human placenta is a useful source of feeder cells for the undifferentiated growth of primate ES cells. As on MEF feeders, primate ES cells cultured on human amniotic epithelial (HAE) feeder cells and human chorionic plate (HCP) cells had undifferentiated growth. The cultured primate ES cells expressed Oct-4, alkaline phosphatase, and SSEA-4. The primate ES cells on HAE feeder cells produced typical immature teratomas in vivo after injection into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Human placenta is quite novel and important because it would provide a relatively available source of feeders for the growth of human ES cells for therapeutic purposes that are also free of ethical complications.     

人脐静脉内皮细胞饲养层促进胚胎干细胞的生长

目的 探讨人脐静脉内皮细胞是否可作为饲养层支持胚胎干细胞(ESCs)的生长.方法 分离培养人脐带内皮细胞,采用生长良好的3代内皮细胞,灭活后制备饲养层,通过观察碱性磷酸酶染色、胚胎干细胞特异性表面标志物检测、染色体核型分析和严重联合免疫缺陷小鼠(SCID)体内畸胎瘤形成实验,对在内皮细胞上的E14.1胚胎干细胞进行鉴定.结果 E14.1胚胎干细胞在人脐静脉内皮细胞上传3～8代后细胞呈克隆性生长,高度表达碱性磷酸酶、SSEA.1及Oct-4.传15代后仍表现正常的二倍体核型.传20代的ESCs接种到SCID小鼠,6周后均能形成畸胎瘤.结论 人脐静脉血管内皮细胞能有效地支持ESCs的生长,解决了ESCs临床应用的生物安全性问题.