全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法采用全髋关节置换术治疗90例老年股骨颈骨折患者,末次随访时采用Harris评分标准评价疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间6个月～2年。末次随访时Harris评分为70～95分,其中优36例,良42例,可12例,优良率为86. 7%。假体无松动和下沉。结论体质相对良好的老年股骨颈骨折患者,在做好充分术前准备工作后,建议优先选择全髋关节置换术,该术式对进一步提高术后髋关节功能、延长假体使用寿命、降低关节翻修率、延长患者生存期、改善生活质量更为有利。     

老年股骨颈骨折全髋关节置换术的疗效分析

随着社会人口的老年化,有不少股骨颈骨折需施行人工髋关节置换以缓解患髋疼痛,重建髋关节功能.自1997～2003年对36例老年股骨颈骨折患者施行人工全髋关节置换术,疗效满意.现分析如下.     

老年全髋关节置换术后低氧血症的预防与护理

[目的]探讨老年全髋关节置换术后低氧血症的预防与护理.[方法]对75例老年全髋关节置换术后的患者,通过采取保暖、氧疗、抬高床头、辅助咳痰等有针对性的护理措施,观察其血氧饱和度的变化.[结果]75例老年全髋关节置换术后的患者中23例(占30.67％)合并低氧血症,通过上述有效的护理措施,及时有效的纠正了低氧血症,促进了患者术后的康复.[结论]做好老年全髋关节置换术后低氧血症的预防及护理,是保证老年全髋关节置换术后康复的基础.     

改良髋关节后侧切口人工全髋关节置换术66例

人工全髋关节置换术是治疗髋骨关节病、晚期股骨头无菌性坏死、股骨颈骨折不愈合、老年股骨颈头下型骨折的良好方法[1].人工全髋关节置换术广泛应用于临床髋部病变的治疗,但传统的手术入路存在切口长、创伤大、并发症多、关节功能康复慢的缺点.2003年2月～2005年1月,笔者采用改良髋关节后侧小切口施行人工全髋关节置换术66例(75髋),经过6～30个月随访,效果较满意,报告如下.     

全髋关节表面置换术的近期疗效观察

[目的]评价全髋关节表面置换术治疗髋关节疾病的近期疗效并探讨其临床体会.[方法]回顾性分析2006年10月～2008年4月行全髋关节表面置换术患者68例81髋,男32例40髋,女36例41髋;年龄24～74岁,平均42.5岁.采用金属对金属表面髋假体(metal on metal surface arthroplasty,MMSA),随访6～25个月,平均14个月,进行髋关节Harris评分.[结果]本组病例随访期间无1例发生严重并发症.术后髋关节疼痛均明显好转,Harris评分由术前平均36分(30～45分)提高到术后平均93分(84～98分),其中优70髋,良11髋,优良率100%.[结论]全髋关节表面置换术治疗年轻患者和对运动要求较高的老年患者的近期疗效满意,术后髋关节疼痛和髋关节功能明显改善,严格的临床适应证、完善的术前准备、精细的手术操作和对表面髋特性的清晰认识是全髋关节表面置换术成功的关键.     

老年股骨颈骨折全髋关节置换术治疗体会

目的探讨人工全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的效果。方法对60例老年股骨颈骨折患者采用人工全髋关节置换术治疗。观察治疗效果及总结治疗体会。结果 60例患者均顺利完成手术。按Harris髋关节功能评分,优18例、良36例、可5例、差1例,优良率90.00%。结论人工全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折效果好,能较好恢复髋关节功能。     

改良切口髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨改良外侧斜行小切口髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的可行性.方法 2006年7月至2009年5月,采用改良外侧斜行小切口治疗高龄股骨颈骨折患者38 例,其中30 例患者行全髋关节置换术,8 例患者行单纯股骨头置换术.结果 手术切口长度7～10 cm,平均9 cm;手术时间50～80 min,平均65 min;术中出血量150～350 mL,平均250 mL,术后引流量80～240 mL,平均140 mL,术后3～11 d部分负重行走.切口愈合时间12～14 d,无严重并发症.所有病例随访6～34个月,平均17.4个月.Harris评分优33 例,良4 例,中1 例,优良率达98%.结论 改良外侧斜行小切口全髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折,具有手术时间短、创伤小、出血少、切口愈合快、并发症少、恢复快等优点.     

人工全髋关节翻修术治疗假体置换术后感染

目的:探讨全髋关节置换术后假体周围感染的治疗方法.方法:1998年1月～2002年6月共收治7例全髋关节置换术后感染患者.采用一期全髋关节翻修术3例,二期全髋关节翻修术4例,术后平均随访14个月.结果:患者髋关节评分平均提高37.6分(Harris评分),经随访无一例感染患者复发.结论:人工全髋关节置换术后感染患者经过彻底清创和使用有效抗生素治疗后,可一期或二期进行全髋关节翻修术,治疗假体周围感染,改善患肢关节功能.     

高龄股骨颈骨折髋关节置换术的比较

目的　比较全髋关节置换术与半髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨颈骨折的疗效和手术方式的选择。方法　 1990年 8月～ 1999年 8月对 110例 70～ 10 6岁股骨颈骨折患者采用人工髋关节置换术治疗 ,有 96例 (半髋关节置换组 44例 ,全髋关节置换组 5 2例 )获得随访 ,随访时间 15～ 112个月 ,平均 5 1个月。结果　半髋关节置换组优良者 38例 ,占 86 .4% ;全髋关节置换组优良者 48例 ,占 92 .3%。全髋关节置换组手术时间较半髋关节置换组平均长 2 0分钟 ,出血量多 12 0 ml,引流量多 140 ml。扶双拐下地时间、住院时间和住院费用无明显差别。结论　对高龄股骨颈骨折患者 ,年龄相对较轻 ,身体状况较好者选择全髋关节置换术 ;年龄相对较大 ,身体状况较差者选择半髋关节置换术 ,术后效果均较满意     

外侧小切口髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨外侧微创小切口髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的可行性。方法采用外侧小切口对30例患者行髋关节置换术,其中12例行全髋关节置换术,18例行单纯股骨头置换术。结果患者均获随访,时间6～24个月,未出现严重并发症。按Harris评分标准：优20例,良8例,可2例。结论外侧微创小切口髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折可行,具有创伤小、出血少、安全、并发症少、恢复快等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.