两种不同属源巨细胞病毒对树鼩肝细胞易感性的研究

目的研究不同属源巨细胞病毒（cytomegalovirus,CMV）株对树鼩原代肝细胞的易感性。方法分离培养树鼩原代肝细胞,利用感染剂量MOI为1的小鼠CMV（MCMV）Smith和人源性CMV（HCMV）AD169病毒株感染肝细胞,同时设立非病毒感染组（即空白对照组）,间接免疫荧光法检测肝细胞内及周边PP65蛋白表达。RT-PCR法检测培养肝细胞内MCMVSmithM152和HCMVAD169UL49mRNA。结果间接免疫荧光法可以观察到HCMVAD169组肝细胞内外均有PP65蛋白表达,提示病毒复制旺盛,而MCMVSmith组和非病毒感染组则显示PP65抗原不表达,RT-PCR结果确证树鼩肝细胞内有HCMVAD169UL49mRNA表达,未显示MCMVSmithM152mRNA表达,而非病毒感染组UL49和M152mRNA均不表达。结论HCMVAD169能感染体外培养的树鼩原代肝细胞,而MCMVSmith则不能。     

鼠巨细胞病毒感染C57BL/6小鼠急性肝炎动物模型的建立与鉴定

目的：建立鼠巨细胞病毒（MCMV）感染C57BL/6小鼠急性肝炎模型并对其感染特点进行分析及鉴定。方法：将24 只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为阴性对照组（n =12）及病毒感染组（n =12），病毒感染组腹腔注射1.0×106 PFU（200 μL）MCMV悬液，阴性对照组注射等体积小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞（MEF）悬液。于感染后第3天和第7天取外周血分离血清检测谷丙转氨酶（ALT）及谷草转氨酶（AST）。同时进行肝组织病毒分离、组织病理学及MCMV IE和M55基因、细胞因子白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的检测。结果：病毒感染组肝组织匀浆病毒分离均为阳性，肝炎发生率为100%。在感染后第3天即发生肝炎病理改变，病毒感染组血清ALT及AST较阴性对照组明显升高（P ＜0.01）；病毒感染组肝脏HE染色第3天可见局灶性炎性细胞浸润及肝脏点灶状坏死，持续至第7天，Ishak评分较阴性对照组明显升高（P ＜0.01）；在感染后第3天病毒感染组肝组织内可检测到MCMV IE及M55基因，且在感染后第7天仍可测得IE基因；感染后第3天及第7天病毒感染组炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β mRNA表达水平明显升高（P ＜0.05）。 结论：成功建立MCMV感染C57BL/6小鼠急性动物肝炎模型，其感染表现主要集中在急性感染前期。     

胎盘感染小鼠巨细胞病毒后的病理学改变

目的:观察小鼠巨细胞病毒(MCMV)胎盘感染后胎盘病理学改变。方法:酶联免疫法(ELISA)筛选无MCMV感染史性成熟期雌性小鼠,雌雄同笼受孕后随机分为模型组和对照组,模型组孕龄12.5 d时经胎盘显微注射MCMV悬液,18.5 d时处死,观察胎盘组织标本病理改变;对照组胎盘注射细胞维持液。结果:模型组较对照组胎盘感染率高(P<0.05)。其胎盘细胞滋养细胞增生、合体细胞结节增生、纤维素样坏死等病理学变化,与对照组差异均有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论:胎盘感染MCMV后出现的病理改变可能在MCMV宫内感染进展中发挥重要作用。     

鼠巨细胞病毒感染诱导小鼠精子凋亡及线粒体调控机制研究

目的 研究鼠巨细胞病毒(MCMV)感染对小鼠精子凋亡的影响,探讨MCMV感染诱导小鼠精子凋亡的线粒体调控机制.方法 建立小鼠睾丸MCMV急性感染模型(n=15),以正常小鼠作为对照(n=15),采用流式细胞术(FCM)与激光扫描共聚焦显微术(LCSM)对不同感染时段的小鼠附睾尾部成熟精子进行凋亡与线粒体膜电位的检测,同时应用电镜观察不同感染时段的精子线粒体超微结构的改变.结果 MCMV感染第2天起精子凋亡率开始升高,第4天达最高值(39.3±1.0)%,随后逐渐下降(F=362.822,P＜0.05).而感染第1天的精子线粒体膜电位增加至74.0±1.4,第2天开始下降至63.0±2.2,第4天降至最低40.2±2.3,随后缓慢回升(F=32.257,P＜0.05).MCMV感染可引起精子线粒体超微结构的损伤,以感染第2～6天为重.结论 生殖器官MCMV急性感染可诱导附睾尾部成熟精子的凋亡;精子线粒体主动参与并调控了精子的凋亡过程.     

小鼠睾丸巨细胞病毒感染对精子顶体反应与膜功能的影响

目的探讨小鼠睾丸巨细胞病毒(MCMV)感染对附睾尾部精子顶体反应与膜功能的影响。方法随机选择无MCMV感染史的BALB/c雄性小鼠48只作为实验组,睾丸直接接种MCMV,分别于感染后第1、2、4、6、9、14天处死小鼠,用地高辛标记的MCMVM83mRNA寡核苷酸探针对睾丸组织进行原位杂交,检测睾丸MCMV感染情况,同时取附睾尾部成熟精子进行精子顶体反应与精子膜低渗肿胀功能检测。另设平行对照组雄性小鼠30只(同法随机选择),睾丸接种不含MCMV的细胞培养液,其他处理方法同实验组。结果实验组48只雄性小鼠睾丸组织间质及(或)生精细胞中均出现原位杂交阳性信号。实验组精子顶体反应与膜功能在接种病毒后的第2天、第4天,精子顶体反应率(58%±9%、56%±9%)低于平行对照组(71%±6%、70%±7%)(P均<0.05),精子膜尾部低渗肿胀率(48%±9%、38%±8%)低于平行对照组(60%±7%、50%±4%)(P均<0.05)。结论小鼠睾丸MCMV感染模型成功建立。小鼠睾丸MCMV急性感染可导致精子顶体反应与膜功能的显著下降。     

大蒜新素对巨细胞病毒感染小鼠脾细胞TGF-β1和IL-10的抑制作用

目的:研究大蒜新素对巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染鼠的免疫抑制性细胞因子TGF-β1和IL-10的影响,探讨大蒜新素的抗CMV机制。方法:建立非免疫抑制性鼠巨细胞病毒(MCMV)全身播散性感染小鼠模型;双抗体夹心ELISA法检测感染后1,3,7,14,28,45,60,75,90,120d正常对照组、病毒感染组和药物治疗组小鼠脾细胞培养上清中TGF-β1和IL-10水平的时序性变化。结果:MCMV感染后,TGF-β1和IL-10分泌均显著升高,并呈现出急慢性期两次高峰的特点。大蒜新素治疗对MCMV感染鼠各时间点TGF-β1水平均有下调作用,且对其急性期分泌高峰的抑制更明显。大蒜新素治疗对IL-10的急性期分泌高峰影响不明显,却显著下调慢性期IL-10的分泌高峰。结论:大蒜新素能显著抑制MCMV感染后TGF-β1和IL-10分泌,进而增强机体细胞免疫功能而有利于机体清除MCMV病毒,这可能是大蒜新素抗CMV的另一作用机制。     

原代培养人肝细胞体外乙型肝炎病毒感染和乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原黏附模型初探

目的研究建立人肝细胞体外乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染模型和乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）黏附模型，为后期研究小分子抗体Fab的作用打下基础。方法体外原代培养人肝细胞，对人原代肝细胞进行HBsAg黏附实验及HBV感染实验。采用正常人胎肝细胞系（L-02）及鼠原代肝细胞进行实验对照。倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态，生化法检测其白蛋白分泌功能。免疫组化法检测HBsAg黏附情况和HBV感染肝细胞内HBsAg的表达。酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测肝细胞感染HBV后HBsAg的持续表达。PCR检测肝细胞内HBV复制中间体-闭合环状双链DNA（cccDNA）。结果人原代肝细胞体外培养达2周以上。HBsAg黏附实验检测到HBsAg可黏附于人原代肝细胞、L-02、鼠原代肝细胞胞膜。HBV体外仅感染人原代肝细胞，从第2天起即可检测到细胞培养上清中存在HBsAg，并持续到观察结束第16天，免疫组化检测人原代肝细胞内HBsAg呈阳性；PCR检测到人原代肝细胞内存在HBV—cccDNA，而L—02及鼠原代肝细胞实验检测结果均为阴性。结论人原代肝细胞体外分离培养成功，HBsAg黏附和HBV感染模型初步建立于人原代肝细胞。     

Effects of Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection on Sperm Viability in Mice

In order to explore the effects of testicular infection of murine cytomegalovirus （MCMV） on mature sperm viability at different periods following MCMV inoculation in mice, 91 BALB/c mice without MCMV infection were randomly divided into two groups： an experimental group （n= 56） and a control group （n=35）. The mice in the experimental group were treated by inoculating MCMV intratesticularly, while those in the controlled group were directly inoculated with DMEM without MCMV. The mice in both groups were sacrificed separately on the day 1,1.5, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 14 post-inoculation （D1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 14 PI）. The MCMV M83 mRNA gene was detected in the testis by in situ hybridization （ISH） with MCMV late-mRNA probe labeled with digoxin. Sperm viability of mature sperm in the epididymis cauda was measured. The results demonstrated the positive signal of ISH of MCMV was found mainly in the cytoplasm of the testicular interstitial cells and spermatogenic cells in the experimental group. Compared with that in the controlled group, the sperm viability in the experimental group was decreased significantly on D1 PI and D1.5 PI （P〈 0.05）. No statistically significant difference in the sperm viability was found after D2 PI between two groups （P〉0.05）. This suggested that sperm viability in mice might be descended significantly shortly after MCMV infection and might return to normal with time, indicating that MCMV acute infection might temporarily degrade sperm quality and influence procreation transiently.     

大蒜新素抑制小鼠巨细胞病毒感染诱导调节性T细胞扩增的体外研究

目的 在细胞水平研究大蒜新素对小鼠巨细胞病毒(MCMV)感染鼠胚肺成纤维细胞(MEF)诱导调节性T细胞(Treg)异常扩增的抑制作用.方法 建立MEF和T淋巴细胞的共培养体系,采用MEF对大蒜新素的最大耐受浓度(MTC)处理MCMV感染的MEF 3 d后,再用实时定量PCR检测T细胞中叉头蛋白3(Foxp3)mRNA表达水平,流式细胞术检测效应性T细胞哑群杀伤性T细胞Ⅰ型(Tc1)、杀伤性T细胞Ⅱ型(Tc2)、辅助性T细胞Ⅰ型(Th1)和辅助性T细胞Ⅱ型(Th2)的百分比,双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测共培养体系中自细胞介素10(IL)-10和转化生长因子(TGF)-β的蛋白表达,标准蚀斑法检测共培养体系中的病毒负荷量,并与安慰剂组进行统计学分析比较.结果 MEF对大蒜新素的MTC浓度为9.83μg/ml.MTC浓度的大蒜新素可部分拮抗MCMV诱导的Foxp3基因表达上调(87±5比114±8,P<0.01);分别上调Tc1、Tc2和Th1百分比至(12.42±1.23)%、(4.28±0.56)%、(13.25±0.68)%,与安慰剂组[(6.85±0.92)%、(2.34±0.42)%、(9.32±0.86)%]比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01);使IL-10和TGF-β蛋白表达水平分别降至(29.98±3.15)pg/ml和(3.48±0.23)ng/ml,均显著低于安慰剂组水平[(38.21±4.02)pg/ml和(5.31±0.59)ng/ml,均P<0.05];同时将体系中的病毒负荷量由(6.79±0.39)降至(5.03±0.08)(均P<0.01).结论 大蒜新素在体外可通过抑制Treg途径来增强抗病毒免疫.     

BALB／c mice model of cytomegalovirus-induced myocarditis

INTRODUCTION Cytomegalovirus(CMV)isawidelydistributedher pesvirus,whichhadlatentinfectionafterprimary infection.Mosthumancytomegalovirus(HCMV)infec tionsaresubclinicalbutitcancausesubstantialmorbidity andmortalityfollowinginfectionorreactivation,espe ciallyforimmunosuppressedorimmunocompromisedin dividuals[1].Thecardiovasculardiseasemyocarditiswas associatedwithvariousviralpathogens.Althoughen terovirusinfectionswasrecognizedasaleadingcauseof myocarditis,therecentstudyshowedthatcy tome…     

巨细胞病毒脑内感染小鼠听觉诱发电位的变化

目的 探讨脑内感染小鼠巨细胞病毒（murine cytomegalovirus,MCMV）后脑干听觉诱发电位（auditory brainstem response,ABR）的变化,以明确经脑内感染MCMV后小鼠ABR是否出现异常改变,从而验证经脑内感染MCMV能否建立巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染致听力损伤的动物模型,并在此基础上观察更昔洛韦对CMV感染致听力损伤的干预效果.方法 将24只新生小鼠按窝随机分成正常对照组、模型组、干预组3组,对照组经脑内注射无菌生理盐水10 μl,模型组与干预组经脑内接种TCID50为1×105 U/ml的MCMV病毒悬液10 μl,同时干预组在接种MCMV后第2天开始腹腔注射更昔洛韦60 mg/（kg·d）,连用2周.2周后在小鼠麻醉状态下应用脑干听觉诱发电位仪在电屏蔽装置中检测小鼠的ABR,并记录ABR的波形以及Ⅰ波的潜伏期、波幅.结果 模型组与正常对照组相比潜伏期延长、波幅降低（F=9.151,P=0.011;F=5.095,P=0.043）,更昔洛韦干预组与模型组相比潜伏期缩短、波幅升高（F=13.797,P=0.003;F=14.587,P=0.002）,差异有统计学意义.结论 经脑内感染MCMV可以引起小鼠ABR的异常改变,脑内感染MCMV可建立CMV感染致听力损伤的动物模型,婴幼儿CMV感染后早期应用更昔洛韦对CMV感染致听力损伤的进行性发展有一定的抑制作用.     

Interleukin-4 induces mouse cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonia in a latent infection model

To better understand immune mechanisms involved in onset of cytomegalovirus pneumonia, we initially examined the replication of a low virulence strain of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in nude and BALB/c mice infected by intranasal inoculation. MCMV was detected by plaque assay in the salivary glands of nude mice from days 3 to 16, and in those of BALB/c mice from days 7 to 11. Nude mice became infected with MCMV earlier than BALB/c mice. Moreover, MCMV-DNA was detected in the salivary glands until day 16 after MCMV inoculation in nude and BALB/c mice. However, we did not find evidence of interstitial pneumonia at day 16 in either BALB/c or nude mice. These results suggest that this system represents a latent infection model in BALB/c mice and a persistent infection model in nude mice. We treated latently infected BALB/c mice with methylprednisolone or IL-4 every other day. The mice treated with IL-4 developed interstitial pneumonia, whereas those treated with m-PSL did not. In the present study, we constructed a model of MCMV latent infection that could be used to induce development of interstitial pneumonia. IL-4 appears to be a key cytokine for onset of interstitial pneumonia in mice with latent MCMV infection.     

Restoration of cell polarity and bile excretion function of hepatocytes in sandwich-culture

Objective： To investigate the nature of the restoration of cell polarity and bile excretion function in Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Methods ： Freshly isolated hepatocytes from male Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured in a double layer collagen gel Sandwich configuration. Morphological changes were observed under a inverted microscope. The domain specific membrane associated protein DPP IV was tested by immunofluorescence, and the bile excretion function was determined by using fluorescein diacetate. Hepatocytes cultured on a single layer of collagen gel were taken as control. Results.. Adult rat hepatocytes cultured in a double layer collagen gel sandwich configuration regained its morphological and functional polarity and maintained polygonal morphology for at least 4 weeks. Immunofluorescence studies using antibodies against DPP IV showed polarity restoration as early as 48 h. After cultured in the double layer collagen gel Sandwich configuration for 96 h the hepatocytes began to excrete bile; while hepatocytes cultured on a single layer collagen gel had no bile excretion. Conclusion.. Hepatocytes cultured in a double layer collagen gel Sandwich configuration are able to regain their morphological and functional polarity given certain conditions. Hepaotcyte culture is a useful tool for the study of polarity restoration.     

The Effects of Murine Cytomegalovirus on the Maturation, Fertilization, Cleavage and Blastula Formation of Mouse Oocytes In Vitro

To study the effects of mouse cytomegalovirus （MCMV） on the in vitro maturation, fertilization, cleavage and blastula formation of mouse oocytes, the immature oocytes were infected in vitro by MCMVs of different dosages （100 TCID50, 10 TCID50 and 1 TCID50）. The oocytes were then observed for in vitro maturation, fertilization, cleavage and blastula formation and the ultrastructural changes after the culture with the viruses. Our results showed that no significant differences were found in IVM, IVF, cleavage and blastula formation among the groups treated with of virus of various dosages. And ultrastructural abnormality was observed in the oocytes treated by 100 TCID50 of viruses. It is concluded that MCMV did not have any conspicuous effects on IVM, IVF, cleavage and blastula formation of murine immature oocytes.     

Study on the role of interleukin-4 in experimental murine systemic candidiasis

Candida albicans is the most common oppor-tunistic fungal pathogen,and systemic Candidiasis isgetting increasingly dangerous to patients with im-mune dysfunctions[1] . Interleukin- 4(IL- 4) ,mainlysecreted by activated CD 4T cells,can enhance thedifferentiation from Th0 cells to Th2 cell[2 ] ,inhibitthe differentiation from Th0 cells to Th1cells and theability of neurtrophils and macrophages to phagocy-tose or kill Candida albicans[3 ,4 ] . The detection ofthe level of IL- 4secreted by i…     

系统性尖端赛多孢子菌感染小鼠白细胞介素-4表达的研究

目的了解白细胞介素4(IL4)在系统性尖端赛多孢子菌感染中的作用。方法建立小鼠系统性尖端赛多孢子菌感染模型,包括致死量感染组、亚致死量感染组及免疫抑制组,用酶联免疫吸附试验及逆转录聚合酶链反应分别检测脾内IL4蛋白质及mRNA水平。结果致死量组小鼠脾内IL4表达明显上升(3天P<0.05,7天P<0.01),小鼠肾内大量菌生长,且7天高于3天(P<0.01);亚致死量感染组IL4表达降低(3天P>0.05,7天P<0.01),肾内菌量少,且7天低于3天(P<0.01);与正常对照组相比,免疫抑制组小鼠脾内IL4表达上升(3天P>0.05,7天P<0.01),小鼠肾内大量菌生长,且7天高于3天(P<0.01)。结论IL4在小鼠系统性尖端赛多孢子菌感染中可能起着促进疾病发展的作用。     

不同条件下小鼠白念珠菌性阴道炎易感性的研究

目的研究不同条件下小鼠阴道粘膜对白念珠菌的易感性。方法建立免疫系统正常小鼠(雌激素化)与免疫抑制小鼠模型,建立初发与复发白念珠菌性阴道炎模型,对比观察不同干预措施下小鼠的一般生长情况、阴道灌洗液涂片细胞学检查结果、阴道组织病理学改变并测定其阴道灌洗液真菌载量。结果免疫抑制组各时点平均CFU水平均高于雌激素化组,且峰值后移,自第4天起两组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。雌激素化组、免疫抑制组各时点平均CFU分别与正常对照组相比均显示极显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论处于免疫抑制状态的小鼠阴道粘膜对白念珠菌更具有易感性;再次感染与初次感染不存在易感性差异。     

Long-term impact of intrauterine MCMV infection on development of offspring nervous system

This study examined the impacts of intrauterine murine cytomegalovirus(MCMV) infection on the long-term learning and memory of offspring.Sexually matured male and female BALB/C mice without MCMV infection were identified by ELISA and then mated.Seventy pregnant mice were randomly divided into the virus group(n=40) and the control group(n=30),in which the pregnant mice were subjected to placenta inoculation of MCMV suspension(1 μL,1×106 PFU) or the same amount of cell culture medium,respectively,at gestational age of 12.5 days.Some pregnant mice [virus group(n=20),control group(n=15)] were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at gestational age of 18.5 days,and the head circumference and brain weight of the mouse fetuses were measured,and the MCMV infection in their brain tissues was detected by PCR.The other pregnant mice [virus group(n=20),control group(n=15)] delivered naturally,and the learning and memory capability of the offspring at 70-day-old was analyzed by Morris water maze test.The results showed that 28.57% mouse fetuses in the virus group developed viral infection in the brain.Their head circumference and brain weight were significantly reduced as compared with those in the control group(P<0.01).The Morris water maze test revealed that the mouse offspring in the control group found the platform with straight-line trajectories after training.In contrast,the counterparts in the virus group intended to enter the central area,but looked for the platform with a circular trajectory.And the infected mice exhibited prolonged swimming distance and swimming latency(P<0.01).It was concluded that:(1) placenta inoculation of MCMV can cause fetal brain infection and intrauterine development retardation;(2) the offspring of MCMV placenta inoculation mice showed a long-term decline in learning and memory capability.     

一种改良的小鼠原代肝细胞培养方法

为寻求一种简易、价廉的原代小鼠肝细胞培养方法 ,采用非灌注法、冰浴操作处理肝组织块及改良低血清培养基进行了原代鼠肝组织块和鼠肝细胞单层培养。通过光镜观察细胞形态、电镜观察超微结构及检测培养上清白蛋白水平证实培养细胞为肝细胞。持续培养结果显示原代培养第 6～ 12 d左右为肝细胞功能最佳观察和实验阶段。     

Treatment of hepatitis caused by cytomegalovirus with allitridin injection—An experimental study

Summary To demonstrate the anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) activity of allitridin injection (AI), an active anti-infection component of garlic, the invitro effects of AI on human CMV (HCMV) AD169 and 7 newly isolated strains from patients and itsin vivo effect on mice of murine CMV (MCMV) hepatitis were assessed. It was found that plaque reduction rate reached 63. 5 % after infected cells were treated with cell maximal tolerable concentration (7. 5 μg/ml) of AI. Meanwhile, flow cytometric analysis for effect of AI on expression of HCMV immediate-early antigen (IEA) showed that IEA inhibition rate of 7 isolated strains was in the range from 43. 3% to 66. 7%, with a mean of 58. 4 %, similar to that of AD169 strain (60. 5 %). On the other hand,in vivo anti-CMV activity of AI was evaluated in terms of liver pathological changes, liver function and viral replication. Six model mice with MCMV hepatitis received the treatment of AI for 2 weeks. The severity of liver damage, levels of sALT and MCMV IE genes expression in liver tissues in the treated mice were significantly lower than those of the corresponding untreated controls. Our results showed that AI had an obvious anti-CMV activity bothin vitro andin vivo. This project was supported by a grant from Hubei Public Health Bureau (No. 97252012).