颈椎前路内固定术后中远期食管并发症

 目的 探讨颈椎前路内固定术后中远期食管并发症的发生率及其诊疗策略。方法 对2001年1月至2011年12月2316例行颈椎前路内固定手术患者发生的中远期食管并发症情况进行回顾性分析。食管中远期并发症包括术后2周以上发生的食管穿孔、食管气管瘘、食管皮下瘘、食管憩室、食管胸膜瘘及食管狭窄等。结果 共4例患者发生中远期食管并发症,发生率为0.17%(４/２３1６),其中食管穿孔发生率为0.09%(2例)。病例1为31岁男性患者,自体髂骨移植融合加钢板内固定(C5)术后7年发现食管憩室合并食管穿孔。手术取出内固定,清创后切除憩室,胸骨舌骨肌及肩胛舌骨肌肌瓣修补食管。病例2为46岁男性患者,自体髂骨移植融合加钢板内固定(C5)术后3年发现食管憩室。手术取出内固定,切除食管憩室,胸骨舌骨肌及肩胛舌骨肌肌瓣修补食管。病例3为58岁女性患者,自体髂骨移植融合加钢板内固定(C6)术后5年出现食管憩室。手术取出内固定,切除食管憩室,胸锁乳突肌肌瓣修补食管。病例4为56岁女性患者,钛网植骨融合加钢板内固定(C6)术后3年出现食管穿孔。手术取出内固定,清创后胸锁乳突肌肌瓣修补食管。4例患者术后食管并发症均获得成功治疗,恢复良好。结论 颈椎前路内固定术后中远期食管并发症的发生率较低,X线片、消化道造影及消化道内镜检查是主要的诊断方法,手术是其主要的治疗手段。     

Delayed esophageal injury without instrumentation failure: complication of anterior cervical instrumentation

The authors describe a case of a 67-year-old man who presented with a delayed esophageal perforation 4 years after anterior cervical spine surgery for spondylotic myelopathy. Diagnosis was made with esophagoscopic visualization of the lesion and repair performed with hardware removal and esophageal closure utilizing a sternocleidomastoid muscle flap. The pertinent literature is reviewed and the therapeutic implications discussed.     

颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的原因及处理

 目的 探讨颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的原因及处理对策。方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2011年12月采用颈椎前路手术治疗2348例颈椎疾患患者资料,其中5例发生食管瘘,男3例,女2例;年龄14~48岁,平均34岁;颈椎外伤3例,颈椎病1例,颈椎结核1例。1例患者术中发现食管瘘,给予修补;另4例均为术后发现,行清创探查引流术,其中1例探查时发现食管瘘口遂给予修补,1例仅行清创探查术,1例清创探查术后二期行内固定取出术,1例清创探查术后二期行内固定取出及肌瓣填塞术。给予禁食、营养支持、伤口引流及抗生素治疗;定期吞服亚甲蓝,观察漏口情况。结果 经过9～61周治疗,所有患者食管瘘口愈合,恢复进食。随访6～48个月,无一例发生食管瘘复发、颈椎失稳及迟发感染;吞咽功能均良好;患者原有颈部疾患治疗效果均满意,颈椎外伤患者Frankel分级平均提高1级,颈椎病患者JOA评分由术前9分提高至术后15分。结论 采用食管瘘口修补、肌瓣填塞以及引流手术,并严格禁食禁水、营养支持,必要时取出内固定物,多数颈椎前路手术并发食管瘘的患者能获得满意的疗效。术中仔细轻柔操作是预防食管瘘发生的关键。     

Repair of cervical esophageal perforation using longus colli muscle flap: a case report of a patient with cervical spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Perforation of the esophagus after anterior cervical spine surgery is a rare, but well-recognized complication. The management of esophageal perforation is controversial, and either nonoperative or operative treatment can be selected. PURPOSE: Several reports have described the use of a sternocleidomastoid muscle flap for esophageal repair. In this case report, we describe a longus colli muscle flap as a substitute for a sternocleidomastoid flap in a patient with an esophageal perforation. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. PATIENT SAMPLE: A 20-year-old man sustained cervical spinal cord injury, on diving and hitting his head against the bottom of a pool. A C6 burst fracture was observed with posterior displacement of a bone fragment into the spinal canal. The patient exhibited complete paralysis below the C8 spinal segment level. METHODS: The patient underwent subtotal corpectomy of the sixth cervical vertebra with the iliac bone graft and augmented posterior spinal fixation (C5-7) with pedicle screws. After the primary operation, the patient showed signs of infection such as throat pain, a high fever, and osteolytic change of the grafted bone by cervical radiograph. A second operation was performed to replace the graft bone using fibula. On the day after the operation, food residue was confirmed in the suction drainage tube, suggesting esophagus perforation. A third operation was immediately performed to confirm and treat esophagus perforation, although apparent esophageal perforation could not be detected at the second operation. Because the erosion around the perforation of the esophageal posterior wall was extensive, a longus colli muscle flap transposition was accordingly performed into the interspace between the esophageal posterior wall and the grafted bone in addition to simple suturing of the perforation. RESULTS: Neither high fever nor pharyngeal pain has recurred at latest follow-up, 5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the use of a longus colli muscle flap for esophageal perforation after anterior cervical spine surgery.     

脊髓型颈椎病前路手术并发症的防治探讨

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病前路手术并发症的原因分析及防治方法。方法近5年来我科采用颈前路减压植骨钢板内固定治疗单或双节段脊髓型颈椎病162例。结果本组患者术后出现反应性脊髓水肿3例,脑脊液漏1例,食管漏1例,喉返神经损伤3例,肺部感染5例,其中1例因呼吸衰竭死亡。随访6个月～5年(平均3.5年),按JOA评分,术后12～16分,平均14.6分。结论充分的术前准备,熟悉颈前入路解剖,严格规范化手术操作及围手术期管理,可有效预防颈椎前路手术各种并发症的发生。     

Esophageal perforation after anterior cervical surgery: a review of the literature for over half a century with a demonstrative case and a proposed novel algorithm

Purpose

To review relevant data for the management of esophageal perforation after anterior cervical surgery.

Methods

A case of delayed esophageal perforation after anterior cervical surgery has been presented and the relevant literature between 1958 and 2014 was reviewed. A total of 57 papers regarding esophageal perforation following anterior cervical surgery were found and utilized in this review.

Results

The treatment options for esophageal perforation after anterior cervical surgery were discussed and a novel management algorithm was proposed.

Conclusion

Following anterior cervical surgery, patients should be closely followed up in the postoperative period for risk of esophageal perforation. Development of symptoms like dysphagia, pneumonia, fever, odynophagia, hoarseness, weight loss, and breathing difficulty in patients with a history of previous anterior cervical surgery should alert us for a possible esophageal injury. Review of the literature revealed that conservative treatment is advocated for early and small esophageal perforations. Surgical treatment may be considered for large esophageal defects.

     

Vertebral artery (V2) pseudo-aneurysm after surgery for cervical schwannoma. How to prevent it and a review of the literature

Study designCase report and review of the literature.ObjectiveTo prevent and manage a suspected iatrogenic vertebral artery injury during a cervical spine anterior approach.Summary of background dataThe anterior spine approach is a common surgery with few complications. One of the rare but significant risks is vertebral artery injury. Consequences of vertebral artery injuries are often delayed. Therefore, it is essential to prevent this complication and to know how when exploring after a suspected vertebral artery injury.MethodsReport of a case and review of the literature. A 61-year-old woman presented with a cervical schwannoma involving the C5–C6 foramen. She had undergone surgery 22 years before by the posterior approach. We performed an anterior cervical approach. After 12 days, a vertebral artery pseudo-aneurysm occurred. Our review of the literature is focalized on vertebral artery injuries during cervical surgery by the anterior approach.ResultsThe patient was treated by coil embolization with a good outcome. To our knowledge, only 6 cases of vertebral artery pseudo-aneurysm after surgery have been reported in the literature.ConclusionAccording to the literature, vertebral artery pseudo-aneurysms resulting in anterior cervical approach are rare but their consequences could be severe. Prevention begins by detailed surgical planning. Peroperative imaging is helpful. Any suspected vertebral artery injury should postpone a contralateral approach before angiographic imaging.     

颈前路手术早期并发症的防治

目的总结分析颈椎前路手术早期并发症，探讨其防治策略。方法1998年11月-2006年12月，采用前路手术治疗颈椎疾患363例，其中男268例，女95例；年龄17～79岁，中位年龄50．6岁。颈椎病224例，颈椎间盘突出症39例，颈椎外伤87例，颈椎肿瘤9例，颈椎结核4例。采用前路减压、自体髂骨融合治疗48例，前路减压、植骨融合联合带锁钢板内固定132例，前路减压、钛网植入联合带锁钢板内固定183例。结果术后282例获随访3个月～5年，平均1年11个月。手术相关并发症23例，发生率为8．16％。喉上神经损伤3例，经禁流质饮食及补液治疗，术后3～7d症状消失；喉返神经损伤2例，行发音训练，3个月后恢复正常；脊髓损伤1例，经抗炎脱水治疗，下肢肌力6个月后恢复至术前水平；硬脊膜撕裂2例，经皮肤肌肉严密缝合，切口适度加压包扎后愈合；内固定相关并发症10例，其中1例螺钉拔出，因吞咽困难行再次手术，余行对症治疗、头颈胸石膏固定，3～18个月后固定节段融合：颈部血肿形成4例，其中1例因抢救方法不当死亡；植骨区及创口感染1例。结论充分的术前准备、熟悉颈前路解剖以及严格规范化操作，是预防颈椎前路手术早期并发症的关键。     

颈椎前路手术的早期并发症及其预防和处理

[目的]分析颈椎前路手术早期的各种并发症,探讨相关的影响因素及应对策略.[方法]回顾分析本院1997年1月～2011年3月559例经颈椎前路手术的各种早期并发症发生情况,对患者的病种、性别、年龄、全身并发症情况、手术、麻醉、护理及瘫痪情况多因素进行分析,分析相关并发症的可能发生原因,介绍处理方法.[结果]118例患者141例次出现术后早期并发症,发生率25.22％,其中,术后吞咽困难53例,喉上神经或喉返神经损伤11例,颈部切口血肿4例,脊髓损害加重3例,食道瘘1例,脑脊液漏4例,取骨区血肿或脂肪液化感染5例,低钠血症39例,肺部感染12例,下肢深静脉血栓形成5例,死亡4例.[结论]充分的术前准备与评估,熟悉的颈椎前路手术解剖知识及认真仔细的操作,术后仔细的观察及护理是预防颈椎前路手术早期并发症的关键.     

Esophageal perforation associated with cervical spine surgery: report of two cases and review of the literature

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Esophageal perforation after anterior cervical spine surgery is a rare complication with various clinical presentations and treatments. METHODS: Two cases of esophageal perforation after anterior cervical spine surgery are described, one occurring in the immediate postoperative period and one several years after plate stabilization of the cervical spine. RESULTS: Primary suturing of the acute perforation and diversion of the salivary flow by means of T-tube placement after delayed presentation allowed successful healing of the esophageal defects. CONCLUSION: When encountering acute dysphagia after cervical spine surgery, one should think of an esophageal perforation and install immediate further diagnostics and therapy. Treatment depends on the time of detection and size of the perforation. In early stages, with vital tissues, primary suturing is the treatment of choice. If presentation is late, it seems advisable to limit the procedure to simple drainage after removal of foreign bodies.     

Esophageal perforation after an anterior cervical fixation; report of a case

We report 1 case of esophageal complications after anterior plate fixation of the cervical spine. A 62-year-old man underwent anterior cervical fusion in August 1996, and he did well after the operation. In January 1998, he was hospitalized for cardiac failure and was incubated twice for 10 days to cure. In March 1998, he suffered from dysphagia and continuous fever. Gastric fiberscopy showed the internal defect of esophagus and the plate to fix the cervical spine. He underwent immediate neck exploration via the cervical fusion incision, however he died of sepsis and respiratory failure. An esophageal perforation after an anterior cervical operation is an uncommon but well-recognized complication of the approach.     

Aseptic lysis L2–L3 as complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Osteolytic vertebral erosion is usually related to tumours, spondylitis or spondylodiscitis. Few reports in the literature describe lytic lesions of anterior lumbar vertebral bodies resulting from abdominal aortic aneurysm or false aneurysm. We report a case of abdominal aortic false aneurysm that caused lytic lesions of the second and third vertebral bodies in an 80-year-old man who underwent endovascular aneurysm repair. Fluoroscopy guided biopsy excluded infection or tumour. We performed a posterior spinal fusion and decompression because of bone loss of the second and third lumbar vertebral bodies and central stenosis. Postoperatively the patient showed satisfactory relief in low-back and thigh pain but, unfortunately, he died 1 month after surgery because of respiratory complications. This case suggests that when a lytic lesion of a lumbar vertebral body is discovered in a patient who has undergone endovascular aneurysm repair, an abdominal aortic false aneurysm may be the cause of the vertebral erosion even in cases without infective pathogenesis.     

The free serratus anterior artery perforator flap—A case report and anatomic study

We report a reconstructive case using a free serratus anterior artery perforator flap and an anatomic study. A 50‐year‐old man with upper esophageal sphincter stricture underwent segmental cervical esophageal resection. The size of the defect was approximately 5.5 cm. We then performed esophageal reconstruction using the free serratus anterior artery perforator flap. Esophagography performed on postoperative day 7 revealed no definite leakage and a viable anastomosis site with wide patency. No complications developed during the long‐term follow‐up period of 3 years. We reviewed the literature and performed an anatomic study using four fresh cadavers. We performed an angiographic study using two specimens and dissection of this perforator using other two specimens. We found that a direct connection existed between the serratus anterior artery and intercostal perforator to the skin in two of eight chests. The connection was located at the 4th intercostal space in the left chest of one cadaver and at the 6th/7th intercostal space in the left chest of the other cadaver. The free serratus anterior artery perforator flap is a new flap that could be considered for use during the elevation of a perforator flap in the lateral chest area, and especially in the area overlying the serratus anterior muscle. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:339–344, 2016.     

颈椎前路手术早期并发症原因分析及对策

目的总结颈椎前路手术的术中、术后早期并发症,分析原因并提出对策。方法回顾1992年1月至2003年12月颈椎前路手术412例,男308例,女104例;年龄18～76岁,平均45.6±12.9岁。颈椎病258例,颈椎外伤138例,颈椎肿瘤8例,颈椎结核8例。412例患者,病史最短4小时,最长达20年,平均548d。全瘫58例(14.1%),不全瘫192例(46.6%),无瘫痪症状162例(39.3%)。麻醉包括三大类(5种)局麻(局部浸润35例、颈丛阻滞52例、局部浸润 颈丛阻滞6例、全麻318例、全麻 颈丛1例。前路减压、自体髂骨植骨融合33例,前路减压、椎间融合器椎间融合术32例,前路减压、自体髂骨植骨融合、前路钢板内固定术347例。结果共42例51例次出现早期并发症,并发症的例次发生率为12.37%。28例次(6.80%)同手术直接相关,喉上神经损伤5例次,喉返神经损伤4例次,颈部切口感染及血肿4例次,脊髓损害症状加重5例次,神经根损伤2例次,植骨块移位2例次,取骨区感染及血肿各1例次,钢板、螺钉松动2例次,螺钉位置不当1例次,食管瘘1例次;23例次(5.08%)同手术间接相关。结论降低颈椎前路手术并发症的发生率,不仅要熟悉颈椎前路临床解剖,提高手术技巧,还要做好颈椎前路手术围手术期的处理。     

Acute Cervical Epidural Hematoma,Screw Pullout,and Esophageal Perforation After Anterior Cervical Corpectomy Surgery: Report of a Case

To report a series of complications related to anterior cervical surgery in the same patient. There have been many reports of complications related to anterior cervical surgeries. These include cervical hematoma, instrumentation extrusion, or esophageal injury after anterior cervical decompression. However, there have been no reports of all these complications occurring in 1 patient. This is our report of a patient who experienced all 3 of these complications. The patient was a 73-year-old man suffering from cervical spondylotic myelopathy who was treated with C5 anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion with titanium mesh and bone graft. The patient successively experienced cervical hematoma, screw pullout, and esophageal perforation, and was treated accordingly. Although the patient suffered a series of complications after anterior cervical corpectomy, all the complications were treated successfully. It serves as a caution that a first complication such as hematoma in anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion should be given enough attention to prevent further complications.Key words: Anterior cervical corpectomy, Cervical spine, Esophageal perforation, Hematoma, Screw pulloutAnterior cervical corpectomy and decompression have long been used to manage various degenerative, traumatic, and neoplastic diseases of the cervical spine, as well as for infections, especially tuberculosis.^1,2 The surgical procedure has proved as safe and effective as other anterior cervical surgeries for improving nerve function, and in terms of infusion rate and complications.There have been many reports of complications related to anterior cervical surgeries. These include cervical hematoma, early-stage breathing infarction caused by respiratory tract involvement due to fixture extrusion and consequent rupture with esophageal damage, and in the late stage, esophageal fistula caused by ischemia.^3–19 However, there have been no reports of all these complications occurring in 1 patient. In the present case, the patient suffered all the above complications in succession.     

Zenker diverticulum: a rare complication after anterior cervical fusion

Esophageal injury is a rare but serious complication occurring after anterior cervical spine surgery. Pharyngoesophageal, or Zenker, diverticulum is an acquired outpouching of the pharyngeal musculature just proximal to a functional esophageal stricture, clinically manifesting as dysphagia, aspiration, and weight loss. We report a case in which a patient developed a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, accompanied by retropharyngeal abscess, first identified 2 years after a 3-level anterior cervical fusion with allograft and anterior plating. The inferior portion of the cervical plate was dislodged anteriorly. In addition, the patient harbored pulmonary and mediastinal infection at the time of presentation. Despite incision and drainage of the abscess with repair of the diverticulum, the patient died in the early postoperative period. Prompt recognition and frequent follow-up, as well as patient education, may prevent this catastrophic complication.     

自稳型颈椎融合器在颈椎前路融合手术中的临床应用

目的:探讨自稳型颈椎融合器在颈椎前路融合手术中应用的临床效果。方法:2011年1月至2014年1月,采用椎间盘切除,自体髂骨植骨自稳型颈椎融合器椎间融合术治疗颈椎疾患50例,其中男32例,女18例;年龄30～79岁,平均53.30岁;颈椎病22例,外伤性颈椎间盘突出症26例,颈椎失稳2例;单节段32例,双节段15例,3节段3例。采用日本骨科协会评定标准(Japan Orthopedic Association,JOA)对神经功能进行评估;采用Otani 分级方法对疗效进行评定;定期拍摄颈椎正侧位X线片和动力位X线片观察颈椎曲度和骨融合情况以及有无内固定相关并发症;采用Suk法评估骨融合情况。结果:50例患者均获得随访,时间6～36个月,平均20个月。术后未见明显的手术相关并发症,均达到骨性融合,平均融合时间 4.30个月。JOA评分术后1周为16.10±2.20,术后6个月为16.40±2.35,较术前的10.60±3.00均明显提高(P<0.05).采用Otani分级方法进行疗效评定,优40例,良 9例,可1例。随访期间未出现明显的吞咽困难、融合器移位等内固定相关并发症。结论:在颈椎前路融合手术中使用自稳型颈椎融合器疗效满意,且手术创伤小,能减少手术相关并发症的发生,是颈椎前路融合手术中一种较好的融合方法。     

Delayed Metastasis to the Mandible of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Around 1 % of oral cancers are metastases from distant sites. Tumor metastases to the jaw bones are uncommon and are most likely to arise from primary lung, breast, prostate or kidney tumors. Jaw bone metastases from a primary esophageal adenocarcinoma are especially rare, with only 7 reports published in the literature. Here, we describe a case of a 69 year-old male patient where 7 years elapsed between the diagnosis and successful treatment of a poorly differentiated, stage pT2N0 primary esophageal adenocarcinoma and re-presentation with jaw pain due to a metastatic mandibular deposit. The morphological appearance of the metastasis and immunohistochemical positivity with CK20, CK7 and CDX2 strongly supported an adenocarcinoma of upper gastrointestinal tract origin. This case is of particular interest as there is an unusually long time between the detection of the primary esophageal adenocarcinoma and diagnosis of metastatic disease. The longest period of time we have found for this in the literature is 9 months, although it is also reported that some oral metastases may appear more than 10 years following the primary tumor diagnosis.     

Clinical results with anterior diagonal iliac osteotomy in bladder exstrophy

PURPOSE: We report our clinical experience with anterior diagonal iliac osteotomy in 10 patients who underwent surgery for bladder exstrophy. Technique and long-term results are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 10 boys 1 month to 9 years old with bladder exstrophy underwent this procedure during a 2-year period. RESULTS: None of the patients had bladder closure dehiscence or prolapse after the operation. There were neither infectious complications nor injury to the vessels or nerves in any case. Blood loss was minimal for anterior diagonal iliac osteotomy. The only significant complication in our series was the polypropylene erosion of the urethra, necessitating endoscopic removal in 1 patient 1 month postoperatively. All patients had wide diastasis of the pubis preoperatively (average pubic distance 53.3 cm., average pubic ratio 0.9). At surgery suturing the symphysis after bilateral osteotomy resulted in a satisfactory symphyseal approximation and tension-free closure of the abdominal wall was easily achieved in all cases. Radiological studies at a mean followup of 34.6 months (range 14.8 to 49.5) revealed significant recurrent diastasis of the pubic bones in all but 1 patient in whom bone grafts were applied between the iliac fragments. Mean interpubic distance was 42 cm. and mean pubic ratio was 0.6 at long-term followup. CONCLUSIONS: Diagonal osteotomy may correct the principal bony deformity in exstrophy and enables initial symphyseal approximation. Pubic diastasis may recur, probably due to opening forces generated by soft tissue elements of the pelvis.