桡神经浅支的血供

观察了15具(30例)成人尸体的桡神经浅支的营养动脉及其来源动脉的数目、外径等。平均每条神经有3.47±0.22支营养动脉,外径平均0.23±0.07毫米。营养动脉的来源动脉,直接由桡动脉发出者占17.31±3.71%;间接从桡动脉的分支发出者(主要是桡侧返动脉、桡侧伸腕肌支和桡动脉的皮支等)占82.69±3.71%。除桡动脉外,其余来源动脉的外径平均为0.64±0.03毫米。观察结果表明,以来源动脉为蒂,作为桡神经浅支移植的吻接血管是可行的。     

桡神经臂部血供的显微解剖

目的为临床中修复桡神经长段缺损及利用该神经修复其他神经损伤提供形态学基础。方法对35侧经腋动脉灌注带色乳胶的成人上肢标本,解剖观察供给桡神经营养血管的来源、分布、微血管构筑、营养动脉的外径。结果桡神经接受的营养血管来源分为四种类型;营养血管分布在臂部中段较多;营养动脉起始处外径平均为(0.37±0.03)mm,入神经干处外径平均为(0.28±0.02)mm。结论35侧成人上肢的桡神经全段血供形式可分为3型。在臂部桡神经中,肱深动脉、桡侧返动脉为供给神经血液的主要血管,且大部分集中于中、下1/3段。     

前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖

目的:为前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法:30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测前臂后皮神经营养血管的来源、分支、吻合及其与尺、桡骨膜血管的关系。结果:前臂后皮神经营养血管来自:桡侧副动脉皮支2～6支,外径(0.6±0.3) mm;骨间后动脉皮支6～9支,外径(0.7±0.3) mm;骨间前动脉腕背支皮支3~5支,外径(0.8±0.2) mm;尺、桡动脉腕背支皮支2~6支,外径(0.6±0.1) mm。尺骨中上段骨膜血管来自骨间后动脉的肌骨膜支6～8支,外径0.3～1.0 mm;骨间后动脉桡侧骨皮支与桡骨中段裸区骨膜血管吻合。上述支发出皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支和神经营养血管,形成皮神经干血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论:前臂后皮神经营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,其远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,适宜手背远处的组织缺损修复。     

正中神经返支和掌皮支血供的显微解剖

目的为修复正中神经返支提供带血管蒂神经桥接的有关数据和掌皮支血供的解剖学资料。方法用体视学方法研究了40侧灌注红色乳胶液的返支和掌皮支的营养血管。观察返支营养血管的来源、长度、外径和进入神经干的方式;观察掌皮支营养血管的来源和进入神经的方式。结果返支营养动脉主要发自掌浅弓凹侧筋膜支(称之来源动脉)。来源动脉起点至“零点”距离(11.62±2.30)mm,外径(0.95±0.10)mm,长度(10.12±1.30)mm。营养动脉主干长度(2.84±0.10)mm,外径(0.42±0.15)mm。营养动脉从返支主干近侧1/3段直入式进入神经者占86.5%;从返支中、远侧段伴入式进入神经者占14.5%;掌皮支营养动脉主要发自尺动脉(占52.5%)和桡动脉(占37.5%),以直式、伴入式和肌支式进入神经。结论返支营养动脉可作为血管蒂神经移植的受体血管。     

腓浅神经的血供

本文观察了30例成年专供研究用的尸体腓浅神经的血供。对该神经的营养动脉的数目、长度、外径、入神经干的部位、在神经干内走行形式以及来源动脉等进行了观测。共发现营养动脉121支,平均4.03±0.21支,它们的平均外径为0.23±0.01毫米,长度为4.99±0.31毫米。营养动脉的来源动脉主要是胫前动脉腓骨长肌支、腓浅动脉、腓骨短肌支和腓动脉穿支的皮支。     

以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣的显微解剖

目的:为踝管区动脉穿支隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:30侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测踝管区动脉穿支、胫后动脉肌间隙支及邻近动脉吻合。结果:踝管区近侧筋膜穿支2支,外径(0.8±0.3)mm(0.4~1.3mm),中侧筋膜穿支0~2支,外径(0.8±0.2)mm(0.4~1.2mm),远侧筋膜穿支2~3支,外径(1.0±0.4)mm(0.5~2.0mm),共同构成踝管区浅深筋膜及皮肤营养血管。在小腿内侧下1/3段,胫后动脉肌间隙支2~3支,平均外径(1.1±0.3)mm(0.5~2.5mm),骨皮穿支1~2支,平均外径(1.0±0.3)mm(0.4~2.0mm)。上述穿支形成隐神经、大隐静脉营养血管及深、浅筋膜血管网。结论:踝管区筋膜穿支支数较多,与胫后动脉肌间隙支吻合丰富,以踝管区筋膜穿支为蒂的隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣,旋转点在内踝平面,可用于转位修复足前部的软组织缺损。     

前臂外侧皮神经-头静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖

目的为前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础.方法30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段营养血管的来源、分支及其与桡骨膜血管的关系.结果前臂外侧皮神经下l/3段的营养血管来自桡动脉皮支6～11支,外径(0.7±0.3)mrn;掌浅支皮支2～6支,外径(0.5±0.3)mm;桡骨茎突返支皮支1～2支,外径(0.8±0.1)mm;鼻烟壶皮支1～2支,外径(0.6±0.2)mm.在桡骨茎突上8.0～15.0 cm之间,桡动脉肌间隙骨皮支1～3支,外径(1.1±0.2)mm,骨膜支分布桡骨体部中下段的裸露区,皮支外径(0.8±0.2)mm.上述穿支血管发皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支、神经--浅静脉营养血管,形成皮神经-头静脉血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网.结论前臂外侧皮神经-头静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以桡动脉皮支为蒂前臂外侧皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,可用于手部远处组织缺损修复.     

腋神经的血供

本文在25具(男13,女12)研究用经动脉灌注带色乳胶液的成人尸体上,应用显微外科解剖技术,解剖和观察了50侧腋神经干的营养动脉及其来源动脉.50侧腋神经中,有45侧有59支营养动脉进入,平均1.31±0.06支.营养动脉的外径和长度分别为0.35±0.01和8.74±0.47mm,多从神经干的前内侧进入(86.40%)和以升降支形式走行(76.27%).这些营养动脉的来源动脉是旋肱后动脉、肩胛下动脉、臂丛营养动脉、腋动脉、胸外侧动脉和旋肩胛动脉.     

隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为隐神经营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本30侧,解剖观测大隐静脉隐神经营养血管及其吻合关系。结果:小腿内侧下1/3段有胫后动脉肌间隙支2～3支,外径(1.1±0.3)mm;骨皮穿支1～2支,外径(1.0±0.3)mm;内踝前动脉踝前内侧穿支外径(0.6～0.8)mm;胫前动脉踝上穿支外径(0.8±0.3)mm。上述穿支吻合构成前、中、后3条纵向的血管丛以及骨膜、深筋膜和神经浅静脉3个层面的血管丛。结论:小腿内侧下1/3段有明显的多源性供血,皮肤、筋膜、骨膜、大隐静脉和隐神经等的营养血管同源,可以设计以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂的小腿内侧隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣。     

以足底内侧动脉深支内侧支为蒂游离足内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为以足底内侧动脉深支的内侧支为蒂足内侧皮瓣设计的改进提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 32侧成人下肢标本及 2只灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜足标本 ,解剖观测了足底内侧动脉深支的内侧支分支分布、吻合、外径及长度 ,皮瓣的静脉和神经分布。结果 :内侧支长 (2 .6± 0 .2 )cm ,外径 (1.0± 0 .1)mm ;伴行静脉 1条占 75 % ,外径 (1.3± 0 .3)mm ,伴行静脉 2条者占 2 5 % ,外径 (0 .9± 0 .2 )mm ;皮瓣供区有隐神经终支和足背内侧皮神经内侧支分布。结论 :①足内侧皮瓣可以是足底内侧动脉深皮内侧支或由跗内侧动脉供血 ;②静脉为动脉伴行静脉和大隐静脉深、浅两套 ;③皮瓣有隐神经终支和足背内侧皮神经内侧支 ;④游离足内侧皮瓣适用于手部创面修复的特殊要求。     

正中神经的血供

本文在25具(男14女11)专供科研用的成人尸体上,用显微外科解剖技术,解剖和测量了50侧正中神经的来源动脉、营养动脉的长度和外径等。共解剖出营养动脉365条。来源动脉和营养动脉的长度、口径分别为25.44±3.30mm,9.81±0.71mm,0.40±0.02mm,1.61±0.06mm。营养动脉主要发自肱动脉(82侧22.46±5.90％);正中动脉(80侧21.92±5.85％);桡动脉(37侧10.13±4.26％)。     

带桡神经浅支及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带桡神经浅支及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的临床应用提供形态学基础.方法:在32例成人上肢标本上,观测了桡神经浅支浅段及其营养血管、以及该血管与筋膜皮肤的供血关系.结果:桡神经浅交浅段的血供主要来自桡动脉的肌皮支或皮支,其中以桡动脉显露段的粗大皮支,鼻咽壶段的茎突返支及虎口区的皮动脉较为恒定,起点外径分别为0.8mm、0.7mm及0.6mm:穿出深筋膜前长分别为0.8cm、1.1cm及0.5cm.皮动脉的神经支在神经旁或神经干内相互沟通形成纵向链状血管网,并借吻合支与皮动脉筋膜皮支构成的皮下血管网、筋膜血管网等连接.结论:可设计成带桡神经浅支及其营养血管的顺行或逆行筋膜皮瓣,转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损.     

Large patent median arteries and their relation to the superficial palmar arch with respect to history, size consideration and clinic consequences

Background A large patent median artery can be involved in several clinical disorders like carpal tunnel syndrome, anterior interosseous nerve syndrome and pronator syndrome. Methods The frequency and variability in the expression of the median artery and the expression of the other forearm arteries were recorded during two dissection courses. The topography of the arteries with their ramifications was documented on diagrams and photographs. The outer diameters of forearm arteries were measured. Results A large median artery was found in 4 of 54 arms (7.4%). The median arteries took their origin from the ulnar artery or the common interosseous artery. In one case, the median artery pierced the median nerve in its course under the pronator teres. The outer diameters of the median arteries varied between 1.5 and 2.0 mm proximally and 1.5 and 2.0 mm distally. The diameters of the radial arteries varied between 3.0 and 5.5 mm proximally and 3.0 and 4.0 mm distally and were not reduced in any of the four cases with a large median artery. Conclusions Surgeons should be aware of other variations in the forearm when a persistent median artery is identified, for example high median nerve bifurcations. Furthermore, it should be kept in mind that additional structures leading to nerve compression may be present in the carpal tunnel.     

带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：提供带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的形态学依据。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上,观测了腓浅神经及其营养血管、周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：腓浅神经（皮下段）近侧的血供为腓浅动脉深支的皮动脉、第１支肌间隔动脉,起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ;第１支肌间隔动脉穿出深筋膜前长为１．８ｃｍ。远侧则为腓动脉穿支之升支、降支的皮支和足背动脉皮支,起始处外径分别为０．９ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长分别为１．２ｃｍ、０．７ｃｍ和０．８ｃｍ。其神经支在神经干内或旁彼此吻合,构成纵向链式血管网,并借分支与皮肤、皮下及筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位软组织缺损     

人体颈椎椎弓的营养孔和营养动脉

1.观察了351个成人颈椎干骨(C_237、C_(3～5)196、C_639、C_779)椎弓营养孔的数目、大小、方向和位置。椎弓外面的营养孔以单孔多见,占64.96％,平均口径为0.34mm。指向椎弓根,多位于距峡部中线后方3～6mm范围的椎板中部。椎弓内面的营养孔为单孔者占47.01％,平均口径为0.26mm。指向后,集中于距椎弓根与椎板连线0～3mm范围的椎板中部。 2.用解剖、透明法,观察了20具不同年龄新鲜尸体颈椎椎弓的营养动脉。椎弓外面营养动脉发自颈深动脉;内面营养动脉发自椎动脉脊后支的升支和脊中间支的后根支。在每一椎弓的左、右侧半内,以1支营养动脉多见。它分成短而较细的前支和长而粗的后支。前支发出分支供应上、下关节突、横突和椎弓根;后支发支供应椎板和棘突。营养动脉在骨内的形态、走行和分布与骨化过程关系密切。 3.骨膜动脉从椎弓外面进入,在儿童和成人的椎管面,未见到此种小支的存在。     

婴幼儿桡动脉穿刺的应用解剖学研究

目的：积累婴幼儿桡血管的解剖学资料，为临床婴幼儿桡动脉穿刺提供形态学基础。方法：在20例40侧婴幼儿尸体上肢防腐标本上和32例64侧婴幼儿活体上肢上，分别解剖和超声观测桡动脉、桡静脉和桡神经浅支的位置关系及血管的内径。结果：（1）桡动脉两侧有伴行桡静脉，桡神经浅支偏向桡动脉的外侧；超声诊断仪显示桡动脉、桡静脉无重叠现象。（2）桡动脉在前臂前区下1／3部变浅，可供穿刺的桡动脉暴露长度为（50．6±5．1）mm。（3）桡动脉、桡静脉的内径18～24月龄及25～36月龄分别为（1．43±0．08）mm、（1．52±0．07）mm及（0．78±0．07）mm、（0．87±0．12）mm。（4）皮肤表面距桡动脉前壁的深度18～24月龄及25～36月龄分别为（5．21±0．19）mm及（5．54±0．19）mm。结论：穿刺部位宜选在桡动脉暴露段上1／3处。     

中指主要血管神经的断面观测

用２７例成人中指作组织切片后，取近侧，中间和锭侧指横纹及相邻指横纹中点处的横断面切片，对指掌侧固有动脉，神经及静脉的位置，管径进行了观测。指掌桡侧固有动脉，神经在－Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅴ断面中的４，５区和ＩＶ断中３，４区内的出现率都高于９０％，它们纵径的平均值分别大于０．８０ｍｍ和１．３０ｍｍ。     

Anatomic basis of vascularised nerve grafts: the blood supply of peripheral nerves

The present study was carried out on 30 cadavers (5 fresh, 20 preserved adult and 5 fresh stillborn) following injection of red latex through the subclavian and common iliac arteries. The blood supply to the peripheral nerves was studied in general, together with the vascular pedicles to the ulnar, saphenous, sural, deep and superficial peroneal nerves, and the superficial branch of the radial nerve. The nutrient arteries supplying the peripheral nerves came from either the adjacent axial artery or the fasciocutaneous or muscular arteries. They formed anastomotic channels in the epineurium and penetrated it to form a continuous longitudinal artery. Based on the presence of absence of dominant arterial pedicles, five patterns of blood-supply to the nerves could be identified. I: no dominant arterial pedicle; II: only one dominant artery (e.g. artery with a diameter more than 0.8 mm and accompanying the nerve for most of its length); III: only one dominant vessel that divided into ascending and descending branches to supply the nerve; IV: multiple dominant pedicles; V: multiple dominant arterial pedicles forming a continuous artery that accompanied the nerve. The arterial pedicles to the ulnar, saphenous and deep peroneal nerves and the superficial branch of the radial n. had mean diameters of over 0.8 mm, thus being suitable for microvascular anastomosis. Those to the sural nerve were not present in two thirds of the dissected cadavers. In 10% of the cadavers the superficial peroneal nerve had an arterial pedicle that accompanied the nerve for less than two cm with a mean diameter less than 0.8 mm. The ulnar nerve could be very suitable as a donor vascularized nerve graft as it had a dominant vascular pedicle in all the cases studied; however, its use should be restricted to C8 and T1 root damage of the brachial plexus. The superficial branch of the radial n. might be suitable for vascularized nerve grafting, but this is difficult in practice since the radial artery is a major limb artery. The saphenous nerve had a dominant arterial pedicles in all the cadavers dissected and could be the most suitable as a donor vascularized nerve graft, unlike the sural nerve which did not have a dominant arterial pedicle in two-thirds of the specimens. The deep and superficial peroneal nerves may also be unsuitable since the former is accompanied by a major limb vessel while the latter had a dominant vascular pedicle that accompanied the nerve for only a short distance in 10% of the dissected cadavers.     

儿童前臂皮瓣的应用解剖学

为提供学龄前期和学龄期儿童前臂皮瓣的应用解剖学资料,作者用40侧儿童上肢以腐蚀和解剖两种方法对桡动脉及其分支进行了观察和测量,并结合有关资料和临床问题进行了讨论。