Inhibition of TGF-β2-induced migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ARPE-19 by sulforaphane

AIM: To investigate the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 stimulated migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ARPE-19 cells. METHODS: ARPE-19 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of SFN or TGF-β2. SFN toxicity was assessed by performing a lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assays, and cell migration was evaluated by Transwell migration assay. Actin stress fiber formation in ARPE-19 cells was determined using immunofluorescence analysis. Immunoblotting analysis was used to determine fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin expressions along with the degree of Smad and Akt phosphorylation. RESULTS: SFN inhibited ARPE-19 migration. Additionally, SFN attenuated TGF-β2-induced appearance of actin stress fibers as well as fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin expressions in these cells. SFN also hindered the TGF-β2-stimulated phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, and Akt. SFN showed no cytotoxicity towards ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSION: SFN inhibits TGF-β2-stimulated migration and EMT in ARPE-19 cells, probably by preventing the establishment of actin stress fibers and Akt and Smad2/3 signaling.     

Diabetes onset at an earlier age and high HbA1c levels as risk factors of diabetic retinopathy

AIM:To assess the effect of age at diabetes onset and uncontrollable high Hb A1 c levels on the development of diabetic retinopathy(DR)among Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)patients.METHODS:This was a cross-sectional survey of diabetic patients in Subei district,China.Data covering physical measurements,fasting blood-glucose(FBG),glycosylated hemoglobin(Hb A1 c),blood lipid,urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(UACR),ocular fundus examination,and diabetes treatment records were collected.An independent sample t-test were used to analyze differences.A Logistic regression analysis was applied to study the independent risk factors of DR.RESULTS:A total of 1282 patients with type 2 DM were enrolled,and 191 cases had DR(14.9%).The age at diabetes onset,education level,alcohol consumption,Hb A1 c level,UACR level,and hypoglycemic drugs were independent influencing factors for DR.The older the onset of diabetes,the less likely to develop DR(OR:0.958,95%CI:0.942-0.975,P=0.000).Patients were then divided in terms of age at diabetes onset as follows:<50 y,50-59 y,60-69 y,and≥70 y.Compared with diabetes onset age<50 y,50-59 y(OR:0.463,95%CI:0.306-0.699,P=0.000),60-69 y(OR:0.329,95%CI:0.203-0.535,P=0.000)and≥70 y(OR:0.232,95%CI:0.094-0.577,P=0.002)were at a lower risk of DR.The prevalence of DR was highest in patients with diabetes onset age<50 y(29.5%,P<0.05).The Hb A1 c level(8.67±1.97)%and proportion of insulin injection(52.5%)in patients with diabetes onset<40 y were higher than in patients with older diabetes onset age(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Diabetes onset at an earlier age and uncontrollable high Hb A1 c level could be independent risk factors for DR.     

Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in northern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in northern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed between May 2011 and April 2012. A total of 1100 patients (male/female, 483/617) were included in this study. DR was defined following the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) severity scale. All included patients accepted a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including retinal photographs. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS: Retinopathy was present in 307 patients with a prevalence of 27.9%. In univariate logistic analysis, presence of DR was associated with longer duration of diabetes (OR, 5.70; 95%CI, 2.91-12.56), higher concentration of fasting blood glucose (OR, 12.94; 95%CI, 2.40-67.71), higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c (OR, 5.50; 95%CI, 3.78-11.97) and insulin treatment (OR, 6.99; 95%CI, 1.39-35.12). The lifestyle of patients with T2DM including smoking, alcohol consumption and regular exercise seemed not associated with the development of DR. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that fasting serum glucose concentration, HbA1c level, duration of diabetes and insulin treatment are potential risk factors for DR in northern Chinese patients with T2DM, while the lifestyle of included patients seems not associated with DR.     

The relationship of blood cell-associated inflammatory indices and diabetic retinopathy: a Meta-analysis and systematic review

AIM: To explore the correlation between several blood cell-associated inflammatory indices including mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: We searched for eligible studies from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CNKI up to December 13, 2017. Standardized mean difference (SMD) calculated with confidence interval (CI) of 95% was used to estimate the values of those indices. RESULTS: A total of 31 studies were included in the present Meta-analysis. As compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without DR, the values of MPV, PDW, NLR, and PLR were higher in patients with DR (SMD=0.67; 95%CI: 0.36 to 0.98; SMD=0.51; 95%CI: 0.27 to 0.75; SMD=0.77; 95%CI: 0.49 to 1.05 and SMD=1.18; 95%CI: 0.07 to 2.28). Additionally, it was also observed that MPV was closely correlated with the severity of DR. CONCLUSION: MPV, PDW, NLR, and PLR could be recommended as diagnostic biomarkers for DR, and MPV could be applied to assess the severity of DR.     

2型DR患者血小板平均体积和中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值检测的临床意义

目的：研究血小板平均体积( lean platelet volule,MPV)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值( neutrophil-to-lylphocyte ratio,NLR)与2型糖尿病患者发生视网膜病变( diabetic retinopathy,DR)的关系。
　　方法：回顾性分析2013-02/2015-07来我院就诊的2型糖尿病患者的病历资料,从中提取MPV和NLR等指标。选取96名健康体检人群作为对照组。采用Logistic回归分析MPV、NLR与2型糖尿病患者发生DR的关系。
　　结果：共有379例2型糖尿病患者纳入研究,其中328例无DR,51例102眼有 DR。2型糖尿病患者的 MPV 和NLR水平较健康个体明显增高。发生DR的2型糖尿病患者的MPV和NLR较未发生DR的糖尿病患者明显增高。在校正了病程、高血压等因素后,MPV>10fl和NLR>2.6仍然与DR独立相关。
　　结论：MPV增高和NLR增高与DR的发生独立相关。     

Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in a rural Chinese population with type 2 diabetes: the Handan Eye Study

Purpose: To describe risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a population‐based sample of rural Chinese with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The Handan Eye Study is a population‐based cross‐sectional study surveyed 6830 Chinese people aged 30+ years from 13 randomly selected villages in 2006–2007. All participants underwent a standardized interview and extensive examinations including ophthalmologic and systemic conditions. Diabetic retinopathy was graded from fundus photographs according to the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification system. Logistic regression models were used to assess risk factors associated with DR. Results: Of 7577 eligible persons, 6830 (90.4%) participated, of which 5597 (81.9%) had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) data. There were 387 (6.9%) participants with diabetes, and 368 (95.1%) had gradable fundus photographs. The age‐standardized prevalence of DR was 43.1%. In multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression models for all diabetic participants, independent risk factors for DR were longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.94, 4.85, per 5 years of duration), higher FPG levels (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.27, per mmol/l increase) and higher systolic blood pressure (OR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.37, per 10 mmHg increase). For newly diagnosed diabetes, the only significant factor of DR was higher FPG levels (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.29, per mmol/l increase). Conclusions: In rural Chinese persons with diabetes, longer diabetes duration, hyperglycaemia and elevated blood pressure are risk factors for DR. These findings underscore the importance of controlling classic risk factors for DR in developing countries, where diabetes prevalence is increasing.     

Risk evaluation for diabetic retinopathy in Chinese renal-biopsied type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

AIM: To investigate diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence in Chinese renal-biopsied type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with kidney dysfunction, and to further evaluate its relationship with diabetic nephropathy (DN) incidence and the risk factors for DR development in this population. METHODS: A total of 84 renal-biopsied T2DM patients were included. Fundus and imaging examinations were employed for DR diagnosis. Demographic information and clinical measures along with renal histopathology were analyzed for comparisons between the DR and non-DR groups. Risk factors on DR development were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: DR prevalence was 50% in total. The incidences of DN, non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) and mixed-type pathology were 47.6%, 19.0% and 33.3% in the DR group respectively, while 11.9%, 83.3% and 4.8% in the non-DR group. Systolic blood pressure, ratio of urinary albumin to creatine ratio, urinary albumin, 24-hours urinary protein, the incidence and severity of DN histopathology were found statistically increased in the DR group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed histopathological DN incidence significantly increased the risk of DR development [odds ratio (OR)=21.664, 95% confidential interval (CI) 5.588 to 83.991, P<0.001 for DN, and OR=45.475, 95%CI 6.949 to 297.611, P<0.001 for mixed-type, respectively, in reference to NDRD)], wherein DN severity positively correlated. CONCLUSION: Renal histopathological evidence indicates DN incidence and severity increases the risk of DR development in Chinese T2DM patients inexperienced of regular fundus examinations.     

社区2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关分析

目的 了解社区2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者自我管理行为与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的关系。设计 横断面研究。研究对象 2015年7月在深圳市银湖社康中心进行年度体检的T2DM患者252例。方法 采用糖尿病患者自我管理行为量表进行问卷调查,根据结果将患者分为自我管理行为良好、中等、不良。同时测定空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。根据眼底检查分为无糖尿病视网膜病变（DWR）、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）和增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）,比较DR患者与DWR患者的自我管理行为以及血糖指标控制情况。主要指标 糖尿病自我管理行为、FBG、HbA1c水平。结果 252例T2DM患者中228例（90%）完成调查,其中DR者62例（27.2%）,病程10年以上DR患者34例（54.8%）,明显多于DWR患者（65例,39.2%）（χ2=4.519,P=0.034）。228例T2DM患者自我管理行为良好率20.6%、中等50.9%、不良28.5%;其中,DR患者自我管理行为良好率11.3%低于DWR患者 （24.1%）（χ2=4.524,P=0.033）。228例T2DM患者血糖控制达标率FBG 29.4%、HbA1c 28.5%;其中DR患者血糖控制达标率FBG 19.4%、HbA1c 17.7%,低于DWR患者FBG 33.1%、HbA1c 32.5%（χ2=4.129,P=0.042;χ2=4.844,P=0.028）。病程为<5年、5~10年、>10年的T2DM患者自我管理行为不良率分别为15.0%、20.2%、41.4%（χ2=16.764,P=0.002）。分级为DWR、NPDR、PDR的T2DM患者自我管理行为不良率分别为25.9%、28.0%、66.7%（χ2=9.132,P=0.010）。多因素Logistic回归分析模型中,饮食行为（OR=0.241,95%CI:0.163~0.287）、运动行为（OR=0.536,95%CI:0.481~0.692）、遵医嘱用药（OR=0.056,95%CI:0.018~0.172）,FBG达标率（OR= 2.255,95%CI:1.315~3.873）、HbA1c达标率（OR=1.376,95%CI:1.197~1.584）以及糖尿病病程（OR=0.573,95%CI:0.038~0.714）与DR的发生及严重程度相关。结论 糖尿病病程长、饮食控制不佳、较少运动、用药欠规范和FBG、HbA1c控制不达标与DR的发病相关,提高社区T2DM患者自我管理行为有助于血糖控制,降低DR发生的风险。（眼科,2016, 25： 326－329）     

甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数对糖尿病视网膜病变的预测价值

目的:探讨采用甘油三脂-葡萄糖(TyG)指数识别2型糖尿病患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的有效性。方法:横断面研究。对2021年来我院进行健康体检的上海地区1 061例2型糖尿病患者,所有受试者行问卷调查、体格检查、血液生化指标检测及眼底检查,根据眼底照片分为DR组(275例)和无DR组(786例)。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归探讨DR形成的危险因素,使用受试者操作特性(ROC)曲线来探索TyG指数在DR中的预测价值。结果:TyG指数升高是2型糖尿病患者发生DR的高危因素。在矫正各种混杂因素(性别、年龄、吸烟史、糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压、舒张压、体质量指数和血尿酸)后,TyG指数Q4组相对于Q1组患DR的OR值为2.57(95%CI 1.56～4.05),P<0.001。ROC曲线分析：TyG指数的最佳临界值是6.1762,灵敏度为66.92%,特异度为63.27%,AUC为0.6952,95%CI为0.6575～0.7329。TyG指数对于DR的预测价值要优于空腹血糖(AUC=0.6697)、糖化血红蛋白(AUC=0.6864)和甘油三酯(AUC=0.652...     

Analysis of risk and protective factors associated with retinal nerve fiber layer defect in a Chinese adult population

AIM: To investigate the risk and protective factors associated with the retinal nerve fiber layer defect (RNFLD) in a Chinese adult population. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional population-based investigation including employees and retirees of a coal mining company in Kailuan City, Hebei Province. All the study participants underwent a comprehensive systemic and ophthalmic examination. RNFLD was diagnosed on fundus photographs. Binary logistic regression was used to investigate the risk and protective factors associated with the RNFLD. RESULTS: The community-based study included 14 440 participants. There were 10 473 participants in our study, including 7120 males (68.0%) and 3353 females (32.0%). The age range was 45-108y, averaging 59.56±8.66y. Totally 568 participants had RNFLD and the prevalence rate was 5.42%. A higher prevalence of RNFLD was associated with older age [P<0.001, odds ratio (OR): 1.032; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.018-1.046], longer axial length (P=0.010, OR: 1.190; 95%CI: 1.042-1.359), hypertension (P=0.007, OR: 0.639; 95%CI: 0.460-0.887), and diabetes mellitus (P=0.019, OR: 0.684; 95%CI: 0.499-0.939). The protective factors of RNFLD were visual acuity (P=0.038, OR: 0.617; 95%CI: 0.391-0.975), and central anterior chamber depth (P=0.046, OR: 0.595; 95%CI: 0.358-0.990). CONCLUSION: In our cross-sectional community-based study, with an age range of 45-108y, RNFLD is associated with older age, longer axial length, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. The protective factors of RNFLD are visual acuity and central anterior chamber depth. These can help to predict and evaluate RNFLD related diseases and identify high-risk populations early.     

广东省东莞市横沥镇居民2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变危险因素分析

背景国外研究表明,随着糖尿病发病率的升高,糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）已成为青壮年患者首要的致盲因素,而加强中国对DR发病危险因素的分析对于DR的防治具有重要意义。目的调查广东省东莞市横沥镇40岁及以上居民2型糖尿病患者发生DR的危险因素。方法采用横断面研究设计及整群抽样法,对广东省东莞市横沥镇40岁及以上居民进行糖尿病和DR发生率的现场流行病学调查。首先根据2010年美国糖尿病协会（ADA）制定的糖尿病诊断标准对糖尿病患者进行筛查,然后根据2002年悉尼国际DR分期标准对糖尿病患者进行DR筛查。所有受检者均接受一般资料调查、问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查,专科检查包括裸眼视力、矫正视力、日常生活视力、验光检查以及眼压测量（非接触眼压计）、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼底检查和眼底照相。分别采用,检验、独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析对DR患者与非DR者（NDR）的各项调查和检测结果进行比较,采用Logistic相关回归模型对DR危险因素进行分析。结果Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,男性、糖尿病病程、收缩压、空腹血糖（FPG）和糖化血红蛋白（HBA1c）是影响2型糖尿病患者发生DR的独立危险因素,其中男性糖尿病患者发生DR的风险明显高于女性患者（OR=1．914,95％CI：1．382～2．651）;糖尿病病程为1—4年、5～9年和≥10年的患者发生DR的风险明显高于新诊断糖尿病患者,分别为新诊断患者的3．336倍（95％CI：2．322～4．880）、3．890倍（95％CI：2．327～6．503）和12．499倍（95％CI：6．607～23．647）;相对于收缩压≤120mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）的糖尿病患者,收缩压为120～139mmHg、≥140mmHg的糖尿病患者发生DR的风险分别为1．953倍（95％CI：1．081～3．528）和1．950倍（95％CI：1．076～3．532）;与FPG≤5．6mmol／L的糖尿病患者比较,FPG为5．6—6．9mmol／L、≥7．0mmol／L的糖尿病患者发生DR风险分别增加1．567倍（95％CI：0．889～2．732）和2．170倍（95％CI：1．252～3．761）;此外,HBA1c≥6．5％的糖尿病患者DR发生风险明显高于HBA1c〈6．5％的糖尿病患者（OR=1．577,95％CI：1．105～2．253）。结论男性、糖尿病病程、平均收缩压、FPG和HBA1c是2型糖尿病患者发生DR的独立危险因素。早期诊断、控制高血糖、高血压等相关危险因素可以减少DR的患病率,并控制其进展。     

Prevalence and determinants of retinopathy in a cohort of Lebanese type II diabetic patients

Objective: Our aim was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a cohort of type II diabetic patients in LebanonDesign: Prospective observational cohort study.Participants: Five hundred consecutive patients with type II diabetes mellitus followed at the American University of Beirut Medical Center diabetes clinic were enrolled in the study.Methods: All patients 18 years or older with diabetes mellitus who did not have gestational diabetes and who were able to complete the laboratory data and the retinal examination were invited to participate in the study; they were followed up for a period of 3 years.Results: DR was present in 175 patients (35%), 130 (26%), and 45 (9%) having nonproliferative and proliferative DR, respectively. Clinically significant macular edema was present in 42 patients (8%). Microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications, duration of disease, glycemic control, presence of hypertension (p < 0.003), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.04), and insulin use (p < 0.001) were individually significantly associated with a higher prevalence of DR on bivariate analysis. However, on multivariate regression analysis, only glycosylated hemoglobin >7% (odds ratio [OR] 2.81, 95% CI 1.06-7.43, p = 0.038), duration of diabetes (per 10 years, OR 9.0, 95% CI 4.0-20.0, p < 0.001), macroalbuminuria (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.14-5.96 p = 0.023), and systolic blood pressure (per 10 mm Hg, OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.0-1.56, p = 0.037) were independent risk factors for DR.Conclusions: The elevated prevalence of DR in type II diabetic patients with high risk profiles calls for early medical intervention and education about DR and its identified controllable risk factors.     

平均血小板容积与糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度的横断面研究

目的　评估平均血小板容积（ｍｅａｎｐｌａｔｅｌｅｔｖｏｌｕｍｅ,ＭＰＶ）与糖尿病视网膜病变（ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＤＲ）严重程度的关系。方法　横断面研究。选取所有于２０１２年１月至２０１３年１２月在我院眼科中心住院的ＤＲ患者１３７例（非增殖期６７例,增殖期７０例）,同时选取７２例无ＤＲ糖尿病患者和７０例无糖尿病健康人群进行对照。收集人口学资料及疾病史,抽空腹血行ＭＰＶ和血小板计数等检查。结果　健康对照组人群ＭＰＶ水平［７．２（５．６－９．９）ｆＬ］显著低于糖尿病各组（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）,且随ＤＲ病变分级的增加,ＭＰＶ水平显著增加,分别为７．８（５．７－１０．１）ｆＬ、８．３（５．５－１１．０）ｆＬ和８．９（５．９－１２．５）ｆＬ,差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析显示,随着ＭＰＶ水平升高,非增殖期（ＯＲ:１．３８２;９５％ＣＩ:１．２８０－１．４８４）和增殖期ＤＲ（ＯＲ:１４８１;９５％ＣＩ:１．３７０－１．５９２）的患病风险显著增加（均为Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论　ＭＰＶ水平随ＤＲ严重程度增加而升高;随着ＭＰＶ水平升高,非增殖期和增殖期ＤＲ患病风险增加。     

Lens opacities in adults in Pakistan: prevalence and risk factors

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors for lens opacity (LO) amongst a nationally representative sample of the adult population of Pakistan. METHODS: This national study of blindness and visual impairment (adults > or =30 years) used multistage, stratified, cluster random sampling. Grading of LO was conducted using the Mehra/Minassian classification system. LO, partly or wholly obscuring the red reflex, or previous cataract surgery were indicators of opacity. RESULTS: 16,402 (94.7%) adults were included in this analysis (study conducted 2002-2003). A total of 4,096 (standardized prevalence 20.9%, 95%CI: 20.3, 21.5%) adults were found to have LO. The highest prevalence of LO was found in Punjab province (22.2%), the lowest in Balochistan Province (18.0%). Significant positive associations were increasing age (multivariable odds ratio (OR) 3.2: 95%CI: 3.1, 3.4), hypertension (OR 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1, 1.3), history of diabetes (OR 2.6: 95%CI 2.0, 3.2) and smoking (OR 1.3: 95%CI: 1.1, 1.5). Higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 0.8: 95%CI 0.7, 0.9, heavy vs. normal BMI) and attendance to school (OR 0.6: 95%CI: 0.5, 0.8) were associated with lower risk of LO. Individuals in districts classified as hot were at significantly increased risk (OR 1.3: 95%CI: 1.1, 1.5), and those in wet districts (> 600 mm annual rainfall) had lower odds than individuals living in dry districts (OR 0.7: 95%CI: 0.6, 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Almost a fifth of the adult population had LO. Significant positive associations were age, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and increased deprivation level. Protective factors included high BMI and educational achievement. The climatic associations offer novel hypothesis for further research into cataractogenesis.     

糖化血红蛋白与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系：北京社区糖尿病研究 18

目的 探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的关系及其诊断阈值。设计 以社区人群为基础的横断面研究。研究对象 北京社区糖尿病研究中2642例20~80岁已确诊的2型糖尿病患者,其中2007例（76.0％）受试者（1199例女性）参与研究,平均年龄（64.1±9.0）岁。方法 全体参与医师经过专门培训,按照统一要求调查并填写调查表,同时对患者进行体格检查及相关的实验室检查,HbA1c用美国伯乐公司高压液相仪测定,并对所有患者用45°免散瞳彩色眼底照相机留取后极部眼底照片一张。DR的严重程度参照Airlie House分级法。采用 ROC 曲线分析HbA1c诊断DR的最佳阈值。主要指标 HbA1c在DR中的诊断阈值（敏感性、特异性、AUC）。结果 本人群中DR患病率为（24.7±1.0）％（95％CI,22.8~26.6）。在二元逻辑回归分析中,DR的出现与较高的HbA1c浓度（OR=1.23;95％CI,1.14~1.33）有关,随着HbA1c增高,DR患病率呈上升趋势。当HbA1c≥6.5%时,诊断DR的ROC曲线下面积最大（59.2%）,且敏感性（75.1%）和特异性（43.4%）高。在二元逻辑回归分析中,DR还与其他方面有关：较轻的年龄（OR=0.97;95％CI,0.95~0.98）、较长的糖尿病病程（OR=1.10;95％CI,1.08~1.12）、较高的收缩压（OR=1.01;95％CI,1.01~1.02）、较低的体重指数（OR=0.95;95％CI,0.92~0.98）和升高的血尿素氮浓度（OR=1.01;95％CI,1.00~1.01）。结论 当糖化血红蛋白≥6.5%时与糖尿病视网膜病变显著相关,提示糖化血红蛋白为6.5%或许可以作为筛查糖尿病视网膜病变的阈值。（眼科,2016,25： 321-325）     

东莞市2型糖尿病住院患者糖尿病视网膜病变的危险因素分析

背景 糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)已成为世界上双眼盲的主要病因,但是DR的病因尚不明确,且对DR危险因素的研究结果并不完全一致.充分了解本地区DR的危险因素对DR的防治具有重要的临床价值. 目的 分析2型糖尿病住院患者DR的患病率及其危险因素,为建立针对糖尿病住院患者的眼科干预方案和措施提供依据.方法 采用横断面研究方法,纳入2011年7月至2012年7月在东莞市人民医院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者473例.将患者分为DR组和非DR(NDR)组,其中DR组细分为轻、中和重度非增生性DR(NPDR)组以及增生性DR(PDR)组.检测并记录患者性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白A1(APOA1)、APOB、脂蛋白α、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、肌酐、尿酸、尿素氮、中性粒细胞百分率、24 h尿清蛋白(ALBU-24 h)总量和ALBU.采用Logistic回归分析对DR与各因素间的关系进行分析,筛选DR的危险因素.结果 2型糖尿病住院患者中DR的患病率为28.33％,其中轻、中、重度NPDR的患病率分别为2.54％、16.28％和4.23％,PDR患病率为5.29％.DR患者中DME患病率为10.36％.DR组与NDR组糖尿病病程、脂蛋白α、肌酐、ALBU-24 h总量和ALBU比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).经逐步Logistic回归分析,糖尿病病程和FBG是DR的独立危险因素[糖尿病病程:相对危险度(OR)=1.155,95％可信区间(CI):1.067～1.251;FBG:OR=1.313,95％ CI:1.071～1.610].结论 糖尿病病程、脂蛋白α、肌酐、ALBU-24 h总量、ALBU与DR的发生和发展密切相关;糖尿病病程和FBG是DR的独立危险因素.     

中老年人高血压和糖尿病与年龄相关性白内障的关系

目的：探讨中老年人高血压、糖尿病与年龄相关白内障（age-relatedcataract,ARC）危险性之间的关系。方法：采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法。病例由45～85岁的360例因患ARC施行白内障手术摘除的患者组成,对照由同期入住相同医院的360例非白内障患者组成,采取1∶1匹配。采用标准调查表对研究对象进行面对面调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式、疾病既往史等,同时对血压、血糖进行测量。应用多因素Logistic回归分析估计高血压及糖尿病与ARC关联的比值比（OR）及其相应的95%可信区间（CI）。结果：在调整了年龄和性别因素后,高血压与ARC呈显著正相关（OR=1.573,P=0.005）。与收缩压正常者相比较,收缩压≥180mmHg者发病的危险性增加（OR=2.812,95%CI：1.450～5.455,P=0.002）。高血压病程10a～的研究对象发病的危险性显著地高于病程〈10a者（OR=1.867,95%CI：1.053～3.307,P=0.033）。同样,与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者发生ARC的危险性显著升高（OR=2.151,95%CI：1.470～3.149,P〈0.001）。与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病病程〈10a和10～19a者发生ARC的OR分别为2.374（95%CI：1.502～3.752,P〈0.001）和2.683（95%CI：1.267～5.683,P=0.010）。结论：ARC患病率增高与高血压、糖尿病及其病程增加有关。对这些可变危险因素采取干预性措施,尤其是对高危人群,可能意味着对ARC导致的视觉障碍必须采取控制性措施,因为此症是全球致盲的首要原因。     

Lens Opacities in Adults in Pakistan: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors for lens opacity (LO) amongst a nationally representative sample of the adult population of Pakistan. Methods: This national study of blindness and visual impairment (adults ≥30 years) used multistage, stratified, cluster random sampling. Grading of LO was conducted using the Mehra/Minassian classification system. LO, partly or wholly obscuring the red reflex, or previous cataract surgery were indicators of opacity. Results: 16,402 (94.7%) adults were included in this analysis (study conducted 2002–2003). A total of 4,096 (standardized prevalence 20.9%, 95%CI: 20.3, 21.5%) adults were found to have LO. The highest prevalence of LO was found in Punjab province (22.2%), the lowest in Balochistan Province (18.0%). Significant positive associations were increasing age (multivariable odds ratio (OR) 3.2: 95%CI: 3.1, 3.4), hypertension (OR 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1, 1.3), history of diabetes (OR 2.6: 95%CI 2.0, 3.2) and smoking (OR 1.3: 95%CI: 1.1, 1.5). Higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 0.8: 95%CI 0.7, 0.9, heavy vs. normal BMI) and attendance to school (OR 0.6: 95%CI: 0.5, 0.8) were associated with lower risk of LO. Individuals in districts classified as hot were at significantly increased risk (OR 1.3: 95%CI: 1.1, 1.5), and those in wet districts (> 600 mm annual rainfall) had lower odds than individuals living in dry districts (OR 0.7: 95%CI: 0.6, 0.8). Conclusions: Almost a fifth of the adult population had LO. Significant positive associations were age, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and increased deprivation level. Protective factors included high BMI and educational achievement. The climatic associations offer novel hypothesis for further research into cataractogenesis.     

上海市新泾社区2型糖尿病居民5年随访的前瞻性调查研究1.糖尿病视网膜病变和糖尿病黄斑水肿的发病率及危险因素

背景 糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)和糖尿病性黄斑水肿(DME)是2型糖尿病常见的眼底并发症,目前国外关于2型糖尿病人群DR和DME发病率及危险因素的研究结果差异较大,可能与研究对象的种族不同有关,而中国的相关流行病学调查研究较少. 目的 了解中国2型糖尿病患者中DR和DME的5年发病率,探讨其危险因素.方法 采用横断面研究方法,对2007-2012年上海市新泾社区中805例2型糖尿病患者的DR和DME的发病率进行流行病学调查,其中2007年为基线调查阶段,2012年为终末调查阶段,每年对该人群进行检查,包括一般资料的收集、全身体格检查、实验室检查和眼科检查,结合OCT和荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)成像依据目前通用的国际临床分类方法对DR和DME进行分级.将DR和DME发病作为结局变量,分析2型糖尿病患者DR和DME5年发病的独立影响因素. 结果 基线调查时无DR的2型糖尿病患者322例,其中151例在终末调查时发生DR,5年累积发病率为46.89％.多元Logistic回归结果显示,高血糖[优势比(OR)=1.12,95％可信区间(CI):1.01 ～ 1.24,P=O.03]和高血压(OR=1.80,95％ CI:1.14～2.86,P=0.01)是DR发病的独立危险因素.基线调查时无DME的2型糖尿病患者629例,其中124例在5年后发生DME,5年累积发病率为19.71％.多元Logistic回归结果显示,高血糖是DME唯一的独立影响因素(OR=1.36,95％ CI:1.24 ～ 1.49,P＜0.01).结论 高血糖和高血压在中国2型糖尿病患者DR和DME的发病中发挥重要作用,中国2型糖尿病患者应严格控制血糖和血压水平.     

Prevalence of diabetic retinopahty in India: Results from the National Survey 2015-19

Purpose:Diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) contribute to ocular morbidity and are emerging as diseases with significant public health impact. Our aim was to assess the countrywide prevalence of DR and sight-threatening DR (STDR) among persons with diabetes and to evaluate the coverage of DR examinations among them.Methods:The present survey was planned to estimate the burden of DR in the population aged ≥50 years for assisting in the planning and prioritization of diabetic eye services. For this survey, 21 districts with a high prevalence of DM were selected among the 31 districts where the national blindness and visual impairment survey was conducted. The total sample size was 63,000 people aged 50 years and above. DR was assessed by dilated fundus examination with indirect ophthalmoscope and was graded according to Scottish DR grading. STDR included severe nonproliferative DR, proliferative DR, and clinically significant macular edema.Results:The prevalence of diabetes in the surveyed population was 11.8%. Among them, one-third were newly diagnosed DM, that is, diagnosed at the time of the survey. The study revealed that the prevalence of DR among persons with diabetes was 16.9%, the prevalence of STDR was 3.6%, and the prevalence of mild retinopathy was 11.8%. Risk factors for DR in the current study were duration of diabetes (>10 years, OR 4.8, 95% CI: 3.3–6.9), poor glycemic control (≥200 mg/dL, OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2–1.7) and insulin treatment (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.7–4.1).Conclusion:The current study highlights the substantial burden of DM and DR in India and the critical need to adopt a coordinated and multisectoral approach to reduce their prevalence. There is a need for early identification of persons with diabetes and their routine screening for DR along with availability of treatment facilities.