北京市西城区2011-2012年中小学生视力不良状况

分析北京市西城区2011-2012年中小学生视力不良状况,为有效防治学生近视提供理论依据.方法 采用标准对数视力表,对北京市西城区65 444名在校中小学生进行裸眼远视力检测.结果 2011-2012年西城区中小学生视力不良检出率为77.40%,其中男生为72.94%(24 696/33 857),女生为82.18%(25 958/31 587),差异有统计学意义(x2=118.07,P初中(3.54%)>高中(0.99%).重度视力不良构成比逐年增加,年增长速率小学一~三年级最高,为13.36%.结论 2011-2012年北京市西城区中小学生视力不良发生呈现低龄化趋势,重度视力不良构成比逐年增加.学生视力不良防控工作亟待进一步加强,并将工作重点前移到幼儿园和小学阶段.     

上海市奉贤区南桥镇中小学生视力不良现状分析

目的分析南桥镇中小学生视力不良现状,为学生近视防治工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取南桥镇2所小学和1所初中的学生,对他们进行视力检查。结果南桥镇中小学生视力不良的检出率为64.79%,男生和女生视力不良率分别为64.52%和65.09%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.809, P0.05);各年级学生视力不良率均随着年级的增加而上升,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=258.694,P0.01)。视力不良学生的戴镜率为52.40%,戴镜视力≥4.9的占44.57%。结论南桥镇中小学生视力不良情况较为严重,且呈现低龄化趋势;视力不良戴镜率较低。需要全社会、学校、家庭等各方面共同努力,采取有效的防治措施,控制中小学生近视的发生发展。     

北京市西城区部分小学一年级新生视力不良病因分析

分析北京市西城区2012-2013学年辖区内部分小学一年级新生视力不良病因,为学生视力不良防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2012年10月选取北京市西城区部分学校学生体检中小学一年级视力不良的学生共3 681名,于2012年11月进行眼科检查,内容包括复查远视力、小瞳自动验光仪验光、主觉插片法验光、遮盖法检查眼位、面对面询问学生眼病史等,并对1年、2年后视力进行随访.结果 13所小学一年级学生共3 681名,复查视力不良的有778名(21.13%),女生视力不良率(22.59%)高于男生(19.86%),差异有统计学意义(x2=4.11,P<0.05).小瞳验光结果显示,导致视力不良的各种屈光类型所占比例依次为单纯近视散光(32.33%)>单纯近视(23.23%)>复性近视散光(12.75%)>复性远视散光(10.64%)>单纯远视散光(7.39%)>混合散光(6.74%)>单纯远视(5.77%)>正视(0.97%).随访结果显示,64.74%学生2年中视力没有恢复,14.11%在二、三年级均恢复正常,9.34%在二年级恢复正常,但随后三年级又视力不良,11.78%在三年级恢复正常.结论 北京市西城区小学一年级学生视力不良主要原因为近视和散光,经2年视力随访,视力恢复正常的比例较低.学生近视防控和弱视筛查均应提前到幼儿园阶段,同时在小学一年级进一步加大干预力度.     

大理州1991-2014年中小学生视力状况分析

目的了解大理州学生视力不良状况和变化趋势,为制定近视防治策略提供参考。方法按历年《全国学生体质健康状况调查研究工作手册》,于1991、2000、2005、2010和2014年分别对大理州中小学生进行裸眼视力检测。结果 1991、2000、2005、2010和2014年这5年,大理州中小学生的视力不良率连续上升,2014年达52.4%。除2010年的女生和高中生视力不良率略低于2005年外,其余均连续上升;其程度以重度视力不良为主;视力不良以近视为主;视力不良重度占比由2010年的69.1%下降到2014年的63.2%;近视占比由96.9%上升到97.8%;视力不良检出率、视力不良程度和视力状况分布,除2010年外,均为汉族>白族、女生>男生、高中>初中>小学、城市>乡村。结论大理州中小学生视力不良率呈上升趋势,且以重度视力不良为主,应认真加强近视防治工作。     

广西上林县2014年中小学生视力不良分析

目的了解上林县中小学生视力不良的现况,为科学防治视力不良提供依据。方法对上林县2014年中小学生的视力检测结果进行统计分析,按性别、年级分层比较视力不良率的差异。结果上林县中小学生平均视力不良率为58.04%。小学低年级男、女生视力不良率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);小学高年级女生视力不良率为73.33%,高于男生的62.13%(P0.01)。初中女生视力不良率为78.13%,高于男生的57.46%(P0.01)。结论上林县中小学生视力不良率随着年级的升高而上升,女生视力不良率高于同级别的男生。     

铜陵市中小学生视力减退进展情况分析

目的 了解铜陵市中小学生视力不良发生发展的趋势及规律,为开展学生视力保护工作提供参考.方法 以2004-2008年铜陵市中小学生为研究对象,按<全国学生体质健康状况调查研究实施方案>要求,每年对全市中小学在校学生视力状况进行横断面调查,并追踪观测学生个体视力的减退进展状况.结果 2004-2008年铜陵市中小学生总体视力不良率为55.93%～73.03%,男、女生视力不良率分别为57.78%和66.32%,城男、乡男、城女、乡女视力不良率分别为61.15%,50.90%,69.11%,60.59%.学生视力不良率在小学二、三年级下降之后逐年级升高,高中阶段视力不良率高达80%以上,小学五、六年级和初二至高一年级视力不良率有较大升幅.追踪观测显示.小学二至四年级和六年级视力减退率有较大升幅.结论 小学二至四年级和六年级是预防和遏制视力减退进展的重点阶段;在小学低年级阶段培养学生保持正确的学习姿势和用眼习惯是预防近视的重要措施.     

重庆市中小学生2002-2005年视力不良情况分析

目的 了解重庆市学生视力不良患病状况,为开展近视防治工作提供依据.方法 对2002-2005年重庆市学生体检资料中的中小学生视力情况进行分析.结果 2002年学生视力不良率为49.6%,2005年为66.6%;7～9岁学生2002年视力不良率为25.8%,2005年为44.5%;城市学生为64.4%,农村学生为41.7%,城市学生明显高于农村学生.学生视力不良率女生高于男生.学生视力不良有向低龄化发展的趋势,且呈逐年上升趋势.结论 保护学生视力需要全社会采取有效的综合防治措施.     

北京市中高考学生2009—2018年视力不良现况与趋势

目的了解2009—2018年北京市中考及高考生视力不良情况与发展趋势,为科学预防学生视力不良提供依据。方法对北京市2009—2018年中、高考学生体检视力检测结果进行统计分析,北京市中、高考生体检时间为每年3月份,分析中、高考生视力不良检出率趋势以及不同区县间视力不良率的差异。结果北京市2009—2018年中考生、高考生视力不良率处于上升趋势,平均视力不良率分别为86.07%,76.36%。2018年中、高考生重度近视不良检出率较2017年增长16.39%,18.64%。重度近视不良率明显上升,而轻、中度近视不良趋于稳定。中考生视力不良率以西城区(84.75%)、朝阳区(84.03%)最高,高考生视力不良率以丰台区(91.17%)、东城区(89.82%)最高。结论北京市中、高考学生视力不良检出率稳定上升,其中重度近视不良上升最为明显。视力保护健康教育对学生具有重要意义,应加强中、高考学生视力保护的广泛干预。     

沈阳市1984-2009年小学新生和中小学毕业生视力不良情况分析

目的了解沈阳市小学一年级和中小学毕业生视力不良情况及动态变化趋势,为开展视力不良的干预工作提供参考依据。方法利用沈阳市1984-2009年中小学生体检资料,对小学一年级、六年级和初三、高三学生视力不良情况进行比较。结果 1984-2009年沈阳市小学一年级、六年级和初三、高三学生的视力不良增长率分别为3.50%,31.04%,36.83%和34.12%。随着年级的升高,学生视力不良率不断上升;城市学生视力不良率显著高于农村学生,女生高于男生。结论学生视力不良的防控工作刻不容缓,应采取有效的防治策略和措施,加强各部门协作,改善学生的视力状况。     

2011年滕州市中小学生视力状况分析

目的为了解2011年滕州市中小学生视力不良的变化规律,制定更有效的学生防近策略和措施提供依据。方法按分层随机整群抽样方法,抽取2011年滕州市44所学校的49 411名学生的视力监测结果进行统计分析。结果 2011年滕州市中小学生视力不良检出率为68.44%;学生视力不良率由小学低年级的24.49%逐年上升到高中年级的88.68%（P〈0.01）;城区72.69%,高于乡镇62.45%（P〈0.01）;女生71.25%,高于男生66.24%（P〈0.01）。小学低年级学生多以轻度视力不良为主,随着年级的增长,学生视力不良程度逐步转变为以中、重度为主。结论滕州市中小学生视力不良状况严重,应加强中小学生视力保护。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.