12例继发于桥脑出血的肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI表现

目的 探讨桥脑出血继发肥大性下橄榄核变性(HOD)的MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析12例桥脑出血后继发HOD的MRI表现,12例均行MRI常规序列和扩散加权成像(DWI)、磁敏感加权成像(SWI)或梯度回波(T2*WI)序列扫描,2例行扩散张量成像(DTI)扫描.结果 MRI表现为同侧或双侧下橄榄核体积增大或无明显变化,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高或高信号,液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)呈等或稍高信号,DWI呈等或稍高信号,ADC图呈等或稍高信号,SWI或T2*WI呈等或稍高信号,其对原发出血病灶显示最好,DTI示病变侧纤维束稀少,3例并发双侧桥臂变性.结论 HOD多继发于桥脑背盖部出血,有特定的发病部位和较为特征的MRI表现,结合其原发病变可对HOD作出正确诊断.     

桥脑出血或梗死继发双侧小脑中脚Wallerian变性及肥大性下橄榄核变性的MR浅析(附5例报告)

目的探讨继发于桥脑出血或梗死并同时继发双侧小脑中脚Wallerian变性(WD)及肥大性下橄榄核变性(HOD)的发病机制、MRI特征及其与原发病灶关系,以期提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析5例继发于桥脑出血或梗死同时继发双侧小脑中脚WD及HOD的MRI表现,同时根据MRI表现和解剖结合文献对其进行分析。5例均行MRI常规序列和DWI、SWI或T2*WI序列扫描。结果 5例中3例桥脑基底部背侧出血,均继发双侧HOD及双侧小脑中脚WD。1例桥脑右背侧出血继发右侧HOD及双侧小脑中脚WD,1例桥脑左背侧梗死继发左侧HOD及双侧小脑中脚WD。HOD表现为单侧或双侧下橄榄核体积增大,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高或高信号,FLAIR呈等或稍高信号,DWI呈等或稍高信号,ADC图呈等或稍高信号,SWI或T2*WI呈等或稍高信号,其对原发出血病灶显示最好。双侧小脑中脚WD早期表现为对称性DWI图高信号,ADC图低信号,T2WI稍高信号,T1等信号;中后期表现为DWI图等或稍低信号,ADC图稍高信号,T1WI稍低信号,T2WI稍高信号。结论肥大性下橄榄核变性多继发于桥脑背盖部病变,并且有特定的发病部位和较为特征的MRI表现;双侧小脑中脚对称性异常信号不难发现,但当同时存在桥脑出血或梗死、HOD及双侧小脑中脚对称性异常信号时要考虑到是桥脑出血或梗死同时继发HOD及双侧小脑中脚的WD,而不要盲目的把它们误认定为是三个原发孤立病变。     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI特点分析

目的探讨肥大性下橄榄核变性(hypertrophic of olivary degeneration,HOD)的MRI特点,提高对本病的认识,减少误诊。方法回顾性分析42例HOD的MRI影像特点。结果 42例HOD患者表现为单侧或双侧下橄榄体积增大、正常或萎缩,T2WI及FLAIR序列呈稍高信号,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,DWI及ADC呈等或稍高信号,同时合并有中脑、脑桥被盖部及小脑齿状核的原发病变。结论肥大性下橄榄核变性具有特定的原发病变部位,结合其较为特征性的MRI表现可做出较为准确的诊断。     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI表现

目的:探讨肥大性下橄榄核变性(HOD)的MRI表现特征.方法:回顾性分析14例HOD患者的临床及影像学资料.14例均行常规磁共振平扫(T1WI、T2WI、T2FLAIR),8例行DWI检查,2例行扩散张量纤维束成像(DTT)检查.结果:14例HOD中6例为单侧(左侧5例,右侧1侧)发病,8例为双侧发病.12例原发病变为桥脑出血,1例为单侧小脑梗死,1例为双侧小脑萎缩.MRI表现为下橄榄核T2WI呈高或稍高信号,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,DWI呈等信号.7例下橄榄核存在不同程度的肿胀、肥大.1例DTT示患侧神经纤维束减少.结论:HOD多继发于齿状核-红核-下橄榄核环路病变,有特定的发病部位和较为特征性的MRI表现,结合其原发病变可对HOD作出正确诊断.     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的 MRI诊断

目的：探讨肥大性下橄榄核变性（ hypertrophic olivary degeneration , HOD）的MRI信号及大小改变特征,以提高对该病的认识和诊断。方法收集继发于脑桥、小脑病变的HOD病例27例,原发病变位于脑桥25例,其中海绵状血管瘤1例,挫裂伤8例,高血压性出血14例,梗死2例;原发病变位于小脑2例,其中小脑挫裂伤1例,小脑出血1例。所有病例均行T1 WI、T2 WI、FLAIR、DWI,8例行SWI检查,分析HOD的信号特点,测量下橄榄核径线。结果 MRI表现为下橄榄核体积增大,T2 WI均呈高信号,14例DWI序列呈等信号,13例DWI序列呈稍高信号,所有病例FLAIR呈稍高信号,10例T1 WI呈等信号,17例T1WI呈稍低信号。病变下橄榄核平均横径为（6．94±0．67）mm,平均前后径为（6．69±0．83）mm,平均纵径为（16．95±1．20）mm,下橄榄核前缘与延髓前缘平均间距为（1．37±0．56）mm。结论 MRI能清晰显示下橄榄核肥大变性,正确认识该病,可避免漏诊及误诊。     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI表现

目的 总结肥大性下橄榄核变性(hypertrophic olivary degeneration，HOD)的MRI特征.方法 搜集继发于脑干和小脑病变的HOD病例15例，原发病变位于脑干9例，其中血管畸形出血4例，高血压脑干出血2例，梗死2例，脑干挫伤1例；原发病变位于小脑6例，其中小脑半球出血4例，小脑第4脑室肿瘤术后1例，小脑转移瘤1例。15例均做了MR平扫，2例做了增强扫描。结果 HOD表现为延髓腹外侧局部体积稍增大(共6例)，T1WI表现为等或稍低信号(15例)，在T2WI为高信号(15例)。原发性病变导致中脑红核或桥脑被盖束受损者，发生同侧HOD(8例)；原发病变导致小脑齿状核受损者并引起对侧HOD(4例)，双侧中央被盖束受损(1例)或双侧小脑齿状核受累及者(2例)，发生双侧HOD。结论 MRI能非常清晰地显示下橄榄核的继发性变性病变，可以提高对该变性的认识，避免误诊的发生.     

双侧肥大性下橄榄核变性MRI表现及其发生机制(附3例报告并文献复习)

目的 探讨双侧肥大性下橄榄核变性(HOD)的MRI表现及其发生机制.方法 搜集3例双侧HOD患者的MRI与临床资料结合文献进行回顾性分析.结果 3例HOD患者中2例表现为下橄榄核T2WI呈高信号,体积未见异常(发病时间＜6个月).1例下橄榄核体积增大且T2WI呈高信号(发病时间为12个月);临床均出现腭肌阵挛、共济失调等症状;原发病变部分为双侧小脑齿状核、中脑中线处及脑桥被盖部.结论 双侧下橄榄核肥大有特定的原发病变部位,MRI表现因发病时间不同而异.     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI诊断

目的 分析继发于中脑及桥脑被盖束病变的肥大性下橄榄核变性（HOD）的MRI表现。以提高对该病7变的认识，资料与方法 回顾分析7例继发于脑干病变的HOD者的MRI表现，其中原发病变为血管畸形4例，高血压病脑干出血2例。颅脑外伤1例。结果 脑干病变后最早1个月出现下橄榄核信号异常，8个月显示最清晰，MRI表现为T2WI高信号，T1WI呈等或稍低信号，均位于原发病变的同侧下橄榄核。结论 桥脑及中脑被盖束病变可以引起同侧下橄榄核发生肥大性变性。MRI可以清晰显示HOD病变，可提高对该病变的认识。避免误诊。     

肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI诊断

目的 分析肥大性下橄榄核变性（hypertrophic olivary degeneration,HOD）的MRI特征,提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析6例HOD的MRI表现以及导致该病产生的病因,这些病例多继发于脑干或小脑病变.结果 影像学表现为延髓腹外侧局部肿胀,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI及T2-Flair均表现为高信号.结论 MRI能够显示出下橄榄核的这一特异性的退变,是诊断HOD的最佳方法.     

继发于小脑病变的肥大性下橄榄核变性的MRI表现

目的　总结继发于小脑病变的肥大性下橄榄核变性 (hypertrophicolivarydegeneration ,HOD)的MR表现 ,提高对该病变的认识。方法　回顾总结 6例继发于小脑病变的肥大性下橄榄核变性的MR表现。结果　 6例病人中 ,原发病变为小脑半球出血 4例 ,小脑肿瘤手术后 1例 ,转移瘤 1例。年龄 40～ 71岁 ,平均 5 3岁 ,男 5例 ,女 1例。原发性病变位于右侧小脑半球 4例 ,累及双侧小脑半球 2例。自原发病变出现到进行MR检查时间为 4周～ 45个月。HOD在MR图像表现为T2 WI高信号 ,T1WI呈等或稍低信号。结论　MR可以清晰显示HOD ,提高对该病变的认识可以避免误诊。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.