Reliability and validity of a faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale

BACKGROUND: A new version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS) was formed by adding a faces rating scale to the original numeric form. AIMS: To describe the psychometric properties of the faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS(f)), and to provide normative data for dental anxiety for children using the MCDAS(f). DESIGN: To determine the test-retest reliability, 287 schoolchildren aged 8-10 years completed the MCDAS(f) on two separate occasions 17 weeks apart. To determine the criterion validity, 207 schoolchildren aged 10-12 years completed the MCDAS(f) and the CFSS-DS at the same sitting. Construct validity was assessed using a cohort of 206 consecutive child dental patients and their parents. RESULTS: The MCDAS(f) showed good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.80) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82). The MCDAS(f) significantly correlated with the CFSS-DS (r = 0.80, P < 0.001). Dental anxiety assessed using the MCDAS(f) was related to the dmft (t = -2.17, P = 0.03), DMFT (t = -4.19, P < 0.001), and dental general anaesthetic experience (t = -4.46, P < 0.01). The mean MCDAS(f) score for the normative sample (n = 475) was 19.81 (95% CI: 19.20, 20.43). CONCLUSIONS: The MCDAS(f) is a reliable and valid measure of dental anxiety in children aged 8-12 years.     

Reliability and validity of the short version of the Dental Anxiety Inventory

The present study focused on a newly developed questionnaire to assess dental anxiety. The short version of the Dental Anxiety Inventory (S-DAI) contains nine items of the Dental Anxiety Inventory (DAI), which was designed to take into account three situations that may evoke dental anxiety, four time elements in which dental anxiety may be provoked, and three reactions. The aim was to assess the validity and reliability of the S-DAI in a sample of highly anxious dental patients applying for treatment at a dental fear clinic in the Netherlands. Three hundred and twenty-one patientslled out several questionnaires assessing dental anxiety (S-DAI, DAS, and a 10-point Likert-scale) and psychological complaints. Total mean score on the S-DAI for women (mean=40.5, s =5.7) was some-what higher than for men (mean=38.8, s =6.9) ( t (306)=2.35; P =0.019). Cronbach's α for the present sample was 0.88. Correlations with other measures of dental anxiety were 0.73 with the DAS ( P < 0.001) and 0.69 ( P < 0.001) with the 10-point scale. The results indicated that the S-DAI has good reliability and construct validity. It was concluded that the S-DAI is easy to administer in general dental practices and dental fear clinics and has satisfactory psychometric qualities.     

Reliability and validity of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) in a Turkish population

OBJECTIVES: Fear of dentistry is a common obstacle to obtaining dental care in Turkey. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability, validity and psychometric characteristics of the Turkish translation of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and compare it to the Dental Fear Survey (DFS) scores obtained in the same population. METHODS: The Turkish translated version of the MDAS was administered to 115 dental patients; 21 subjects who suffered from dental phobia, requiring general anesthesia for dental procedures, and 94 who did not have dental anxiety, in addition to 442 subjects from the general population. RESULTS: The Turkish translated version of the MDAS was internally consistent and reproducible. The patients with dentist phobia had the highest score. The Turkish MDAS correlated with the DFS (r = 0.80, P < 0.001). The MDAS scale correlated inversely (r = -0.14, P < 0.005) with level of education; however, it did not correlate with economic status. Women scored higher than men on the scale (mean = 12.3, SD = 5.2 vs. mean = 10.9, SD = 4.5, P < 0.005). At a cut-off point > or = 15, sensitivity was 0.80, specificity 0.74, positive predictive value 0.41 and negative predictive value 0.94. CONCLUSION: Although the specificity values were low, the Turkish MDAS demonstrated acceptable sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values. Thus, high reliability and validity of the MDAS supports its cross-cultural validity and indicated that it may be a valuable tool in quantifying fear of dentistry among Turks.     

Development of a Dutch version of the Dental Visit Satisfaction Scale

A Dutch version of the Dental Visit Satisfaction Scale has been developed. The DVSS consists of 10 items, measuring three aspects of patient satisfaction with the dentist. Item and scale characteristics of the Dutch version and the English version compared rather well. Likewise, the factor structure of the Dutch and the English version of the DVSS was very similar. A suggestion for modification of the DVSS was made.     

Further evidence for the reliability and validity of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale

Aim: To gain further evidence of the psychometric properties of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. Setting: Dental admission clinics. Design: Consecutive sampling, cross‐sectional survey. Participants: Patients (n=800) in four cities (Belfast, Northern Ireland; Helsinki, Finland; Jyväskylä, Finland and Dubai, UAE). Methods: Questionnaire booklet handed to patients, attending clinics, for completion following an invitation by the researcher to be included in the study. Measures: Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), together with further questions concerning dental attendance and nervousness about dental procedures. Results: Overall 9.3 per cent of patients indicated high dental anxiety. MDAS showed high levels of internal consistency, and good construct validity. The relationship of dental anxiety with age was similar to previous reports and showed lowered anxiety levels in older patients. Conclusion: Data from three countries has supported the psychometric properties of this modified and brief dental anxiety scale.     

Reliability and cross-cultural validity of a Japanese version of the Dental Fear Survey

Background  

This study established the reliability and cross-cultural validity of a Japanese version of the Dental Fear Survey (DFS).     

Reliability and validity of the Dental Indifference Scale in a population of 18-year-olds in Norway

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to estimate the reliability and validity of the Dental Indifference Scale (DIS) (Nuttall, 1996) in a population of 18-yr-olds in Norway. METHODS: The DIS-scale was mailed to a sample of 1119 18-yr-olds in two Norwegian counties. Nearly 87% completed the questionnaire and consented to the collection of data from their dental records. Ten percent of the sample, drawn at random, was asked to complete the questionnaire a second time, after a time delay of 15 weeks (response rate 83%). The reliability estimation of the sum-scores of DIS was based on Pearson's correlation between test-retest scores and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). The frequency of missed appointments from age 12, recorded in the dental treatment records, was used as the validating criterion. The validity was analyzed by Pearson's correlation, and step-wise multiple regression. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient (Pearson) for the test-retest comparison was 0.43. The correlation coefficient between the DIS-scores and the frequencies of missed dental appointments was 0.24. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the eight DIS-questions was 0.35 (n=868). Only two of the eight DIS-questions entered the stepwise regression model and explained 15% of the variance of the frequency of missed appointments. CONCLUSIONS: The Dental Indifference Scale (DIS) was found to have a low reliability and validity in this study population, and it is recommended that it should not be used without further investigation. It may be necessary to design an alternative instrument if further work into the hypothesized trait of dental indifference is to be undertaken.     

A Swedish version of the Dental Visit Satisfaction Scale

The aims of this study were to translate and analyze the Dental Visit Satisfaction Scale (DVSS), which has been developed to measure different aspects of the dentist-patient relationship in the view of the patient. Subjects were ordinary dental patients attending dental care in various public dental service clinics (PDS) and patients attending an emergency PDS clinic and an oral medicine clinic (n = 204). Consecutively, patients were asked to answer a questionnaire that consisted of the DVSS and information about dental anxiety, age, and gender. The results revealed similar DVSS item/sum of scores levels as those in previous studies. There was no significant difference with respect to gender. High dental anxiety was associated with low DVSS score. Three dimensions were found in the exploratory factor analysis: Information/communication, Understanding/acceptance, and Technical competence. Item 8 was found to have skewed properties according to correlation, reliability, and factor analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis with the 9-item DVSS (item 8 removed) revealed a model with 4 dimensions. A general dental satisfaction factor was found, loading on all 9 items, together with the above-mentioned, more narrow factors.     

A Swedish version of the Dental Visit Satisfaction Scale

The aims of this study were to translate and analyze the Dental Visit Satisfaction Scale (DVSS), which has been developed to measure different aspects of the dentist-patient relationship in the view of the patient. Subjects were ordinary dental patients attending dental care in various public dental service clinics (PDS) and patients attending an emergency PDS clinic and an oral medicine clinic (n = 204). Consecutively, patients were asked to answer a questionnaire that consisted of the DVSS and information about dental anxiety, age, and gender. The results revealed similar DVSS item/sum of scores levels as those in previous studies. There was no significant difference with respect to gender. High dental anxiety was associated with low DVSS score. Three dimensions were found in the exploratory factor analysis: Information/communication, Understanding/acceptance, and Technical competence. Item 8 was found to have skewed properties according to correlation, reliability, and factor analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis with the 9-item DVSS (item 8 removed) revealed a model with 4 dimensions. A general dental satisfaction factor was found, loading on all 9 items, together with the above-mentioned, more narrow factors.     

Additional psychometric data for the Spanish Modified Dental Anxiety Scale,and psychometric data for a Spanish version of the Revised Dental Beliefs Survey

Background  

Hispanics comprise the largest ethnic minority group in the United States. Previous work with the Spanish Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) yielded good validity, but lower test-retest reliability. We report the performance of the Spanish MDAS in a new sample, as well as the performance of the Spanish Revised Dental Beliefs Survey (R-DBS).     

Dental Hygiene Fear Survey: reliability and validity of the Turkish version

The aims of the present study were to 1) investigate patient anxiety as it relates to dental hygiene procedures and 2) conduct validity and reliability testing of the Turkish version of the Dental Hygiene Fear Survey (DHFS) to test its psychometric properties in the Turkish culture. The study consisted of 200 periodontal patients. The patients completed the DHFS, the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), and a questionnaire designed to elicit sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha. Validity was examined by correlating the DHFS with measures found in the literature that correlate with dental fear and anxiety. Construct validity was determined using exploratory factor analysis with a direct oblimin (oblique) rotation, which revealed a model with three factors accounting for 62.8 of the variance when item 11, which has the lowest item total correlation, was omitted. The Cronbach alpha coefficients of the subscales in the fifteen-item scale (generalized anxiety, dental hygiene specific anxiety, and catastrophe) were 0.83, 0.86, and 0.79, respectively. The overall reliability of the DHFS was 0.91. Significant negative correlations were found between total DHFS scores and age (p<0.05). Females reported dental hygiene fear more frequently than did males. The DHFS demonstrated good psychometric properties in spite of being translated into another language and used in a culture different from the one where it was originally developed. The Turkish version of the DHFS is a valid and reliable instrument and may be included in assessments designed to measure fear related to dental hygiene treatment procedures.     

Reliability and validity of the Orthodontic Locus of Control Scale

The Orthodontic Locus of Control (OLOC) Scale was developed to assess the ways in which persons perceive and evaluate the events that determine occlusal status and orthodontic treatment. The children's OLOC Scale is a 34-item self-administered inventory with a 6-point response format. The adult measure is a similar, 28-item version of the scale. A 6-item Occlusal Value Scale, was also developed for administration in conjunction with the OLOC Scale. These instruments were given to 51 children and their mothers who applied for treatment at the School of Dental Medicine's Orthodontic Clinic of the State University of New York at Buffalo. For validity studies, children and their mothers completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (HLOC) Scale and the Orthodontic Opinion Poll (OOP) Subscales. The internal consistency estimates for reliability on both the child and parent versions of the OLOC Scales were in the moderate to high-moderate range. Moderate to high-moderate subscale correlations offer promise for the validity and usefulness of the Orthodontic Locus of Control Scale for future research on psychologic and social responses to malocclusion. The implications of the concept of "orthodontic locus of control" for orthodontists and parent-child treatment-related behaviors are discussed.     

Reliability and validity of the pilot National Board Dental Examination.

The reliability and validity of the pilot National Board Dental Examination were examined. The results indicate that the pilot examination is a reliable test that assesses a full range of cognitive behaviors. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the pilot examination is a unidimensional test of comprehensive general dentistry. The performance of examinees on the pilot examination was found to be similar to their performance on the traditional Part II examination. These findings suggest that the restructured Part II examination will be a more reliable and valid measure of dental students' knowledge and problem-solving skills than the traditional Part II.     

Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale

Background.  The Children's Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale (CFSS–DS) is a commonly used questionnaire which measures children's dental fear.
Objective.  The aim of this study was to gather data to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Greek version of the CFSS–DS.
Methods.  A sample of 260 children aged 4–12 completed the Greek version of the CFSS–DS while in the waiting room of a paediatric dentist. The dentist, who was unaware of the children's scores, rated the children's behaviour during the dental appointment using the Frankl scale. Children who returned for a second dental appointment during the study period completed the CFSS–DS a second time.
Results.  The mean CFSS–DS score was 24.80 (standard deviation = 9.17). Age and gender were not related to mean scores. Invasiveness of dental treatment was not related to mean scores. Children who were most uncooperative/fearful on the Frankl had the highest mean scores (Kruskal–Wallis χ² = 9.48; d.f. = 2; P  = 0.009). The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.85, and the test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation) was 0.74.
Conclusions.  The Greek version of the CFSS–DS appears to be reliable and valid. Further samples should include school samples, to include children who may not go to the dentist.     

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire

J Oral Pathol Med (2013) 42 : 194–199 Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire (COMDQ). Methods: A consecutive sample of 200 patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases was enrolled to complete the questionnaire after its translation and cross‐cultural adaptation. The reliability of the Chinese version of COMDQ was determined through internal consistency and test–retest methods. The construct validity of COMDQ was analysed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results: Cronbach’s alpha value for the total COMDQ score was 0.894, and the test–retest intraclass correlation coefficient value for the total COMDQ score was 0.83. The EFA extracted four factors, which accounted for 67.89% of the variance. All items showed adequate factor loadings, ranging from 0.487 to 0.947. Conclusion: The results suggest that the Chinese version of the COMDQ has satisfactory psychometric properties and is applicable to patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases in China.     

Assessment of the reliability and validity of the Dental Neglect Scale in Norwegian adults

AIMS: To evaluate the reliability and construct validity of the Dental Neglect Scale (DNS) and to estimate the level of dental neglect in the adult Norwegian population. METHODS: A questionnaire containing socio-demographics, oral health attitude variables, self-reported service use and a translated version of the original DNS was tested in two samples: 1) a convenience sample of University employees (n=263) and 2) a proportionate random sample (n=2000) drawn from the national population register (age 16-79 years). The reliability assessment of the instrument was by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and factor analysis (principal component) (n=1309). The test-retest comparisons (n=108) were analyzed by Spearman's rho for the sum-scores, and kappa statistics for single items. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the construct validity of the DNS. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall construct of DNS was 0.67 (n=173) and 0.57 (n=1301). Only one factor was extracted, explaining a total of 36% of the scale variance (n=1301). Cohen's kappa for the test-retest comparisons ranged from 0.21-0.79 (n=108), and Spearman's rho for the test-retest sum-scores was 0.60. Higher neglect scores were positively related to a negative opinion about own dental health (OR=3.3), last dental appointment because of pain or other problems (OR=2.3), less than 20 teeth (OR=2.2), drinking soft drinks with sugar every day (OR=2.1), non-regular dental service use (OR=2.2) and using floss or toothpicks seldom or never (OR=1.6). The prevalence of high dental neglect was 20%. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses indicated construct validity for the Dental Neglect Scale but low reliability for some of its items. One fifth of this representative sample of Norwegian adults reported a high level of dental neglect.     

5条目口腔健康影响程度量表中文版的信度和效度研究

目的 对5条目口腔健康影响程度量表（OHIP-5）进行信度和效度评价。方法 按照国际生活质量量表准则,形成OHIP-5中文版,该量表包括5个条目。将OHIP-5中文版应用于就诊的患者,最终对调查结果进行统计学分析。采用内部一致性信度、重测信度对量表的信度进行考评;采用结构效度和收敛效度对量表的效度进行评价。结果 共回收有效问卷556份。量表总的克朗巴赫α系数为0.868,重测信度系数为0.831。经过验证性因子分析,修正模型的主要指标中,卡方/自由度=2.419,拟合指数=0.995,调整拟合指数=0.960,标准拟合指数=0.996,增量拟合指数=0.997,塔克-刘易斯指数=0.985,比较拟合指数=0.997,误差平方根近似值=0.070,均达到模型拟合标准。量表总分的Spearman’s等级相关系数为0.674。结论 OHIP-5中文版通过严格的性能测试,信度和效度良好,可在临床研究及流行病学调查中进一步推广应用。     

口腔黏膜病问卷中文版的信度和效度评价

目的 评价口腔黏膜病问卷（COMDQ）中文版的信度和效度。方法对COMDQ进行初译、回译、质量评价、文化调适和预评估,形成COMDQ中文版。该量表包括26个条目,涉及4个维度：疼痛和功能限制、药物治疗相关、社交及情感功能、对患者的支持。进而将其应用于口腔黏膜病患者,最终对调查结果进行统计学分析,考评量表的信度和效度。结果共回收有效问卷130份。量表总的克朗巴赫α系数为0.914,Guttman分半信度系数为0.809,表格之间相关性r为0.697。经过验证性因子分析,提取4个因子,累积贡献率达67.62%,显示量表存在预想的连带关系和逻辑关系。结论COMDQ中文版通过严格的性能测试,具有良好的信度和效度,可在国内口腔黏膜病患者中推广应用。