经皮克氏针联合外固定支架治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折

目的探讨经皮克氏针联合外固定之架治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的临床疗效。方法2003年9月～2007年9月采用经皮克氏针联合外固定支架治疗43例桡骨远端不稳定性骨折。按AO分类均属C型骨折：C1型10例,C2型21例,C3型12例。术中先在桡骨桡背侧及第二掌骨上打入2枚外固定之架螺钉,C形臂透视下手法复位后,安装外固定之架。对于关节面或骨块间不平整、有明显碎骨块且无法通过手法牵引复位者,用克氏针在透视下撬拨骨折片,若骨折块复位后不稳定,经皮克氏针固定。对有骨缺损者,小切口植骨。结果43例术中全部达到解剖复位。手术时间43～121min,平均62.4min。术中出血量6～30ml,平均15.3ml。术后住院时间3～14d,平均5.5d。43例随访6～24个月,平均12个月,均获得骨折愈合且对位良好,术后腕关节活动范围明显改善,疗效依照Dienst功能评估标准进行评定：优30例,良8例,可5例,优良率88.4%（38/43）。结论经皮克氏针有限内固定联合外固定支架治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折操作简单,固定可靠,疗效满意。     

B、C型桡骨远端骨折的治疗

目的 探讨AO分类B、C型桡骨远端骨折的治疗方法。方法 对93例B、C型桡骨远端骨折采用手法复位石膏固定、闭合性复位经皮克氏针内固定及切开复位钢板螺钉内固定。结果 全部病例均随访2年以上。优良率：手法复位石膏固定组为82．05％，经皮克氏针内固定组为81．82％，切开复位钢板螺钉内固定组为80．95％。结论 手法复位能达到解剖或近似解剖复位并经石膏固定可达到良好固定者应采用非手术治疗；Bl、B3、C1型中的Colles骨折应采用闭合性复位经皮克氏针内固定；B2、Cl、C2型中的Simth骨折应采用切开复位钢板螺钉内固定；C3型骨折因干骺端粉碎应采用松质骨移植恢复桡骨的长度；伴有严重的骨质疏松的患者避免用内固定治疗。     

闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折39例分析

目的探讨闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法对48例桡骨远端骨折闭合复位经皮克氏针固定,术后腕关节石膏固定4周,拆除石膏后功能锻炼,术后6～8周拔除克氏针。结果39例获得随访,平均术后随访14月（6～25月）,获随访患者腕关节无疼痛,功能满意,能参加正常生活和工作,X线显示均获得骨性愈合。按照Dinest评估标准,优27例,良9例,可3例,差0例,优良率达92．30％,无并发症发生。结论闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折疗效满意,应用微创技术、简单内固定、加用石膏外固定,能够维持复位,不破坏骨折端血运,有利于骨折愈合。     

闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨骺骨折简

目的评价闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨骺骨折的疗效。方法对18例桡骨远端不稳定骨骺骨折行闭合复位克氏针内固定治疗。结果术后骨折愈合良好，16例腕关节功能优良，一般2例，均未出现针道感染。结论闭合复位内固定因为其创伤小、骨折愈合好、腕功能恢复快，可作为不稳定骨骺骨折治疗的首选。     

改良经皮克氏针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折

目的:探讨改良经皮克氏针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折的手术方法与疗效。方法:桡骨远端骨折患者43例,男19例,女24例;年龄14~71岁,平均39岁。采用改良经皮克氏针固定法治疗,骨折复位成功后经皮打入3枚克氏针固定。其一从桡骨远折端桡侧进针,从桡骨远折端尺侧出针,克氏针继续进针穿过尺骨下端;其二从桡骨茎突斜行进针经骨折线从桡骨近折端尺侧出针,克氏针继续进针穿过尺骨;其三从桡骨近折端桡侧斜行进针经骨折线从桡骨远折端尺侧出针。结果:术后随访6~12个月,43例均获临床愈合,无骨折再移位。按Aro评定标准:优13例,良23例,可5例,差2例。结论:改良经皮克氏针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折固定牢固,损伤小,有利于骨折愈合和关节功能恢复。     

不稳定型桡骨远端骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨不稳定型桡骨远端骨折的手术治疗方法。方法 对63例不稳定型桡骨远端骨折采用闭合性复位经皮克氏针内固定、切开复位钢板螺钉内固定及外固定架治疗。结果 全部病例均随访1年以上，优良率：闭合性复位经皮克氏针内固定组为78．8％；切开复位钢板螺钉内固定组为83．3％；外固定架组为94．4％。结论 手术治疗不稳定型桡骨远端骨折具有良好的固定作用，能较好地防止骨折畸形愈合和保护腕关节功能。     

动态外固定架联合经皮克氏针固定治疗Coony Ⅳ型桡骨远端骨折疗效分析

目的探讨动态外固定架联合经皮克氏针固定治疗Coony Ⅳ型桡骨远端骨折的手术技巧以及临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2016-12采用动态外固定架联合经皮克氏针固定治疗的50例Coony Ⅳ型桡骨远端骨折。结果术后X线片显示解剖复位23例,接近解剖复位15例,功能复位12例。50例均获得随访,随访时间2~30个月,平均18个月。骨折临床愈合时间2.0~4.5个月,平均3.0个月。末次随访时采用Dienst评分标准评定疗效:优27例,良17例,可5例,差1例,优良率88.0%。结论动态外固定架联合经皮克氏针固定治疗CoonyⅣ型桡骨远端骨折具有手术操作简单、创伤小、固定可靠的优点,允许患者早期进行功能锻炼,促进骨折愈合及腕关节功能恢复。     

闭合复位经皮克氏针及石膏固定治疗儿童桡骨远端骨折

目的 探讨闭合复位经皮克氏针及石膏固定治疗儿童桡骨远端骨折的疗效。方法 采用经皮克氏针撑开器辅助闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定及石膏外固定治疗28例儿童桡骨远端骨折。记录骨折愈合、功能恢复和并发症发生情况，根据Gartland-Werley评分标准评价腕关节功能。结果 患儿均获得随访，时间2～7个月。骨痂形成时间：17例2～4周，11例5～6周。骨折愈合时间为6～15周。术后均未发生神经血管损伤、针道感染等并发症，患肢外观无畸形。末次随访时，腕关节活动度：背伸60°～100°,掌屈65°～95°,桡偏20°～35°,尺偏30°～50°;前臂旋转度：旋前75°～90°,旋后80°～95°;根据Gartland-Werley评分标准评价腕关节功能：优26例，良2例。结论 闭合复位经皮克氏针及石膏固定治疗儿童桡骨远端骨折具有损伤小、复位佳、固定可靠、患儿可早期功能锻炼等优点。     

桡骨远端关节内骨折手术与非手术疗效比较

桡骨远端骨折是人体最常发生的骨折之一，约占所有急诊骨折的17％。自1992年以来，收治Melone分类属Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型桡骨远端关节内骨折101例，采用手术切开复位钢板螺钉内固定、闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定或手法复位石膏固定治疗，效果满意，总结如下。     

不同方法治疗桡骨远端骨折的效果分析

目的探讨手法复位后单纯石膏外固定与经皮克氏针联合石膏外固定治疗桡骨远端骨折的效果。方法随机将78例桡骨远端骨折患者分为2组,每组39例。手法复位后对照组给予石膏外固定,观察组采用经皮克氏针联合外固定架固定。比较2组的治疗效果。结果治疗后观察组患者的VAS评分及腕关节功能优良率均优于对照组;随访6~18个月,再移位发生率低于对照组。2组差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论手法复位后采用经皮克氏针内固定联合外固定架固定治疗桡骨远端骨折,疼痛缓解及腕关节功能改善效果优于单纯石膏托外固定,患者可早期进行功能康复锻炼,再移位发生率低,效果可靠。     

手法间接复位掌侧锁定板固定治疗桡骨远端C3型骨折

目的 ：探讨手法间接复位后AO 2.4 mm桡骨远端锁定板联合经皮穿针固定治疗C3型（AO/OTA分型）桡骨远端骨折的临床疗效及操作技巧。方法：自2009年5月至2012年3月采用手法间接复位AO 2.4 mm桡骨远端掌侧锁定板联合经皮穿针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折AO/OTA分型C3型患者19例21腕（双侧2例）。年龄31~66岁,平均（45.3±17.4）岁;并发尺骨茎突骨折14腕,下尺桡关节不稳6腕;均为闭合性骨折;发病时间4.5~9 d,平均（6.7±3.5）d。采用Henry切口显露骨折部位,保留关节囊、韧带连续性,手法间接复位,C形臂X线透视关节面复位情况,仍存在塌陷者予以撬拨复位后桡骨远端掌侧锁定板固定。下尺桡关节发现不稳定和并发尺骨茎突骨折者均予前臂旋后位石膏托固定6周。结果：19例（21腕）获得随访,时间7~17个月,平均10.5个月。X线示患者桡骨远端骨折均达到骨性愈合,尺骨茎突骨折未愈合3例,下尺桡关节不稳0例,1例出现背侧伸肌腱激惹,内固定取出后激惹消除。术后随访观测患者掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨茎突高度、关节面和下尺桡关节情况,按照Batra和Gupta评分标准行影像学评定：70分以下3腕,70~79分5腕,80分以上13腕。同时对患者进行主观和客观疗效评定,观测残留畸形和腕关节活动度、并发症情况等,根据Sarmiento改良的Gartland-Werley评分系统评定术后疗效：优17腕,良3腕,可1腕。结论：AO/OTA分型C3型桡骨远端骨折手法间接复位可获得良好复位效果,应用锁定板联合穿针可为其提供内固定架支撑式固定以满足早期功能锻炼要求,患腕功能预后良好。     

经皮穿针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位

目的探讨经皮穿针固定治疗桡骨远端骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位的临床疗效。方法采用经皮穿针固定治疗42例桡骨远端骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位患者。结果 42例均获随访,时间4~24个月,骨折均获骨性愈合。疗效根据Green-O'Brien腕关节评分标准:优21例,良18例,一般3例,优良率92.9%。结论经皮穿针固定是治疗桡骨远端骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位的有效技术,疗效较可靠,并发症少。     

Ipsilateral supracondylar fracture of humerus and forearm bones in children

A total of 34 children with ipsilateral supracondylar fractures of the humerus and forearm were studied over an 8-year period. Of these, 19 patients had fractures of the distal quarter of the forearm bones while eight patients had a distal radial epiphyseal injury. Five of the patients had undisplaced supracondylar fractures. One patient had an anterior supracondylar fracture. All forearm fractures were treated by closed reduction. Nine displaced supracondylar fractures which could not be reduced by closed manipulation were treated by olecranon pin traction in two cases and by percutaneous pinning in seven cases. Excellent or good results were found in 29 children after an average follow-up of 3.8 years.     

Management of displaced radial neck fractures in children: percutaneous pinning vs. elastic stable intramedullary nailing

Background

The treatment of radial neck fractures in children varies according to the displacement, angulation, and skeletal maturity. There is a general agreement that displaced radial neck fractures with more than 30° angulations (Judet type III and IV fractures) should be surgically treated. There are several treatment possibilities for Judet type III and IV fractures including percutaneous pin reduction, elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN), and open reduction with or without internal fixation. In this retrospective study we compared the clinical and radiographical outcomes, and complications following intramedullary versus percutaneous pinning in displaced radial neck fractures in children.

Materials and methods

Between 2000 and 2011, 20 patients were treated using closed reduction: in 12 cases we used percutaneous pinning, and in 8 cases we used ESIN. According to Judet classification the two groups were composed as follows: 10 (77 %) type III and 3 (23 %) type IV fractures in the percutaneous pinning group; 4 (57 %) type III, and 3 (43 %) type IV fractures in the ESIN group.

Results

After an average of 42 months, excellent results in Mayo elbow performance scores (MEPS) were obtained in 71 and 69 % of ESIN and percutaneous pinning groups respectively, with good results in the remaining cases apart from one fair case (8 %) in the percutaneous pinning group. After a radiological evaluation, all fractures healed in excellent or good alignment. When comparing the two groups, the subjects treated with the ESIN technique had higher range of motion (ROM) in flexion, extension and pronation. No patients developed complications, except three cases of asymptomatic enlargements of the radial head, reported only in the percutaneous pinning group.

Conclusion

In this research the clinical outcome, assessed with the MEPS, and the radiological alignment, were comparable between the subjects that were treated with percutaneous pinning and those with ESIN techniques; whereas the ESIN technique demonstrated higher ROM in flexion, extension and pronation. The ESIN technique seems to be the ideal approach both for the higher ROM values and for the absence of complications.     

Treatment of phalangeal neck fractures in children: technical suggestion

INTRODUCTION: Phalangeal neck fractures in children are not very frequent lesions. The purpose of this study is to bring out results of treatment of these fractures and provide an adequate procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with 24 phalangeal neck fractures were reviewed. Seventeen boys and six girls with a mean age of 7 years and 6 months. Open wound fractures were noted in 13 cases. A direct trauma was noted in 17 cases and an indirect trauma in seven cases. Treatment consisted of a closed reduction and cast immobilization in four cases. A closed reduction and percutaneous pinning in seven cases. Open reduction and osteosynthesis in 13 cases. RESULTS: All patients were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 16 months and functional results were evaluated by measuring the Total Active Motion. Fractures treated orthopedically (4) gave Good results; percutaneous pinning (seven cases) gave one Poor, one Fair and five Good results; open reduction and osteosynthesis gave zero Good, six Fair and seven Poor results. Phalangeal head osteonecrosis was noted in four cases treated by open reduction. DISCUSSION: Closed reduction and percutaneous treatment of these fractures give the best functional results. This study demonstrates that open surgical reduction of these fractures leads to phalangeal head osteonecrosis and poor functional result. We propose here a technical improvement of percutaneous reduction with intrafocal pining and osteosynthesis. CONCLUSION: This technical improvement of percutaneous reduction and pinning allow to combine the advantages of a closed reduction and to avoid distal epiphyseal necrosis.     

Evaluation of the role of pin fixation versus collar and cuff immobilisation in supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children

Long term results of children with supracondylar humeral fractures treated with manipulation and strapping and manipulation followed by pin fixation were evaluated. Forty patients were regarded as Gartland type II injuries. 33 of these were treated with closed reduction and collar and cuff immobilisation and 7 with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Two cases of cubitus varus were reported one from each treatment modality. Forty-four patients were included as Gartland type III injuries. Of these 14 were treated with closed reduction and collar and cuff immobilisation, 25 with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning and five with open reduction and pinning. There were two cases of cubitus varus and one case of cubitus valgus following pin fixation. In addition one case of extension lag and one significant ulnar nerve neurapraxia was recorded following pin fixation. One case of cubitus varus was seen following manipulation and collar and cuff treatment. There was no statistical difference between either treatment modality in terms of predicting a better outcome (p0.05).We conclude that pin fixation has no advantages over simple immobilisation in certain Gartland II and III type injuries. Although pin fixation is beneficial in unstable injuries collar and cuff immobilisation continues to have an important role in the treatment of stable supracondylar fractures.     

Complete dislocation of the radial head following fracture of the radial neck in children: the Jeffery type II lesion

The authors report four cases of Jeffery type 2 lesions in children. Despite the probable mechanism of such lesions, none of the cases reported here displayed a dislocation of the elbow. In the first observation the diagnosis was suspected only 15 days after injury. Two other cases were initially treated by closed external manipulations, one with percutaneous Kirschner wire leverage and the other with closed intramedullary pinning, but both cases displayed a 180 degree reversal of the radial head, suspected only secondarily. The first exhaustive review of the literature on the subject, shows that this complication is classical in Jeffery type 2 fractures. In fact none of the 22 cases described in the literature had successfully been reduced by external manipulations. Interposition of the lateral condyle, pathognomonic of the Jeffery type 2 fracture, hampers reduction. Attempts at reduction by external manipulation in nine cases therefore led to two non-reduction and seven reversal of the radial head. Knowledge of this particular fracture will allow an early diagnosis and an immediate surgical treatment.     

How safe is the operative treatment of Gartland type 2 supracondylar humerus fractures in children?

Whereas operative treatment of supracondylar fractures is now standard of care for Gartland type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures in children, the treatment of type 2 fractures remains somewhat controversial. The purpose of this article was to examine the safety and efficacy of closed reduction and pinning of type 2 supracondylar humerus fractures in children. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 189 type 2 supracondylar humerus fractures operatively treated at one tertiary care children's hospital from 2000 to 2006. Data were acquired from a review of radiographs and clinical notes. RESULTS: We found no intraoperative surgical or anesthetic complications in our series. None of our cases lost reduction after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. There were 4 pin tract infections (2.1%) in our series: 3 were treated with antibiotics, and 1 needed irrigation and debridement in the operating room. This was the only patient who required reoperation for any reason. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the largest reported series of type 2 supracondylar humerus fractures in children, we found an extremely low rate of complications after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning; secondary operations were also uncommon (0.5%). Our series demonstrates a high probability of satisfactory outcome after operative treatment of type 2 supracondylar fractures compared with previous studies of children treated by closed reduction without pinning. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level 4 (case series [no or historical control group]).     

闭合复位经皮克氏针交叉固定治疗儿童GartlandⅡ型肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮克氏针交叉固定治疗儿童GartlandⅡ型肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我科自2015年7月至2018年5月收治的36例儿童肱骨髁上骨折的病例资料,按照Gartland分型均为Ⅱ型骨折,其中ⅡA型16例,ⅡB型20例,均为闭合性骨折;男19例,女17例;平均年龄5.8(3~12)岁。所有病例均行闭合复位经皮内外侧交叉克氏针固定,术后长臂管型石膏固定3周,拆除石膏后进行肘关节屈伸功能锻炼。术后采用Flynn肘关节评分标准评定临床疗效。结果手术时间平均32(20~45)min。本组36例患儿无一例出现医源性尺神经损伤、Volkmann挛缩或肘内翻畸形,其中1例出现针道轻度感染,拔出克氏针后口服头孢类抗生素后痊愈。平均随访13.2(12~24)个月,末次随访按照Flynn临床功能评定标准评定临床疗效:优29例,良6例,可1例,优良率97.2%。结论闭合复位经皮内外侧交叉克氏针固定是治疗GartlandⅡ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的有效方法,早期复位固定可有效减少单纯石膏固定引起的骨折移位、肘内翻畸形等并发症的发生,有利于肘关节的功能恢复。