肝硬化胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血150例预后探讨

目的：探析肝硬化胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血预后。方法：选取本院150例肝硬化胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,对其临床资料进行全面研究,采用单因素分析和多元Logistic回归分析探讨预后指标。结果：轻度出血42例（28．0％）,中度出血90例（60．0％）,重度出血18例（12．0％）;药物治疗组、内镜治疗组、三腔二囊管组和联合组患者急诊止血成功率分别为90．8％、93．5％、85．7％、85．7％,各组问比较差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）;17例死亡病例,其中13例（76．4％）死于失血性休克,1例（5．9％）死于肝性脑病,1例（5．9％）死于肝功能衰竭,2例（11．8％）死于多器官功能衰竭;对肝硬化胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者死亡风险有较大影响的独立预后指标为门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素、胃镜检查和出血程度,其中胃镜检食是病死的保护因素。结论：肝硬化胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者的严重程度一般为中重度,多死于出血性休克,通过早期胃镜检查能够有效地改善预后。     

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂再出血危险因素分析

目的:探讨肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂再出血的危险因素.方法:回顾性分析76例食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床资料.结果:出血量≥1000ml与＜1000ml、有失血性休克与无失血休克、24小时输血量≥800ml与＜800ml、三腔管压迫时间＞72小时与三腔管压迫时间＜24小时的肝硬化患者食管胃静脉曲张破裂再出血率差异有统计学意义.结论:休克、出血量多、24小时内大量输血及三腔二囊管压迫时间过长是肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂再出血的危险因素.     

乙肝肝硬化伴食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血术后超长住院日患者影响因素分析

目的 研究乙肝肝硬化伴食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者术后发生超长住院日的影响因素，为减少超长住院日的发生提供依据。方法 采用回顾性研究方法，收集2013年1月至2022年6月在某院经内镜下组织胶注射联合套扎术治疗的1 201例乙肝肝硬化伴食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者信息，将患者住院日超过29 d定义为超长住院日(n=63例)。对研究对象进行统计描述，通过多因素logistic回归分析筛选出独立危险因素，用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积评估联合检测的价值。结果 经logistic回归分析发现，发病到手术时长≥8 d、转科次数≥2次、并发失血性休克、并发医院感染是乙肝肝硬化伴食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者术后发生超长住院日的独立危险因素，联合以上4个因素预测的ROC曲线下面积为0.877,具有一定的临床价值。结论 当乙肝肝硬化伴食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者发病到手术时长≥8 d,转科次数≥2次、并发失血性休克、并发医院感染时，发生术后超长住院日的可能性较大，需要引起临床注意，提早预防。     

生长抑素治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血疗效分析

目的观察生长抑素(施他宁)治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法68例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者随机分为生长抑素(施他宁)治疗组36例和垂体后叶素联合硝酸甘油治疗组32例。施他宁组先用施他宁250μg静注,随后按250μg/h持续静滴24h;垂体后叶素组以12u/h及硝酸甘油0·6mg/h,持续静滴24h。分别比较两组止血起效时间、止血有效率及药物不良反应。结果两组平均止血时间分别为(3·2±2·7)h和(10·2±7·1)h,24h内止血有效率分别为86%和68%;不良反应发生率分别为11·1%和37·5%。以上两组数据比较差异有显著性(p<0·05)。结论施他宁治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的止血效果优于垂体后叶素联合硝酸甘油,不良反应发生率低,是内科治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的首选药物。     

肝硬化合并上消化道出血的相关因素分析及预后评估

目的 探讨肝硬化合并上消化道出血的相关因素及预后评估。方法 对1990-01～2004-09 502例住院病人临床资料进行统计分析。结果 肝硬化合并上消化道出血以男性及中老年人多发，食道胃底静脉曲张破裂、门脉高压性胃病、消化性溃疡为主要病因，易合并失血性休克、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征等并发症，饮酒及及非甾体类药物为主要诱因，内科治疗有效率(2周)为89、84％，死亡率为10．16％，主要死亡原因为失血性休克、肝肾综合征、肝性脑病。结论 肝硬化合并上消化道出血与性别、年龄、季节等多因素相关，病因、肝功、合并症、年龄等因素影响预后。     

血清-腹水白蛋白梯度与食管静脉曲张破裂出血的关系

目的探讨血清-腹水白蛋白梯度（SAAG）在门脉高压性食管静脉曲张（esophageal varices,EV）破裂出血预测中的价值。方法测定57例肝硬化腹水患者SAAG值并行胃镜检查,以了解有无食管静脉曲张,以11g／L为界将57例患者分为高SAAG组及低SAAG组,采用χ^2检验和Pearson相关分析法分析SAAG与食管静脉曲张之间的关系,并对食管静脉曲张伴出血和不伴出血者2组的SAAG值进行比较。结果57例患者中,并发食管静脉曲张破裂出血16例,非出血者41例,肝硬化并发食管静脉曲张破裂出血组的SAAG为（24．20±7．19）g／L,高于非出血组的（18．25±6．03）g／L,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论SAAG与门脉压力密切相关,对预测门脉高压性食管静脉破裂出血有重要的临床价值。     

肝癌合并肝硬化患者术后不同剂型肠内营养的临床效果

目的 比较氨基酸型和整蛋白型肠内营养制剂用于肝癌合并肝硬化患者术后营养治疗的临床效果。方法　肝癌合并肝硬化术后患者207例,等热量等氮肠内联合肠外营养连续至少5 d,按肠内营养剂型分为氨基酸型制剂组（氨基酸为氮源,104例）和整蛋白型制剂组（整蛋白为氮源,103例）。观察肠道通气时间、术后住院时间、腹泻发生率、术后并发症发生率等临床结果,以及电解质、肝功能相关生化指标。结果　2组患者术前及术中资料差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;氨基酸型制剂组较整蛋白型制剂组腹泻发生率高（23.08%比8.74%,P=0.005）,肠道通气时间早［（55.87±10.12）h 比（68.27±9.07）h,P=0.000）］;两组患者腹胀发生率（10.58%比13.59,P=0.506）、术后住院时间［（10.30±3.50）d 比（10.12±4.26） d,P=0.738］、并发症发生率（43.27%比33.98%,P=0.170）及术后7 d钾［（4.02±0.50） mmol/L比（3.98±0.55） mmol/L,P=0.644］、钠［（136.29±3.55）mmol/L比（136.23±2.74）mmol/L,P=0.913］、丙氨酸氨基转移酶［（90.22±64.29）U/L比（96.01±59.74）U/L,P=0.556］、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶［（36.01±19.68）U/L比（39.00±18.88）U/L,P=0.329］、总胆红素［（15.39±8.64）μmol/L 比（15.43±8.33）μmol/L,P=0.978］差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;氨基酸型制剂组较整蛋白型制剂组白蛋白水平高［（32.87±3.54） g/L 比（31.37±3.50） g/L, P=0.008］、前白蛋白水平高［（11.41±4.32)mg/dl比（9.84±3.64）mg/dl,P=0.014］,但凝血酶原时间活动度水平低［（66.94±7.24） s比（70.63±8.49）s,P=0.017）］。结论　两种制剂均有利于肝癌合并肝硬化患者术后肝功能恢复,氨基酸型制剂更有助于肠功能恢复和蛋白质合成,整蛋白型制剂肠道耐受性较好并促进凝血功能恢复。     

肝静脉压力梯度对乙肝肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者内镜治疗疗效的影响

目的探究肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)对乙肝肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血患者接受内镜治疗预防再出血的疗效和预后的影响。方法回顾性纳入复旦大学附属闵行医院(2019年1月至2021年9月, n=18)及复旦大学附属中山医院(2017年1月至9月, n=40)收治的乙肝肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者58例, 均行HVPG测定并接受内镜治疗, 分为HVPG≤18 mmHg组和HVPG>18 mmHg组, 比较两组患者内镜治疗后2年再出血和生存情况, 并进一步行Cox回归, 分析影响患者再出血及生存的相关因素。结果最终纳入58例患者, 分成HVPG≤18 mmHg组35例和HVPG>18 mmHg组23例。首次内镜治疗后的2年随访时间里, 共13例(22.41%)发生再出血, 其中HVPG≤18 mmHg组4例, HVPG>18 mmHg组9例, HVPG≤18 mmHg组无再出血率显著高于HVPG>18 mmHg组(91.3% vs 68.7%, RR=3.54, 95%CI:1.08～11.60, P=0.026);共4例死亡, 其中HVPG≤18 mmHg组1例, HVPG...     

影响肝硬变食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血预后的因素分析

目的探讨影响肝硬变食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血预后的因素。方法以2010年1月-2012年1月期间我院收治的78例肝硬化并变食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者为研究对象。采用单因素与多因素Cox回归分析方法对影响肝硬变食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血预后的因素进行分析。结果 Child-Pugh分级、Rockall评分和血白细胞数与肝硬变食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血预后之间的关系有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论 Child-Pugh分级、Rockall评分和血白细胞数增高是影响肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者预后的危险因素。     

食管-胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的救治及再出血的预防和治疗

食管-胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化的一种严重并发症和主要死亡原因,应积极预防,发病后积极抢救及治疗。本院收治1991-2004年共207例肝硬化合并食管-胃底静脉曲张病例。由于首次出血后存活的患者在2年中再出血危险性为80%,故应充分重视再出血的预防和治疗。1首次出血应积极抢救1.1一般急救措施卧床休息、禁食、密切观察血压及心率,烦躁不安给予异丙嗪或安定,禁用吗啡及度冷丁。1.2补充血容量大量出血可致失血性休克,进一步加重肝细胞损害,应立即输入右旋糖苷及新鲜血,纠正低血容量。1.3止血措施1.3.1药物止血垂体后叶素有显著收缩肠系膜动脉和其     

Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis at the National Chest Hospital in Jamaica.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis at the National Chest Hospital in Jamaica. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed the hospital records of 537 patients admitted over a seven-year period from 1995 to 2001. We used a standardized data collection form to obtain data for sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features, signs and symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and outcome. RESULTS: We found that 11.6% (47/406) of the patients who met the inclusion criteria and were diagnosed as having pulmonary tuberculosis were HIV-1 seropositive. Most HIV-positive patients with tuberculosis were males, and prevalence of HIV coinfection among patients with tuberculosis was highest in patients aged 30-39 years. The mortality rate in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection was 23.4% (11/47) compared to 3.9% (14/359; P = 0.001) in HIV-negative patients. Patients were treated with standard quadruple drug therapy. No multiple drug resistance was noted in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV in patients with tuberculosis in Jamaica is similar to that in other developing countries, but the mortality rate is higher and this warrants prompt diagnosis of HIV infection and early institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy.     

Early therapy for latent tuberculosis infection

The risk of developing active tuberculosis is highest within the first 2 years of infection. Therefore, an intervention that targets persons with recent infection, such as identifying contacts of active cases, could be particularly effective as an epidemic control measure. A mathematical model of a tuberculosis epidemic is formulated and used to evaluate the strategy of targeting therapy to persons with recently acquired latent tuberculosis infection. The model is used to quantify the effectiveness of therapy for early latent tuberculosis infection in reducing the prevalence of active tuberculosis. The model is also used to demonstrate how effective therapy for early latent tuberculosis infection has to be to eliminate tuberculosis, when used in conjunction with therapy for active tuberculosis. Analysis of the model suggests that programs such as contact investigations, which identify and treat persons recently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, may have a substantial effect on controlling tuberculosis epidemics.     

肺结核病人细胞因子的研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌感染人体、由T淋巴细胞介导引起Ⅳ型超敏反应,是危害公共卫生健康的主要传染病之一。肺结核患者体内细胞因子变化、细胞因子基因多态性与结核易感性是肺结核免疫学研究热点。研究表明,肺结核病人在经过相关抗结核药物治疗后机体本身的细胞因子会发生变化,细胞因子基因碱基的替换会增加肺结核感染率。肺结核的发生发展及治疗效果都与人体免疫密切相关,探讨肺结核患者体内细胞因子的变化对肺结核进展及预后判断有重要意义。本文将对近年来肺结核病人细胞因子的变化进行概述。     

放射治疗对肿瘤患者免疫功能的影响

免疫功能与肿瘤的发生发展有密切关系.放射治疗是肿瘤的主要治疗手段之一.放疗对肿瘤细胞杀伤的同时,对患者的免疫功能也起着一定的影响.本文主要对放疗对各种肿瘤患者的细胞免疫和体液免疫的影响进行综述,认为肿瘤患者的免疫功能较正常人低下,放疗进一步抑制患者的免疫功能.放疗同时提高肿瘤患者的免疫功能,提高抗肿瘤疗效.     

Mucosal immunization with recombinant heparin-binding haemagglutinin adhesin suppresses extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in infected mice

It is generally accepted that cellular immunity plays a critical role in the protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an intracellular pathogen. Recently, however, an increasing number of reports indicate the important contribution of humoral immunity against mycobacterial infection. Since M. tuberculosis establishes its primary lesion in the lung, induction of humoral immunity in the airway tract by mucosal immunization regime could provide protective immunity against tuberculosis. In this study, mycobacterial heparin-binding haemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) was used as an immunization antigen because HBHA is an essential virulence factor required for the infection of lung epithelial cells and extrapulmonary dissemination of mycobacteria. The effects of intranasal immunization with a yeast-expressed recombinant (r) HBHA co-administered with a mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) on the induction of humoral and cellular immunity were examined, and its protective efficacy against pulmonary challenge infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was evaluated. HBHA-specific antibodies were induced in serum and airway tract of immunized mice, which specifically recognized native HBHA expressed on M. bovis BCG. Th1-type immunity against mycobacterial antigens was also enhanced in the lung of immunized mice after pulmonary BCG infection. Furthermore, the immunization suppressed bacterial load in the spleen after pulmonary BCG infection. These results indicate that systemic and local humoral immunity induced by the HBHA-based mucosal vaccine impairs extrapulmonary dissemination, thus providing immune protection against mycobacterial infection.     

唐尿病患者医院感染肺结核的早期诊断指标分析

目的 减少肺结核的医院感染,研究有助于糖尿病合并活动型肺结核的早期诊断指标.方法 回顾分析某三甲医院内分泌科10年糖尿病合并活动型和非活动型肺结核316例患者的临床资料.结果 活动型和非活动型肺结核组的平均年龄分别为(55.01±12.77)岁和(61.92±11.18)岁;非活动型肺结核多有肺结核病史(22.6%),明显多于活动型肺结核组患者(13.4%)(P<0.05);活动型和非活动型肺结核患者咳嗽、咳痰症状、痰涂片找分枝杆菌的阳性率分别为48.4%、80.0%,25.2%、10.0%;活动型和非活动型肺结核组的糖化血红蛋白(GHBA1c)、C肽、空腹血糖分别为(10.74±2.95)%、(0.56±0.38)nmol/L、(13.11±5.63)mmol/L、(8.68±2.08)%、(0.66±0.48)nmol/L、(10.33±9.41)mmol/L,上述指标两组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 出现咳嗽、咳痰症状、痰涂片找分枝杆菌、无明显诱因的血糖控制差等指标有助于糖尿病合并活动型肺结核的早期诊断,尽早检查这些指标,及时隔离,可减少肺结核的医院感染.     

TaqMan MGB双探针实时PCR快速检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因多位点突变方法的建立

目的建立快速、灵敏的检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因常见突变位点的新方法。方法采用TaqMan小沟结合物(MGB)探针技术,检测146例活动性肺结核患者和35例非结核性肺部疾病患者痰标本中结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变情况,测序方法为参考方法。结果146例活动性肺结核患者痰标本中,双探针方法检出阳性118例,其中rpoB基因突变56例,与测序方法比较符合率100.0%;35例非结核性肺部疾病患者痰标本双探针方法检测均为阴性,特异性100.0%;该方法最低检出下限为1×103拷贝/ml。结论TaqMan MGB双探针方法能快速、准确地检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因位点突变情况,适用于临床对耐药结核分枝杆菌的快速诊断。     

Resistance to intravenous inoculation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in mice of different inbred strains following immunization with a leprosy vaccine based on Mycobacterium w

Four strains of mice, namely Balb/c, C57BL/6 NCrl (Bcgs), C3H/He NCrl and CBA/N (Bcgr) were experimentally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY) to induce sub-lethal infection. The level of infection was assessed by screening tuberculin reaction, pulmonary lesions, and viable units of mycobacteria recovered from the lung, spleen and liver. On prior immunization with 10(7) heat-killed suspension of Mycobacterium w, an anti-leprosy vaccine currently under large scale human trials in India, protection was observed against tuberculosis in all the four strains of mice used in the study as assessed by significant reduction of both pulmonary lesions and viable units of mycobacteria recovered from different organs. In parallel experiments, live BCG was able to confer protection to mice of Bcgs strains but not to mice of the Bcgr strains. Results of these experiments suggest that a vaccine based on heat-killed Mycobacterium w has the potential also to confer protection against tuberculosis in mice of genetic strains whose immune system is less triggered by intravenous injection of viable BCG.     

HAS evaluation: interferon gamma detection test for the diagnosis of tuberculous infections

Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is limited by the host immune defenses in most individuals, and the infection remains latent. In 10% of patients, the latent tuberculosis infection can be reactivated and cause active disease. The tuberculin skin test is the established screening method for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection, but it poses many problems such as cross reactivity due to prior BCG vaccination. A new type of in vitro Tcell based assay, for the detection of tuberculosis infection, was recently developed. This interferon gamma (IFNgamma) blood assay is based on the measure of IFNgamma production by previously sensitized lymphocytes in response to the M. tuberculosis specific proteins. The French National Authority for Health assessed the two commercial IFNgamma assays. Assessment was based on the critical review of scientific literature and the opinion of experts in the field.The diagnostic tool of IFNgamma detection test was considered indicates in four situations: diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in adults; before health care worker recruitment; diagnosis of extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis disease; before starting anti-TNFalpha treatment. This report states that IFNgamma assays may be used instead of a tuberculin skin test in these four situations.     

The impact of HIV on the usefulness of sputum smears for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

In a developing country, 289 patients were examined for active pulmonary mycobacterial disease (sputum smear and culture) and HIV infection (serology) to compare the sensitivity and positive predictive value of sputum smears for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with and without antibodies to HIV. Seventy-nine percent of HIV-seronegative vs 66% of HIV-seropositive patients with positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were smear positive (P less than .05), and a positive sputum smear predicted the presence of M. tuberculosis in 90% of HIV seronegative vs 80% of HIV seropositive patients (P less than .05). In our opinion, HIV did not significantly compromise the diagnostic utility of the sputum smear.