破裂颅内动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的分析总结破裂的颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的效果及特点。方法24例患者术前头部CT或MRI检查均为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血，DSA检查确诊为颅内动脉瘤，共28个，其中1例患者有3个动脉瘤，2例患者各有2个动脉瘤。动脉瘤直径2～5mm10个，6-15mm16个，16～25mm2个。Hunt～Hess分级Ⅰ级5例，Ⅱ级8例，Ⅲ级8例，Ⅳ级2例，Ⅴ级1例。24例动脉瘤均采用血管内栓塞治疗，其中1例患者的3个动脉瘤栓塞了2个，另1个行手术夹闭。结果临床治愈21例，偏瘫1例，死亡2例。术后随访3-24个月，存活22例均恢复良好，无再出血发生。结论血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤效果满意，并发症少，残死率低。     

Clinical Features of Acute Subdural Hematomas Caused by Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective

Spontaneous acute subdural hematomas (aSDH) secondary to ruptured intracranial aneurysms are rarely reported. This report reviews the clinical features, diagnostic modalities, treatments, and outcomes of this unusual and often fatal condition.

Methods

We performed a database search for all cases of intracranial aneurysms treated at our hospital between 2005 and 2010. Patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms who presented with aSDH on initial computed tomography (CT) were selected for inclusion. The clinical conditions, radiologic findings, treatments, and outcomes were assessed.

Results

A total of 551 patients were treated for ruptured intracranial aneurysms during the review period. We selected 23 patients (4.2%) who presented with spontaneous aSDH on initial CT. Ruptured aneurysms were detected on initial 3D-CT angiography in all cases. All ruptured aneurysms were located in the anterior portion of the circle of Willis. The World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade on admission was V in 17 cases (73.9%). Immediate decompressive craniotomy was performed 22 cases (95.7%). Obliteration of the ruptured aneurysm was achieved in all cases. The Glasgow outcome scales for the cases were good recovery in 5 cases (21.7%), moderate disability to vegetative in 7 cases (30.4%), and death in 11 cases (47.8%).

Conclusion

Spontaneous aSDH caused by a ruptured intracranial aneurysm is rare pattern of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. For early detection of aneurysm, 3D-CT angiography is useful. Early decompression with obliteration of the aneurysm is recommended. Outcomes were correlated with the clinical grade and CT findings on admission.     

显微外科手术治疗颅内动脉瘤25例

目的：总结25例颅内动脉瘤的显微外科手术治疗经验，探讨显微手术技巧及动脉瘤破裂的处理。方法：在气管插管全麻及控制性低血压下，依据动脉瘤的部位选择手术入路，在显微镜直视下操作，解剖动脉瘤颈，稳妥夹闭瘤蒂，结果：本组25例中术后恢复工作19例（76％），轻残3例，重残2例，死亡1例，并发脑积水2例，水灶性脑梗塞2例。结论：显微神经外科技术使颅内动脉瘤手术成功率明显提高，采用控制性低血压和暂时阻断载瘤动脉是降低术中动脉瘤破裂出血和术后病人致残及死亡的重要措施。脑积水是最常见并发症，需行V－P分流。     

True Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms with High Risk of Rupture despite Very Small Diameter

ObjectiveThis retrospective study investigated the clinical and angiographic characteristics of ruptured true posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms in comparison with junctional PCoA aneurysms presenting with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. MethodsThe medical records and radiological data of 93 consecutive patients who underwent three-dimensional rotational angiography and surgical or endovascular treatment for a ruptured junctional or true PCoA aneurysm over an 8-year period were examined. ResultsThe maximum diameter of the ruptured true PCoA aneurysm (n=13, 14.0%) was significantly smaller than that of the ruptured junctional PCoA aneurysms (n=80, 4.45±1.44 vs. 7.68±3.36 mm, p=0.001). In particular, the incidence of very small aneurysms <4 mm was 46.2% (six of 13 patients) in the ruptured true PCoA aneurysm group, yet only 2.5% (two of 80 patients) in the ruptured junctional PCoA aneurysm group. Meanwhile, the diameter of the PCoA was significantly larger in the true PCoA aneurysm group than that in the junctional PCoA aneurysm group (1.90±0.57 vs. 1.15±0.49 mm, p<0.001). In addition, the ipsilateral PCoA/P1 ratio was significantly larger in the true PCoA aneurysm group than that in the group of a junctional PCoA aneurysm (mean PCoA/P1 ratio±standard deviation, 2.67±1.22 vs. 1.14±0.88; p<0.001). No between-group difference was identified for the modified Fisher grade, clinical grade at admission, and 3-month modified Rankin Scale score. ConclusionA true PCoA aneurysm was found to be associated with a larger PCoA and ruptured at a smaller diameter than a junctional PCoA aneurysm. In particular, the incidence of a ruptured aneurysm with a very small diameter <4 mm was significantly higher among the patients with a true PCoA aneurysm.     

Familial Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective

Numerous studies have compared the characteristics of familial intracranial aneurysms with those of non-familial aneurysms. To better understand familial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), we studied a series of patients with SAH who had at least one first-degree relative with SAH, and compared our results with those of previous studies.

Methods

We identified patients treated for SAH at our hospital between January 1993 and October 2006 and analyzed those patients with one or more first-degree relatives with SAH. We retrospectively collected data from patients with a family history and searched for patients who had relatives with aneurysms or who had been treated at other hospitals for SAH.

Results

We identified 12 patients from six families with at least two first-degree relatives with SAH. All patients had affected first-degree relatives; in five families, they were siblings. The mean age at the time of rupture was 49.75 years; in four families, the age difference was within 5 years. In five patients (42%), the aneurysm was located in the middle cerebral artery. Only one patient had an aneurysm in the anterior communicating artery.

Conclusion

In agreement with previous studies, our results showed that familial aneurysms, in comparison with non-familiar aneurysms, ruptured at a younger age and smaller size, had a high incidence in the middle cerebral artery, and were underrepresented in the anterior communicating artery. Interestingly, the age at the time of rupture was similar between relatives. Screening should be considered in the fifth or sixth decade for those who have a sibling with SAH.     

Recurrent Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after Complete Obliteration of Intracranial Aneurysm

The authors report a case of recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) after complete occlusion of an intracranial aneurysm. It is known that regrowth of an aneurysm after the complete clipping is a rare event. For detection of recurrence, however, it may be necessary to follow up with the patient regularly after the initial operation for intracranial aneurysms, because re-rupture of an aneurysm can cause a fatal result, and the cumulative risk of a recurrent SAH is thought to be not low over time.     

血流导向装置治疗颅内大型或巨大型动脉瘤的研究进展

随着神经介入技术、材料学、计算机模拟技术的发展,以及血流导向装置的产生,新技术新材料使得颅内大型或巨大型动脉瘤的治疗方向发生了转变,由既往针对动脉瘤的治疗转变成重建载瘤动脉血流。目前国内外临床上已应用多种血流导向装置,其安全性和有效性已得到证实。本文主要对颅内大型或巨大型动脉瘤的临床特点,血流导向装置治疗未破裂颅内大型或巨大型动脉瘤的作用机理、临床应用现状及其并发症进行了综述。     

颅内动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤手术治疗的时机和术中注意事项。方法 回顾分析应用显微神经外科技术对64例71枚动脉瘤进行的直视手术及其疗效。结果 8枚动脉瘤夹闭后切除,1枚梭型动脉瘤作包裹术,其余均作夹闭术。术中动脉瘤破裂13例。Hunt Ⅱ级以内动脉瘤的良好率为94.7％(36/38),无死亡,Ⅲ级以内动脉瘤的良好率为88.1％(52/59),死亡率为3.4％(2/59)。结论 显微神经外科手术是颅内动脉瘤有效、安全的治疗方法,但应选择适当的时机进行。     

颅内微型动脉瘤诊断和治疗的临床研究

目的探讨颅内微型动脉瘤的临床特征和治疗方法。方法经DSA确诊的颅内微型动脉瘤（直径〈3mm）21例（22枚）中，1例放弃外科治疗；9例行开颅手术．其中动脉瘤夹闭5例，包裹3例（1例电凝动脉瘤后动脉瘤消失），孤立载瘤动脉（颈内动脉）1例；11例行血管内治疗，其中1例小脑上动脉瘤采用NBCA胶栓塞，10例（11枚动脉瘤）采用微弹簧圈栓塞，其中采用瘤颈成型技术6例（支架辅助2例，双导管技术3例，导丝辅助技术1例）。结果行开颅手术的9例中，死亡1例，治愈4例，好转2例，残废2例；术中动脉瘤破裂2例。行血管内治疗手术的11例中，死亡1例，治愈7例，好转1例，残废2例。血管内栓塞术中动脉瘤破裂2例。结论3D—DSA是诊断颅内微型动脉瘤最有价值的方法，手术和栓塞治疗的风险均较高，但采用适当的技术仍可以取得好的效果。     

显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的探讨经翼点入路显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的方法。方法在气管插管全麻及控制性低血压下手术,采用Yasargil翼点入路,应用显微外科技术对52例颅内动脉瘤患者行动脉瘤颈夹闭或包裹术(其中8例应用内镜辅助)。结果本组48例行瘤颈夹闭术,4例行包裹术,术中动脉瘤破裂10例。术后45例治愈出院,4例有不同程度的偏瘫,3例死亡。结论熟练的显微外科技术是颅内动脉瘤手术成功的重要保障;预见性采用控制性低血压及暂时阻断载瘤动脉是术中动脉瘤破裂出血的重要应急措施;应用内镜辅助可更确切的夹闭动脉瘤颈,降低术后并发症的发生率。     

颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的临床分析

目的总结颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗技巧及结果。方法采用血管内栓塞治疗76例80个颅内动脉瘤。对23个宽颈动脉瘤采用瘤颈成形辅助技术栓塞治疗,其中球囊辅助成形术治疗动脉瘤4个,微导丝辅助瘤颈成形技术治疗5个,支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗14个。6个巨大动脉瘤5个用可脱性球囊闭塞载瘤动脉,1个用电解可脱性弹簧圈闭塞载瘤动脉。结果栓塞程度:致密栓塞48个(64.9%。48/74),90%以上栓塞11个(14.9%,11/74),疏松(90%以下)栓塞15个(20.3%,15/74)。术中动脉瘤破裂出血4例(5.3%,4/76),2例死亡。结论电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤具有微创、安全、效果可靠等优点。采用微导丝辅助瘤颈成形技术、瘤颈重塑形技术、血管内支架等方法,可以明显提高宽颈动脉瘤的致密栓塞率和减少脑梗死并发症发生。     

儿童颅内动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨儿童颅内动脉瘤的临床特点和治疗策略。方法回顾性分析了7例儿童颅内动脉瘤的临床资料。7例儿童动脉瘤中,4例位于后循环,3例位于前循环;1例伴有AVM。仅1例是女童。开颅手术治疗1例,血管内治疗4例,2例未治。结果治疗的5例中,3例经血管内栓塞治愈。1例经开颅手术治愈,1例基底动脉主干梭形动脉瘤经血管内栓塞部分瘤体,症状好转。无死亡。结论儿童颅内动脉瘤罕见,其临床状态常较好,经过积极治疗后大多数可以获得良好的预后。     

颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术163例分析

目的 总结颅内动脉瘤显微外科手术的治疗经验。方法 统计近年２年来显微外科手术夹闭的１６３例颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料、手术方式及术后转归。结果 成功夹闭１６２例,５例为栓塞失败后改为手术夹闭。术中过早破裂３１例,其中１例在切开脑膜前破裂,未予夹闭。１１２例恢复正常工作（６９．９％）,轻残１９例,重度残废２１例,死亡８例（４．９％）,术后脑积水３２例。结论 颅内动脉瘤一旦诊断明确,即应积极处理,Ｈｕｎ     

颅内破裂动脉瘤患者术前再出血危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤术前再出血的相关危险因素,为预防早期再出血提供依据。 方法 采用回顾性病例对照的方法,对450例确诊的颅内破裂动脉瘤患者进行调查。依据术前是否 发生再出血将患者分为无出血组和再出血组,采用单因素分析、Logistic回归法来筛选影响术前再出血 的危险因素。 结果 颅内破裂动脉瘤术前再出血发生率高达23.56%（106/450）;Logistic回归分析显示,高血 压（OR 4.221,95%CI 2.969～5.472,P <0.001）、合并脑血管痉挛（OR 2.015,95%CI 1.274～2.756, P =0.005）、癫痫（OR 3.093,95%CI 1.980～4.206,P <0.001）、DSA检查（OR 1.684,95%CI 1.103～2.265, P =0.002）、动脉瘤形状不规则（OR 2.465,95%CI 1.887～3.042,P <0.001）、肿瘤直径≥10 mm （OR 3.046,95%CI 2.060～4.031,P <0.001）、剧烈咳嗽（OR 3.594,95%CI 2.447～4.741,P <0.001）、 情绪异常波动（OR 2.756,95%CI 1.928～3.585,P =0.002）、过早搬动或下床活动（OR 4.226, 95%CI 2.769～5.683,P <0.001）、用力排便（OR 2.451,95%CI 1.810～3.092,P <0.001）、Hunt-Hess分级高 （OR 1.073,95%CI 1.031～1.114,P <0.001）等因素为术前再出血的独立危险因素。 结论 颅内破裂动脉瘤患者入院后术前仍然有较高的再出血发生率,其独立危险因素较多,应针对 这些危险因素采取干预措施,降低术前再出血发生率。     

蛛网膜下腔出血时玻璃膜下出血的发生机理及临床意义的探讨

我们五年间收治的609例SAH中有62例并发SHH,占10.2％,其中双眼SHH35例、单眼SHH27例。与无SHH的SAH患者相比,SHH组临床症状及体征重、颅内压更高,死亡率亦增加。说明SHH是重症SAH的体征之一。本组资料支持SHH是蛛网膜下腔的动脉血直接沿视神经鞘向眼底方向的扩延,条件是颅内压要在短时间内达到一定程度。单侧的SHH对SAH的病因具有定位和定性意义。     

以问题为基础教学法在颅内动脉瘤外科治疗临床教学中的应用

目的 探究以问题为基础教学法（probl em-based learning,PBL）在颅内动脉瘤外科治疗中的应用价值。 方法 将2018年8月-2019年8月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院神经外科进行住院医师规范化培 训的医师随机分为两组,分别采用PBL教学法和以授课为基础教学法（lecture-based learning,LBL）进 行1个月的基础知识、临床实践和手术策略教学。教学完成后统一组织考核,比较两组学员以上3门 课程的平均成绩。 结果 共纳入32名规培生,PBL组和LBL组各16人。PBL组与LBL组的基础知识考核成绩无显著差异 （77.3±1.2分 vs. 76.9±1.0分,P =0.310）;PBL组临床实践（84.7±3.1分 vs. 81.8±2.9分,P =0.011）和 手术策略（73.0±2.6分 vs. 70.5±2.9分,P =0.015）的考核成绩较LBL组增高。 结论 对于颅内动脉瘤外科治疗的临床教学,PBL教学法更有利于提高规培生的临床实践能力和培 养手术策略选择的辩证思维能力。     

Intracranial Microbial Aneurysm (Infectious Aneurysm): Current Options for Diagnosis and Management

The histopathological characteristic of intracranial microbial aneurysm (MA)—infectious aneurysm is the presence of infection and destruction of the walls of the vessels. It can occur in the setting of predisposing infections that spread by endovascular mechanism (e.g., infective endocarditis) or extravascular mechanism (e.g., meningitis). MA is probably a better term than mycotic, infectious, or infective aneurysm as a wide variety of bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, and virus can cause MA. Typically MAs are multiple, distal, and fusiform aneurysms, but the angiographic and clinical presentations can vary widely. The most common presentation of MA is intracranial bleed. CT angiography, MR angiography, or Digital subtraction angiography can be deployed to detect MA. By combining the clinical findings, imaging, and angiographic findings, it is possible to arrive at a correct diagnosis in most instances. MAs carry higher risk of rupture and fatal bleed when compared to other aneurysms. The treatment options include antimicrobial therapy, surgery, and endovascular therapy. The management strategy is based on large case series rather than controlled trials. All MA should receive appropriate antibiotic therapy. Ruptured MA with mass effect would require surgery in most situations, while those without mass effect and in non-eloquent locations could also be managed by endovascular therapy. Unruptured MA could be managed according to the size, location, and risk of bleeding—by antibiotic therapy, surgery, or endovascular therapy. Monitoring the resolution of the MA under antibiotic therapy by serial CT angiography is another option, but it carries higher risk of bleeding. Treatment of the underlying predisposing infection is an important component of therapy.     

颅内动脉瘤术后脑血管痉挛发生的相关因素分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤术后脑血管痉挛发生的相关因素。方法对30例颅内动脉瘤患者采用经颅多普勒检查诊断脑血管痉挛。结合蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)Fisher分级、手术时机、术前SAH次数、动脉瘤术中有无破裂等资料进行相关分析。结果蛛网膜下腔积血Fisher分级>Ⅱ级者术后脑血管痉挛发生率(86.7%)明显高于Ⅱ级及以下者(26.7%),P<0.01。Fisher分级与脑血管痉挛的发生明显相关(r=0.3164,P=0.0135);SAH后3周内手术脑血管痉挛发生率(75%)明显高于3周以后手术(20%),P<0.001。术前发生SAH2次以上患者的脑血管痉挛发生率(76.9%)明显高于1次(41.2%),P<0.001。动脉瘤术中有无破裂对脑血管痉挛发生无明显影响。结论(1)动脉瘤术后脑血管痉挛可能是SAH后脑血管痉挛病理过程的延续。(2)SAH后3周内手术是颅内动脉瘤术后脑血管痉挛发生的独立危险因素。(3)早期手术不能降低术后脑血管痉挛的发生率。     

颅内动脉瘤三维CT血管成像的临床研究

目的 评价和对比3D-CTA、MRA和DSA对颅内动脉瘤诊断的临床价值。方法 对96例可疑动脉瘤患者行3D-CTA,MRA和DSA检查。结果 共发现129个动脉瘤。3D-CTA发现的最小动脉瘤大小为1.6mm×1.7mm×2.0mm。3D-CTA对动脉瘤诊断的灵敏性和特异性均为100％,而MRA则分别为95.3％和97.6％,DSA为100％和97.7％;对载瘤动脉和分枝动脉的形态描述明显优于MRA和DSA(分别为P<0.05和P<0.01);在阐明动脉瘤颈的形态上明显优于MRA和DSA(P<0.01);对动脉瘤血栓化和钙化的检出率明显高于MRA和DSA(P<0.001)。3D—CTA在108例(83.7％)动脉瘤临床治疗方案的选择上提供了重要依据。结论 3D—CTA在动脉瘤检出及其特征描述上优于MRA和DSA。3D—CTA对颅内动脉瘤的临床治疗有重要的指导作用。     

In-Stent Stenosis of Stent Assisted Endovascular Treatment on Intracranial Complex Aneurysms

Objective

To introduce the frequency and segment analysis of in-stent stenosis for intracranial stent assisted endovascular treatment on complex aneurysms.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed in 158 patients who had intracranial complex aneurysms and were treated by endovascular stent application with or without coil embolization. Of these, 102 patients were evaluated with catheter based angiography after 6, 12, and 18 months. Aneurysm location, using stent, time to stenosis, stenosis rate and narrowing segment were analyzed.

Results

Among follow-up cerebral angiography done in 102 patients, 8 patients (7.8%) were shown an in-stent stenosis. Two patients have unruptured aneurysm and six patients have ruptured one. Number of Neuroform stents were 7 cases (7.5%) and Enterprise stent in 1 case (11.1%). Six patients demonstrated in-stent stenosis at 6 months after stent application and remaining two patients were shown at 12 months, 18 months, respectively.

Conclusion

In-stent stenosis can be confronted after intracranial stent deployment. In our study, no patient showed symptomatic stenosis and there were no patients who required to further treatment except continuing antiplatets medication. In-stent stenosis has been known to be very few when they are placed into the non-pathologic parent artery during the complex aneurysm treatment, but the authors found that it was apt to happen on follow up angiography. Although the related symptom was not seen in our cases, the luminal narrowing at the stented area may result the untoward hemodynamic event in the specific condition.